Untitled Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Human Chorionic Gonadotropi n (hCG) Laurence A Cole Stephen A Laurence A Cole Stephen• BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FR
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Laurence A Cole Stephen A Butler AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Elsevier 32 Jamestown Road London NW1 7BY 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA First edition 2010 Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangement with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein) Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-384907-6 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at www.elsevierdirect.com This book has been manufactured using Print On Demand technology Each copy is produced to order and is limited to black ink The online version of this book will show color figures where appropriate Acknowledgments This book was written by 21st century scientists in honor of the forefathers and pioneers of hCG research Without them, we would have never been able to discover the wondrous molecules that we know today I honor and dedicate this book to those who discovered hCG in the the 1920s: Toyoichi Hirose of the Osaka Medical College in Japan, Selamar Aschheim of the University of Berlin in Germany, and Bernhard Zondek of the Berlin-Spandau Hospital in Germany I also wish to dedicate this book to those 25 people that I consider to be the pioneers of hCG research, without whom there would be little to write about: Mario Ascoli, PhD University of Iowa, Iowa City, IO Om Bahl, PhD University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY Peter Berger, PhD Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria Jean-Michel Bidart, PhD Institute Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France Steven Birken, PhD National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD Irving Boime, PhD Washington University, St Louis, MO Glenn Braunstein, MD Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA Robert Canfield, MD Columbia-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY Timothy Chard, MD St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, UK Maria Dufau MD, PhD National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD John Fiddes, PhD Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Sprong Harbor, NY Robert Hussa, PhD Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwauke WI, Sunnyvale, CA USA xii Acknowledgments Ray Iles, PhD Middlesex University, London, UK Akira Kobata, PhD Tokyo University, Japan Klauss Mann, MD University of Essen, Germany Ryuichiro Nishimura, MD Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi, Japan Bruce Nisula, MD National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD Robert Norman, MD University of Adelaide, Australia William Odell, MD, PhD Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT David Puett, PhD University of Georgia, Athens, GA C.V Rao, PhD Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FI, USA Raymond Ruddon, MD, PhD University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI Ulf Stenman, PhD Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland Judith Vaitukaitis, MD National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD Bruce Weintraub, MD National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD Stephen Butler, PhD, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Middlesex University, London, was an invaluable sub-author of this book He wrote multiple chapters and aided in polishing the book’s content Butler’s efforts were essential to the assembly and management of this book Thank you to Camille Sapienz for editing the grammar, punctuation, and diction of this book I also thank all the other authors who contributed essential chapters to this book: Robert Hussa, PhD; Ulf Stenman, PhD; Akira Kobata, PhD; C.V Rao, PhD; Francis Byrn, MD; and Ervin Jones, MD Once again, I say thank you to everybody involved About the Author In 1971, Larry Cole began studying medicine in England A stroke in 1975 put him in a coma for multiple months and left him with amnesia and severe brain damage He was forced to abandon his career in medicine as a result of this incident After his recovery, he moved to Israel in 1976, then to the United States in 1977 He managed to “program” the other side of the brain He taught himself to learn and memorize science and medicine again and in 1978, Cole attended the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, to work on a PhD in Biochemistry In 1981, Larry obtained his PhD while studying cancer cell hCG with Robert Hussa, PhD During this time, Larry also worked with Roland Pattillo, MD, on gestational trophoblastic disease cases In the same year, he attended the first international symposium on gestational trophoblastic diseases and has attended all 15 consecutive biannual symposia since then In 1983, Larry completed a postdoctoral fellowship with Raymond Ruddon, PhD, at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor where he continued to specialized in hCG His experiences working with Dr Ruddon are what inspired him to study hCG carbohydrate structure After his postdoctoral fellowship, Larry joined the faculty of the University of Michigan After years, he took a position at Yale University, where he spent 13 years as part of the Obstetrics and Gynecology faculty