Tgp chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM KHA NANG KÎ M SOAT CAM XOC CUA HQC SINH 6 MOT S6 TRUdNG TRUNG HQC PHQ THONG TAI THANH PH6 H 6 CHI MINH TRAN THI THU MAI" LS THj NGQC THL/aNG" T6IVI TA I Nghiin euu khd ndn[.]
Tgp chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM KHA NANG KI^.M SOAT C A M X O C CUA HQC SINH MOT S6 TRUdNG TRUNG HQC PHQ THONG TAI THANH P H H CHI MINH TRAN THI THU MAI" LS THj NGQC THL/aNG" T6IVI TA I Nghiin euu khd ndng kiem sodt cam xiic cua hpc sinh trung hqc thong Id diiu rdt cdn ihiil fir dO xudt nhiing bi('n phdp tdm li giup cdn bdng cam xiic Bdi bdo ndy phdn tich muc dp kwm sodt cdm xuc cua hoc sinh trung hpc thong, phdn tich cdc yeu td dnh hudng ddng thdi fh\rc hi('n nhttng hien phdp thu nghiem nhdm giup hpc sinh kiem sodt cdm xuc cua minh Tir khda: kiem sodt cdm xiic, khd ndng kiem soat cam xuc ABSTRAC I Tlie ability to control emotions of highschool students in Ho Chi Minh City Examining highschool students' uhility lo control emotions is of extreme necessity so that psychological methods to balance emotions can be drawn out The article analyses the degree of emotion management of highschool students, and affective factors as well as experimenting some methods to help students control their emotionsKeywords: emotion management, the abilit> to control emotions Ddt van de Cam xiic dong \ai tro quan trpng dai song tinh than va tdc dpng manh mg den hieu qua cong viec hpe tap, kha nang sang tao eiia eon nguoi Thyc te dang lo ngai la hien tupng nhieu thieu nien thieu kiem sodt cam xiic ciia ban than edc moi quan h? dan den mat cdn bdng tam li co hdnh vi tieu cue, sai 1dm Van de cang bien tai nhieu trucmg trung hpe thong (TtlPI) tren ca nuac Day cung la canh bao cdp bach cho vi?c gido dye hutVng den nhimg khia canh lien quan den >cu to thupe vl edm xiic qua trinh hinh nhan each ciia hpc sinh (HS) Hang loat cau hoi dupc ddt Id: Kha ndng kilm sodt cam xiic ciia HS nhu the nao? Ylu 16 TS, Tru'b'ng Bgi hpc S u ph^m TPHCM ThS, Tri/b-ng Oai hpc Su- pham TPHCM ndo dnh huong manh me den khd ndng ndy? Va can de xudt bien phdp ndo de giiip cde truong THPT eo the tdc dpng den HS nhdm giiip HS hinh cam xiic theo chieu hudng tich cyc? \'ai y nghia na> nhieu nghien cihi \ e cdm xiic ngdy eang dupe quan tam chdng han nhu cac nghien cim gan da> ve tri tue cam \iic ciia Howard Gardner Cooper, P Salo\c> J Ma^er \a D Goicman, Danh gia dupc lam quan trpng \c kiem sodt cam xiic ciia lira tuoi HS THPT, ddng thoi trd loi cho nhCmg vdn de hue thiet tren de tai nghien ciiu khd nang kiem scat cdm xiic ciia HS mpt so truong THPT tai Thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh (TPHCM) dupe lien hanh Dua tren nhilu quan diem li luan, chiing toi cho rdng "khd ndng kiim sodt cdm xuc Id nang luc ma nho chu thi eo the lam chu duge eac bieu hiin cam xuc eua bdn Tap chi KHOA HQC BHSP TPHCM thdn, nguai khde vd cd cdch gidi Ida cdm xiic phu hap nhdm dat m\ic dich giao tiip"{2\ Thirc trang ndng kiem sodt