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JOURNAL OF SCENCE OF HNUE Educanonai Sci 2013 Vol 58 No 8, pp 94 102 This paper is available onlme at http //sldb hnue edu vn SL/ DUNG MOT SO BAI TOAN NHAN THl/C PHAN HOA HVV CO L 6 P 11 NANG CAO TRON[.]

JOURNAL OF SCENCE OF HNUE Educanonai Sci 2013 Vol 58 No 8, pp 94-102 This paper is available onlme at http://sldb.hnue.edu.vn SL/ DUNG MOT SO BAI TOAN NHAN THl/C PHAN HOA HVV CO L P 11 NANG CAO TRONG DAY HOC DAT VA GIAI QUYET VAN ot Dang Thi Oanh^ Tran Ngoc Huy^ ^Khua Hua hpe TrUdng Dai hoc Supham Hd Npi, -Nhd xudt hdn Gido due Viet Nam Tom lat Xay dung va sii dung bai loan nhan thilc (BTNT) day hoc hoa hpc la mol giai phap quan de phat huy linh cUc, chii dong, sang tao ciia hoc sinh la mot nhu'ng xu hudng doi mdi phifdng phap day hoc hien Chung toi da nghien ciiu each sii dung BTNT day hoc dat va giai quyet van de de phat tnen nang life hoc sinh va da tien hanh thi/c nghiem tai trudng THPT Pham Hong Thai, Ha Noi Kk qua thu difdc la tich cifc, hoan tot muc tieu dS gop phan nang cao chat lUdng day hoc bo mon Hod hoc cl trudng THPT Tifkhda- Bai toan nhan thiic, hoa hCfu cd I6p 1!, day hoc dat va giai quyet vku dl 1.1 Mot dau M o t so van de ve li luan ve each sur d u n g B T N T t r o n g day hoc dat va giai quyet van de Ban chat cua day hoc dat va giai quyet co van dt la giao vien dat trUdc HS cac vSn de cua khoa hoc (cac bai loan nhan thu'c) va md cho cac em nhiing difdng giai quy6t cac van de do; Viec diau kien qua irinh tiep thu kiSn thiic ciia HS d day dUdc thitc hien ihco hifdng tao mot he thdng nhifng tinh hu6ng co van dc, nhu'ng dieu kien bao dam \'icc gi;ii quycl nhiing tinh hudng va nhiing chi dan cu the cho HS qua trinh giai quyet ciic vin de Day hoc dat va giai quyel vSn de co ba dac trifng: - GV dai tnfdc HS mol loat nhffng bai loan nhan thifc cd chiia difng mau IhuSn gma cai da biet va cai chifa biet nhUng chiing dUdc cSu true lai mol each sU pham goi la bai toan neu vSn de - drixtic - Hpc sinh li6p nhan mau thuin cua BTNT nhd mau thuSn noi tam cQa minh va difpc dat vao linh hudng co vSn dc, ttic la irang thai co nhu cku ben mucSn giai quyet bang difdc bai loan Ngay nhan bai 1.V12/2012 Ngay nhan dang'25/7/2013 Lien he DAng Tin Oanh, e-mail oanhdt@hnue.cdu 94 Sif dung mot so hdi tndn nhdn thitc phdn Hod hdu eo ldp U - Ndng can - Trong va bang each giai quy6t bai toan ma HS ITnh hoi difdc mot each tif giac lich cifc ea kien thiic, ca each giai va do co difdc niem vui sifdng ciia siJ nhan thiic sang tao Bai toan nhan thiic difdc coi la hat nhan cua day hoc neu vSn d6 - dritxtic [3], nhien BTNT ciing dUdc sii dung cae phifdng phap day hoc khac nhif cac phifdng phap day hoc trifc quan, cac phUdng phap thifc hanh thuc nghiem, cac phifdng phap dung ldi, BTNT difdc SLt dung cac phUdng phap thi no se hoal hoa cac phifdng phap dd hay no se lam cho cac phifdng phap tich cdc hdn, hieu