He slowly advanced at Yale University from Assistant Professor to Associate Professor, then to Full Professor While at Yale University, Larry’s research purely focused on hCG, investigating hCG and gestational trophoblastic disease, hCG as a tumor marker, and oligosaccharides and hCG It was at Yale University that he studied the structure of choriocarcinoma hCG, which ultimately led to his discovery of hyperglycosylated hCG and to new diagnostic protocols in gestational trophoblastic diseases In 1999, Larry moved to the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, as a tenured Full Professor While at the University of New Mexico, he started the U.S government CLIA-endorsed program called the USA hCG Reference Service, which globally advises scientists who research hCG and physicians who treat gestational trophoblastic disease and patient with persistent low levels of hCG With the Reference Service came his endowment by appreciative false positive hCG patients In 2004, he became the Howard and Friedman Distinguished Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology Today, 29 years after receiving his PhD, Dr Cole still specialize in hCG research His clinical interests lie with studying and researching gestational trophoblastic xiv About the Author diseases In 1987, Larry’s PhD advisor, Robert Hussa, wrote the first book on hCG It is with great dignity that Larry follows in the footsteps of his advisor and writes the second specialized book on hCG in 2010 Laurence A Cole, PhD The Howard and Friedman Distinguished Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology Director, USA hCG Reference Service Chief, Women’s Health Research Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Abbreviations ACT: ActD: Ala: Arg: Asn: ATF1: BEP: BSO: cAMP: CG: CG-H: CHO: CKGF: CNS: COH: COS: CRE: CREBP: CTP: Cys: DSA: DSD: EDTA: EGF: EMA-CO: EMA-EP: FDA: FIGO: free : free : free -CTP: -subunit activator element actinomycin D chemotherapy alanine arginine asparagine activating transcription factor chemotherapy regimen combining bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy cyclic adenosine monophosphate chorionic gonadotropin hyperglycosylated chorionic gonadotropin Chinese hamster ovary cystine-knot growth factor central nervous system controlled ovarian hyperstimulation controlled ovarian stimulation cAMP response element cAMP response element binding protein human chorionic gonadotropin -subunit C-terminal peptide cysteine Datura stramonium agglutinin downstream domain ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid epidermal growth factor alternating weekly administration of chemotherapy agents etoposide, methotrexate, and actinomycin D, with cyclophosphamide and onvocin (vincristine) alternating weekly administration of chemotherapy agents etoposide, methotrexate, and actinomycin D, with etoposide and cisplatin Food and Drug Administration, USA Federation Internation of Gynecologic Oncology free -subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin free -subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin free -subunit missing the -subunit C-terminal peptide xvi FSH: Fuc: FUT: Gal: GalNAc: GATA: GlcNAc: Glu: Gly: GnRH: GnT: GTD: GTN: hCG: hCG: hCG: hCG-CTP: hCG-H: hCG-H: hCGp: hLH: hMG: ICE: IFCC: IRP: IRR: IS: ISOBM: IU: IUI: IU/l: IVF: Leu: LIF: LH: LUF: Lys: Man: MCSF: Met: MoM: MCW: mIU: ml: Abbreviations follicle stimulating hormone fucose fucosyltransferase galactose N-acetylgalactosamine DNA sequence and DNA coding N-acetylglucosamine glutamic acid glycine gonadotropin releasing hormone N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase gestational trophoblastic disease gestational trophoblastic neoplasm human chorionic gonadotropin free -subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin free -subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin human chorionic gonadotropin -subunit C-terminal peptide hyperglycosylated human chorionic gonadotropin hyperglycosylated human chorionic gonadotropin free -subunit pituitary hCG human luteinizing hormone human menopausal gonadotropins chemotherapy regimen combining ifosamide, carboplatin, and etoposide International Federation of Clinical Chemistry international reference preparation international reference reagent International Standard International Association of Biological Markers international units intrauterine insemination international units per liter in-vitro fertilization leucine leukemia inhibitory factor luteinizing hormone luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome lysine mannose macrophage colony stimulating factor Methionine multiples of the median Medical College of Wisconsin milli-international units milliliter ... chorionic gonadotropin free -subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin human chorionic gonadotropin -subunit C-terminal peptide hyperglycosylated human chorionic gonadotropin hyperglycosylated human chorionic. .. Federation Internation of Gynecologic Oncology free -subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin free -subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin free -subunit missing the -subunit C-terminal peptide... glycine gonadotropin releasing hormone N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase gestational trophoblastic disease gestational trophoblastic neoplasm human chorionic gonadotropin free -subunit of human chorionic