cam xuc cua HS THPT lai TPHCM Nhim nghien cim khd ndng kiem soil cim xiic ciia lira tudi ddu nien Tran Thj Thu Mai vi Igk cy th^ Id HS mpt so trudng THPT tjii TPHCM, chiing tdi chpn mau nglu nhien Sau xii li vd Ipc phiju hpp 1?, tong m5u khdo sdt gom 360 HS (148 nam vd 212 nii) d hai khoi ldp 10 vd 11 tai bon trudng THPT (hai trudng cdng lap, trudng din lap) Bang I Khd ndng kiem sodt cdm xuc cua HS Kha nang kiem scat mpt so loai cam xiic Xau hd Sphdi Gian dir Kha nang kiem sodt cam xuc chung Trung binh 3,37 3,34 3,27 3,33 Dp Ifch chuan 0,25 0,24 0,33 0,21 Bang eho thay kha ndng kiem tien hanh so sdnh kha ndng kiem sodt tirng loai cam xiie cu the gom gian diJ, sp sodt cdm xue eiia HS mpt s6 truong hai, xau ho thi HS eo kha nang kiem soat THPT tai TPHCM co diim trung binh cam xiic gian dCr (3,27), sp hdi (3,34) chi ehung bang 3,33 (theo thang tir mire TB va cam xiic xau ho (3,37) a 2,51—*3,34 la khoang miic trung binh) mire khd Nhin chung, diem TB chung So lieu ndy cho thay kha ndng kiem soat ciia tirng miic kiem soat cdm xiic xau ho cdm xiic eiia HS mau khdo sat chi vd sp hai cung khong qua moc TB nhieu mue trung binh (TB) Ngodi ra, dp lech ma chi nam d moc dau ciia miic kha chudn eiia mau bang 0,21 eung cho biet thang (mire khd tir 3,35 ^^4,17) hau het trj so tap trung quanh gid tn TB / Mire kiem sodt cdm xdc d cdc ciia loan mau khao sat, nghia Id phan lan HS CO kha nang kiem soat cdm xiie nhom bieu hien (xem bdng2) khoang mire TB Dong thoi, theo bdng 1, Bdng Muc dp kiim sodt edm xuc gidn da, xdu ho, so hai STT Trung binh Gian Xau ho Sphai Hanh vi true tiep hoac gian tiep cdng kich 3,65 3,93 3,85 Hanh vi dich chuyen sy cdng kich 3,89 3,74 3,62 Bieu hien td chirc md va ca quan ndi tiet 3,53 3,48 3,17 Bieu hien kiem soil cam xuc gian dii: cua ngudi khac 3,27 3,30 3,36 Gipng ndi • 3,15 3,07 3,39 Bien phip kiem soil cam xuc 3,00 3,32 3,22 Bieu hien dap tra khdng mang linh cdng kich 2,75 2,86 3,06 (1,0-* 1,66: miic thdp: 1,67^ 2,5: mi'rc khd Ihdp: 2,51->3,34:TB: 3,35^^4,17: mite khd: 4,18-*5,0: muc cao) Nhdm bieu hien Tsp chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM Bang cho thdy sy khde biC't gida khd ndng ki^m sodt ciia tirng nhdm bieu hi?n moi cdm xiic khde Cy thi Id nhdm b\iu hi?n "hinh vi tryc tiep hoic giin tiep cdng kich" vi "hinh vi djch chuySn sy cdng kich" dupc hau hit HS kiim sodt d mire khd Tuy nhiSn HS cung ddnh gid "bi$n phdp kiem sodt cdm xiic" \a "bieu hien dip tri khdng mang tinh cdng kich" d mire TB Dieu niy cho thdy, mdc dii phan Idn IIS khdng cd bieu hien hinh vi cdng kich mang linh lieu cyc nhung cung khdng hdn li IS biet cich giii tda cim xuc vi cd hdnh vi phii hpp Ngoii vc mil td chirc md vi ca quan n'"• gian dii: nhung diem TB eiia khd ndng khong vupt qua miie TB nhieu nen dl thdy Id "kiem che" cdm xiie na> eung rdt kho khan Ben canh do, dii "kiem che" sp hai khd tot nhung cae em lai gdp vdn de d viee giai toa cam xiic mpt each phii hop Xet \e khia canh tam li thi miie dp bieu hien eac bien phdp