qua hdn [4], 1.2 Su dung BTNT day hoc neu van de a) Sii dung BTNT theo quy trinh BTNT -GVllitrnigddii - HS nghiCLiciru (mnu ilniaii khach qiiuiO T i n h huong CO van de - (iVgiu|i - IIS liriiiui BTNT Cureka ! biOn th.inh VIT clui(|Uiin) b) Ba miic ciia day hpc ncu van de; - GV thuc hien toan bo quy trinh (tu neu, tU giai quytt vin de) - Thuyet trinh orixtic; - GV va HS ciing tim va giai quyet vin de - Dam thoai drixtic, - HS ti( tim va tU giiii quySt van dS - nghien cKu drixtic 1.3 Cac bit6c day HS giai quyet van dc su dung BTNT [4] Budc Lam cho HS hieu ro vin di (BTNT) BUdc Xac dinh hudng giai quydt, di(a cac gia thuyfit Budc Kiem tra sit dung ddn ciia cac gia thuyet va xac nhan gia thuyet diing Bitdc Ket luan, chi cai mdi Budc Kiem tra lai va ling dung vao thuc te 1.4 Cac each sit dung BTNT day lioc - Sii dung BTNT nghien cilu bai mdt - Sil dung BTN'I' luyen tap, ciing co vit nang cao kicn thiic - Sii dung BTN T de til hoc d nha * V;»' du I Su dting BTNT nghien cdu lidi mdi a) Npi dung BTNT ve phdn ling halogen hod ankan - Quan sat hinh 5.4 SGK Hodlipc 11 - NC cho biet; CH, tac dung vdi Cl, thu dUdc nhiing san pham nao? Riit khai niem ve phan dng the - Hoan cac phan ling sau va cho biet san pha'm chinh, phu moi phan ling va giai thich? 9S CH,-CHj-CH, + Br2 5—4 Rut kha nang tham gia phan ling the cua H d C bac khac va klia nang phan ling ciia cac halogen h) Cdc Inldc day HS gidi BTNT Budc Lam cho HS hieu ro vin de (BTNT) - (3 ldp HS da biet CH4 + CI2 chi thu dude san pham la CHuCl nhUng quan sal hinh ve SGK Hod Iwc i7 - NC ta lai thiy co san pham the Mau thuin xuat hien - GV cho HS viet san pham phan iing sau va ghi ro s6 ti le % cac chat san pham (1.1) — clopropan(57%) — clopropan(43%) CH;, - CH2 - CH., 4- Bi-j ' " ' " ' ) CH3 - C:HBr - C H , + C H , - CHj - CHaBr + HBi (1.2) 97% 3% Trong phan tii propan co nguyen til H ciia C bac I, co nguyen tu? H cila C bac II, tai lUdng siin phixm the vao H ciia C bac II lai nhieu hdn (spc)? Tai clo the ditdc ca H C bac I va II brom chi the dUdc H cf C bac II? Mau thuin xuit hien Budc 2, Xac dinh hudng giai quyet, dda cac gia thuyet; - Xuat phat tif ciu tao CH4, cd lien ket vay clo co the the lin lUdt tifng H khong? 96 Su dmig mdt so bdi lodn nhdn thifc phdn Hod hifu CO ldp 11 -Ndng cao - Mdc phan iing cua H d C bac khac co khac khong? - Miic hoat dong hoa hoc ciia cac halogen (CI2 Bi^) cd anh hudng d6n ti le san pham the nhif the nao? Bifdc Ket luan, chi cai mdi - Clo da the lin lUdt titng nguyen tu: H CH4 - H cl C bac cang cao thi kha nang bi th6 cang dl dang: H - C > H - C > H-C - Halogen hoat dong hoa hoc cang yeu thi tinh chon loc cang eao Br2 > CI2 Bifdc Kiem tra lai va iing dung TCf CH:, - CI-I2 - CH-i mudn didu che CH., - CH(OH) - CH3 thi phai theo sd dd: CH, -~ CH ^- CH3 - - ^ CH3 - CHBr - CH3 ^^^^> CH, - CH(OH) - CH, Thi du Sii dung BTNT dang dinh lifdng luyen tap a) Noi dung BTNT