that dang lo ngai vi co tinh huong lam Tap chi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM sinh cam xiic gifl-a b?n be vdi nhau, HS lai it ddi mil vdi ddi lupng gay cim xuc theo hudng hda binh vi cung khdng cd each giii quyet hieu qua Nhin chung, vdi mirc dp bieu hien nhu tren TrSn Thi Thu Mai vd Igk HS rat cin dupc tiep can cdc bien phip giai tda cim xiic hieu qui de giup ban thdn cdn bdng cupc song 2.3 Khd ndng kiem sodi cdm xuc cua ngu&i khde (xem bdng 41 Bdng Khd nang kiem sodt cdm xuc ciia ngudi khde Kha ndng kiem soat cam xtic STT ciia nguoi khde Xauhd So hai Gian dir Trung binh chung Bang cho thay IIS eo kha ndng kiem sodt earn xiic ciia ngudi khac d ca ba'cam xiic thupc miie TB (3.31) Ddi vdi cam xiie sa hai va gidn, khd nang kiem soat ehi d miic TB cam xiie xau ho d mire kha nhung vdi diem TB la 3,36 thi khong vupt qua miic TB nhieu ehumg td kha nang eiia HS cdn chua on dinh Hon nira, miie dp ciia moi bieu hien cu the cung co co su chenh lech ddng ke \e diem sd eho thay kha nang kiem soat timg cam xiic ciia ngudi khac ehua hinh ro net Ket qua khao sat cho thay kha nang kiem soat cdm xuc d ngudi khac cua HS Trung binh 3,36 3,30 3,27 3,31 Thir hang Dp l^eh chuan 0.49 0,46 0.62 doi vdi ba loai cam xiie (gian du", xau ho, sp hai) la cd su khac nhau, dong thdi cung cd su khac biet tirng bieu hien ciia ba cam xiic lien quan den khd nang nhu nhan biet cam xiic tim gidi phap, ddi dien de kiem sodt cdm xiic Khd ndng chi ed the dupc eai thien tich eye chiing ta quan tam den viee tao moi trudng giao tiep thudn lai de HS CO the hieu va ehia se cam xiic, cung nhu giiip ngudi khac vupt qua cdm xuc dd 2.4 Khd ndng kiem sodt cdm xuc theo edc yeu to khoi ldp, gidi tinh, hi hpc (xem bdng 5) Bdng Khd ndng kiem soat cdm xuctheo yen to khdi lop, giai tinh, he hpe Yeu td Khdi Gidi ti'nh He hpc Trung binh 10 3.30 1) 3,34 Nam 3,33 Nil- 3,32 Dan lap 3,36 Cong lap 3,30 Kiem nghiem 0,041 (kiem nghiem T- test) 0,748 (kiim nghiem T- test) 0,003 (kiem nghiem T- test) S& 39 ndm 2012 T9P chl KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM losii cdm xiic d mirc It vi khdng cd sy Bdng cho thay: khde biit vi mjt y nghia (p= 0,748 > a= US d hai khoi 10 vi 11 cd ndng 0,05) kiim soil ci ba loai cdm xiic gijn dO, xdu C6 sy khde bi^t y nghta vi kha hd, sp hii d mirc dO TB Trong dd, khAi ning kiim sodt cdm xuc cua HS theo cic 11 cd diim TB cao hem khdi 10 yiu to hi hpc, thi hiin d bing dudi Nit sinh va nam sinh mau diy: khio sdt diu cd ndng kiC'm sodt cd ba Bdng Sir khde biqt y nglna ve khd ndngkiim sodI cdm xiic gign dir s(r hai, xdu ho llieo aic vi'u Id khdi lap hi hqc Loai cam \iic Cam xiic gian dir Cam xuc x i u hd Dan lap Trung hinh 3.32 0,016 ( k i i m nghiim Cdng l i p 3,23 T-test) D i n lap 3,41 Cdng lap 3,33 0,004 ( k i i m nghiem T-test) H f hpc Bang eho thay khong cd sy khde biet gitra HS he dan lap va cdng lap vl kha ndng kiem sodt cam xiic sp hai, cdn cam xiie gidn dCi vd xdu hd thi cd sy khde biet (p- 0,016 < a= 0,05, p=0,004 < a= 0,05) va he ddn lap cd diem TB cao hem he cdng lap Dieu na\ dupc li gidi Id trudng dan lap cd ban trii, HS thudng Kiem n g h i f m cd nhilu thdi gian tiep xiic, giao luu vdi ban be sau gid hpc, dupe sinh hoat ngoai khoa nen sy trdi nghiem \a nh^n thiic \e cam xiic thudng \u\en hem so vdi HS trudng cdng l$p 2.5 Cdc yeu to dnh hir&ng din kha ndng kiim sodt cdm xuc cua HS (xem bdng 7) Bdng Muc dp dnh huong cua cdc yeu to den khd ndng kiim sodt cdm xiic ctia HS (muc dp nhu sau: I diem: khong, diim: it i vira, diim: nhieu, diim: rdt nhiiu) Nhdm yeu to Yeu Id thupc ve gia dinh Yeu td thudc ve ban than Yeu Id thupc ve nha trucmg Yeu td thupc ve xa hpi Bang cho thay, bdn nhdm yeu td anh hudng (gia dinh, bin thin, \a hdi, nha trucmg) den kha nang kiem soil cam xuc ciia HS THPT thi nhdm ycu Id anh hudng manh me nhit li gia dinh (3,58) va ban than (3,30) That vay, gia 18 Trung binh nhdm 3.58 3,30 3.14 2,86 Thii hang dinh chinh li cii ndi hinh thinh \a phit triin tim li cua tre HS li ddi tupng vdn cdn le thudc gia dinh nen cim xuc cua cac em bi chi phdi manh me bdi "gia dinh hda thuan, hanh phuc", tinh cim yeu thucmg, chim sdc ciia cac thinh vien Tgp chl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM gia dinh'*, ""cdch gido dye eiia ba me ddi vdi eon cdi" M$l khde, cd nhan vdi tu each la chii the quylt djnh cdm xiic ciia ehinh minh thi dii dnh hudng khd nhieu bdi ''xu hudng ket ban" - ddc trung giao tiep ciia liia tudi - thi khong khac ngoai ban than nhan cam xtic \a cd mong mudn kiem sodt cam xiic ciia chinh minh Hay noi khac htm, ed nhdn phdi tich cyc viee kiem sodt cam xiic ciia ban than Do dd, mdt chuang trinh gido due khdng chi da_\ tri thirc ma phai ren luyen nhan each, dao diic tinh cam tdt dep Neu "Ndi dung day hpc Idng ghep kT nang sdng gido dye cam xiic" ket hpp vdi '"ne nep ki ludt hpp li", "gido vien guong mdu, cdng bang \a giao tiep su pham tot" thi HS eiing de ddng han viec ed cam xiic tich cue Ngoai ban than, gia dinh vd nha trudng thi ngudi bj chi phdi bdi xa hdi, hodn cdnh sdng HS danh gia "yeu td xd hpi" (2,86) tac ddng sau cdc yeu to gia dinh, bdn than va nha trudng Ngoai ra, cac sy kien, tin tiic ve bao luc hpc dudng cung khdng dnh hudng nhieu den edm xiic ciia HS Cd the HS chi ban tan ve van de chir ehua that sy bi tae dpng nhieu 2.6 Kit qud thu nghiim mpt so bifn phdp giiip HS kiim sodt cdm xiie Ket qud nghien ciiu thue trang tren eho thdy kha ndng kiem soat cam xiie gidn dir ciia HS d mirc TB, thdp nhat so vdi cam xiie sp hai, xdu ho va bien phdp giai tda edm xiic gian dG eiia HS eung han che Do do, de tai da ehon edm Trdn Thi Thu Mai vd tgk xiie gi§n dQ- de lien hdnh thir nghi?m bien phap kilm sodt tich eye Xdc djnh dupe hi^u qua eua vi^c sii dyng nhOng bi^n phdp thir nghi?m Id rat can thilt, vi v^y chiing tdi dd tim hieu va nghien ciiu nhihig bi?n phap lam li ciia cae nhd nghien ciru nhu Simon, Fleming, Holion, Beck Ellis, Robson, Tren eo sd li luan ndy, chiing tdi tin tudng vi^c sir dyng nhurng bi?n