Khi cho 27,6 gam ancol ddn chde bang CuO, dun ndng thu dUdc m gam hdn hdp X (con ancol dU) LSy ni gam hdn hdp X cho tac dung vdi Na dd thu difdc 8,96 lit H2 d dktc va dung dich Y Mai khac liy A-ni gam hdn hdp X cho tae dung vdi NaaCO;, dd cung dufdc 8,96 lit (dklc) (khong tao NaHCO.,) Xac dinh cong thdc phan lii ciia ancol b) Cac budc day HS giai BTNT Budc Lam eho HS hieu ro van de (BTNT) - Ta da bi6l oxi hoa ancol bang CuO, t^ thu dUdc andehit hoac xeton va nUdc, co the cdn ancol du nhyung cac chit dSu khdng phan lifng difdc vdi Na^CO ^ giai phdng CO2 Nhung theo gia thiet thi X tac dung vdi Na2C0:, giai phdng CO2 Vay X chda chit nao khac Mau thuan xuSt hien - Khi xae dinh dUdc phin cua X, de tim i\l„ncoi ta phai tim HU,,™; Mudn tim • i-ancoi ta phai bat dau tif dau? Mau thuSn xuit hien - Ta cd the rut he qua hay mot cong thu'c chung nao dd de giai bai nhanh khdng? Budc Xac dinh hudng giai quydt - Oxi hoa ancol bang CuO t^ thu dUdc andehit hoac xeton, nUdc, ancol du va cd the cd axit cacboxylic - Ta difa vao dii kien so mol H2 va s6 mol CO2 de thiet lap mdi lien he vdi sd mol ancol - Neu ta thiel lap dUde mdi lien he giiia sd mol H2 va s6 mol CO2 de thiel lap mdi lien he vdi s6 mol ancol thi dd chinh la he qua can xac dinh Budc Ti6n hanh giai - Cac qua trinh oxi hoa ancol: vr Dang Thi Oanh, Tran Ngoc Huy ° 2RCH2OH -^^^^^ R C H + H2O Vay hdn hop X gom; RCHO r m o l RCOOH ymol; RCHjOH dU moi; HoO I + y mol Nen tdng so mol RCH2OH x + >' + z mol - Trong dd (RCOOH y mol; RCHjGH dU mol; HjOx A \ mol) Phan ling vdt Na tao ra; "H, = mol - Vdi NaaCO, chi co RCOOH phan ifng; R C 0 H + Na2C03 -^ R C 0 N a + CO2 V !//2 mol - M6i lien he giiia so mol ancol, H2 va CO2 la; "anmi = 2(nH, " "CO,) = 2(0, - ^ -) = mol MRCH,OH = ~ = 46 => C2H5OH U, D Budc Ket luan, chi cai mdi va phUdng phap giai ciia dang dang bai toan - Oxi hoa ancol bSng CuO thu dUdc andehit hoac ancol va cd the cd axil cacboxylic - Xudt phai tif s6 mol Ho va s6 mol CO2 ta thiel lap mdi hen he vdi s6 mol ancol chinh la he qua cdn dimg giai loan trac nghiem la: Thi du 3: Sii dung BTNT ve lien ket hidro de ciing cd va nang cao kien thdc viec tu hoc Ancol etyltc (CoHsOH) va nU6c (H2O) deu co lien ket hidro va ^/CaHsOH = 4(J ^ / H , = 18 Si'f dimg mot so hdi todn nhdn thifc phdn Hod hifii cO ldp 11 - Ndng cao nhung nhiet soi ciia C2H5OH la 78.3°C' thSp hdn ciia H2O la 100"*:'? Budc Lam cho HS hie'u ro van de Nhiet dp soi ciia cac chit phu thuoc vao phan tit khdi ciia cac chit va lien ket lien phan tif (dac biet la lien ket hidro), ca C2H5OH va H2O deu cd lien ket hidro ma phan tii khoi ciia -'*/c,H50H=46 >.UH,O = 18 nhung tai nhicl dp soi cua C2H5OH < H2O Mau thuin xuat hien Budc Xac dinh hUdng giai quyet, de xuil cac gia ihuyet - Dp ben hen ket hidro giifa cac phan tii C2I-I5OH < giiia cac phan tii H2O - Sd lien ket hidro giua cac phan tu C2H5OH < giiia cac phan tii H2O Budc Xac nhan mpt