phap thu nghiem dudi day la that sy can thiet, cap bach va hiiu ich vi?c mang tam li hpc tri lieu li?u phdp nhan thire hdnh vi, xiic cam img dyng vao nha trudng thdng De thu dupc ket qua khdch quan, chiing tdi tien hanh so sdnh, phan tich so sdnh so lipu, ndi dung thir nghiem tren timg HS, nhdm HS trudc va sau ba thdng thyc nghiem vdi edeh to chiie nghien euu nhu sau: Budi 1: Ndi chuyen vd tien hdnh each thiic giiip HS nhan thiie lam gidm nhe cdm xiic Budi 2: Hudng dan va thyc hanh kT thuat cdu tnic lai nhdn thirc ciia Aaron Beck nham tdc ddng de thay ddi cam xiie chua hpp li Buoi 3: Sir dung kT thuat de phan tieh bdi tap ve nha Buoi 4: Sir dyng lieu phdp xue edm hdnh vi hpp ii (REBT eiia Albert Ellis) Buoi 5: Sir dung REBT de phan tich bdi tap ve nhd; chia se trdi nghiem phan hdi, ddnh gia hieu qud, ket ludn Ket qud sau thir nghiem dupc so sdnh vdi trudc thu nghiem nhu d bang sau day: SS 39 nim T9P chl KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM 20li Bang S So idnh kit qud Inr&c vd sau thir nghiim HS Trirdc (HirnKhi^m - Mirc edm xvic gign d& ly ddnh gia dao dpng tir 7080 din 100 diem - HS eo nilm tin sai l§ch d mirc dp kha cao tir 80-100, vd khong nh^n ban than M.T suy nghi tieu cyc tinh T.Ci huong tac dpng M.D - Ty khdng djnh la nh^n N.Tr thue khdng sai MN - Tan so xuat hi?n 3-4 lan suy nghT ty phdt/ tinh hudng tucmg ty - Suy nghT tu phdt vd niem tin khong hpp li khd nhieu Kit qud khd nAng kilm soAt cdm xiic gi^n dO* - HS 1dm quen vdi vi^c sii dyng kT thu&t mdi bi?n phdp mdi dl ty thyc hi^n kilm sodt cdm xiic ciia bdn than thdng qua vi^c nh^n vd xir H col I5i cdc niem tin Tir d6 cam xiic tieu cyc dupc gidi quylt Cy the Id: - MS nh^n suy nghi ly phdt bj sai l?ch nh^n thiic, niem lin khdng hpp h' - Hieu dupc mo hinh ABC de ly phan tich n h ^ thirc cho bdn than - Biet sir dyng edu hdi thach thurc va cdu hdi Soerate de phan tich nhan thirc ciia ban than Trong qud trinh thir nghiem, chung tdi khong he ip ddt suy nghT len cd nhin mi chi sir dung ciu hdi, md hinh, kT thuat de 1dm rd nhdn thirc, suy nghT ciia ca nhdn dd Bang cho thdy HS cd nhiing budc tien dang ke vice nhgn nhimg suy nghT tu phit mang tinh tieu c\rc, nhin thirc sai l^eh, niem tin chua hpp li de tir dd \.if dieu chinh cim xiic cupc sdng Nhan xet mpt each tdng the, bien phdp thir nghiem khdng chi giiip HS tich cue thay ddi nhjn thirc, su\ nghT tu phdt khdng hpp li mi cdn giiip HS tu xac dinh ngudn gdc, li sau \a din den phit sinh cam xiic giin dii, tir dd biet each giii tda khd khdn kiim soit cam xuc nhim cin bdng cim xiic ddi sdng Ket luan Ghi chu - HS hpp tac, lich cyc tham gia, thyc hi^n bdi t^p ve nha cd li^n quan din van dl nhln thirc cam xiic gian d& - HS cdn thieu nhieu kT ndng nhu Idng nghe hi^u qua, khdi qudt hda, thu gidn Ket qud nghien euu cho thdy kha ndng kiem sodt cim xiic cua HS d mirc TB dd cim xiic gian dii, sp hii d mirc TB, rieng cam xuc xau hd li kha cao Tu\ nhien, cd str chenh l?ch ro giiia cic nhdm hdnh \\ \i ning kiem sodt cam xiic, cich giii tda cim xiic, kiem scat cam xiic ngudi khie NghTa la l i s cd ning kiem sodt tirng bieu hiin cdm xuc nhimg chua dn djnh, cdn dao dpng nhieu Trong qud trinh sir dyng bien phip thii nghiim, nhiing niem tin, suy nghT tir phit nhan thirc chua hop li cua HS na\ sinh cim xuc dupc phat hien va can thiip tich cue, giup HS biet cich giai tda cam xuc Cdn cir vio thyc trang va kit qua thir nghiem nhiing bien phip tren, chung tdi de xuat mdt sd y kien nbam gdp phin Tgp chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM mang Igi hi?u qua vi?e gido dye, ren luyen khd ndng kiem soat cam xuc ciia HS nhu sau: Ban than HS phdi tich eye r^n luy?n vd trau ddi khd ndng kiem sodt cdm xiie thong qua giao tilp Gia dinh nen quan tam din edi, sdng h6a thudn, 1dm guang eho doi xu cdng bdng giiira cde con, moi quan h? giira ede vien dya tren ca sd tdn trpng vd chia se Cdc trudng d^i hpc chuyen ngdnh, td ehiic tdm li hpc dudng can dua bi?n phdp ho trp tdm li vdo chuang trinh ddo tao nhiing khda t^p huan cd ehdt lupng, mang tinh thue tiln cho dpi ngu tham van lam li Nhimg chuyen vien tdm li hpc dudng 7>i« Thi Thu Mai vd tgk phdi dupc tiep c^n vd nang cao chuyen mdn ve cdch sii dyng nhihig li^u phdp tam li giiip HS nh^n nilm tin khdng hpp li, cdm xiic lieu eye; hudng dan kT ihu^t ho trp 6k giai tda edm xuc nhu thu gidn, edeh doi m^t vdi cdm xuc tieu eye de cd bi?n phdp tde dpng kjp thdi Can theo ddi nhOng diln biin cam xiic cua HS qud trinh hpc tai trudng bdng nhihig quan sdt tren ldp, phieu ddnh gid, trdc nghi?m Nen to ehiie edc ldp kT ndng mem lien quan den cdm xiic nhu: xdc dinh cam xue eiia ban than, each hinh cam xiic tich eye, bi?n phdp vupt qua cam xuc tieu eye, hieu biet cdm xiic cua ngudi khac TAI LIEU THAM KHAO V6 Hoang Anh Thu (2010), Tri tue edm xuc ciia hpc sinh trung hpe thong thdnh Bdo Lpe - Lam Dong Ludn van thac sT, Trudng Dai hpc Su pham TPHCM Le Thi Ngpc Thuang (2011), Khd nang kiem sodt cdm xue cud hpe sinh a mot so trudng trung hpe thong tai Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh, Luan vdn Thac sT, Trudng Dai hoc Su pham TPHCM Clyde Vanworth (2011), Training document about Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, HCMC, Trudng Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hpi va Nhan vdn TPHCM (Ngiy Tda so^n nhin duuc bii 25-4-2012, ngiy phin bi^n dinh gii ngiy chip nhin ding 01-8-2012) 29-5-2012; 21 ... ciia hpc sinh trung hpe thong thdnh Bdo Lpe - Lam Dong Ludn van thac sT, Trudng Dai hpc Su pham TPHCM Le Thi Ngpc Thuang (2011), Khd nang kiem sodt cdm xue cud hpe sinh a mot so trudng trung hpe... ehinh minh thi dii dnh hudng khd nhieu bdi ''''xu hudng ket ban" - ddc trung giao tiep ciia liia tudi - thi khong khac ngoai ban than nhan cam xtic \a cd mong mudn kiem sodt cam xiic ciia chinh minh. .. xdu ho, sp hai ndy sinh thi each ''^thu gian", "gidi quyet van de" hay "thay doi cdch suy nghi tieu cue" dIu bpe 16 miie rdt ddng quan tdm (duoi 3,0) Gian dir 3,39 3,15 3,11 Trung binh Xau ho 3.48