gia thuyet diing - Giiia cac phan td ancol: H - O^- H^+ - O I C2H5 C2H5 va giiia cac phan tii nudc; • H H Mac dCi dien tich am tren O ciia ancol > nUdc nhUng dien tich dUdng tren H ciia nudc > ancol nen dp ben lien ket hidro gifla hai loai lien ket tren khong khac nhieu, khong the gay sfl chenh lech nhiet hai chit ldn nhu vay (loai gia thiet nay) - Do Irong nUdc chi co trung tam tao lien ket hidro la hat nguyen tut H O nhdm OH dd d nildc cd trung tam tao lien ket hidro la nguyen t i H vit nguyen til O nen s6 hen ket hidro giiia cac phan tut nudc nhieu hdn gifla cac phan tii ancol, day chinh la nguyen nhan lam cho H2O du cd phan tfl khdi nho hdn C2H.5OH nhung nhiet dd soi vin cao hdn Bfldc Chi kien thiic mdi - Do b6n lien ket va s6 lugng lien ket hidro anh hfldng Idn den nhiet sdi cua cac chit - Do H2O cd lien ket H d trung tam nen d trang thai rin (nude da) thi the' tich ldn hdn the tich long Budc Kie'm tra lai kien thflc va van dung giai y b) Noi dung nghien curu 2.1 Thu'c nghiera sU pham Tien trinh thflc nghiem sfl pham; Dang Thi Oanh Trin Ngoc Huy - Dia diem trudng THPT Pham Hong Thai - Ha Ndi; Giao vien day: Pham Thi Xo - Chiing toi da tien hanh day phin hidrocacbon vao hpc ki II cua nam hoc 2010 2011 Ci ldp ddi chiing la 11A5 (46 HS) GV sti dung giao an binh thudng, ldp thifc nghiem la 11A4 (46 HS) GV thiet ke giao an cd suT dung BTNT Ca hai ldp din hoc chUdng trinh Hda hpc 11 - nang cao, deu khdng phai la ldp chon, cung GV day - Chiing toi tien hanh kiem tra bai kiem tra 45 phdt (trac nghiem va tU luan) d hai ldp (de bai kiem tra nhd nhau, cimg dap an va ciing GV chim) de' danh gia hieu qua ciia viec sii dung BTNT «>,, - Ket qua thUc nghiem sU pham diidc trinh bay cac Bang va dUdi day- Diem 10 E Bang / Phdn phoi tdn so, tdn sudt vd tdn sudt lily tich (Ldp 11A4 vd HAS triidng THPT Pham Hdng Thdi - bdi sd I) % HS flat diem Xi % HS dat diem Xi troi xuong So HS dat diem Xi TN DC DC TN DC TN 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0 2,17 0,00 0,00 2,17 2,17 4,34 0,00 0,00 8,69 2,17 4,35 I 2,17 13,04 8,69 4,35 6,52 21,74 21,73 13,04 34,78 10 54,35 32,60 19,57 10,87 80,44 54,43 12 10 26,09 21,74 78,25 13,04 11 93,48 23,91 97,83 95,65 4,35 17,39 100,00 100,00 j 2,17 4,35 46 46 100,00 100,00 120 •g too Z 80 x 60 • / I' 40 20 - ^ V • l^ , ^ l ^ iO Dicm Xi Hinh I Bd thi ditdng hiy tinh 100 DC Su ditng mdt so hdi todn nhdn tlufe phdn Hod hUu ca Idp 11 - Ndng cao Diem 10 E Bdng Phdn phoi tdn so, tdn sudt vd tdn sudt luy tich (Ldp 11A4 vd HAS trudng THPT Pham Hong Thdi - bdi sd 2) So HS dat diem Xi % HS dat diem Xi % HS dat diem Xi trd xuong DC TN DC TN TN DC 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 2,17 0,00 2,17 0,00 I 2,17 2,17 2,17 I 4,34 2,17 I 6,52 10,86 4,34 10,87 4,53 8,69 21,73 8,70 17,39 19,57 41,3 12 21,74 26,09 43,48 63,04 10 21,74 65,22 13,04 76,08 10 80,44 86,95 10,87 15,22 93,48 13,04 97,82 10,87 100,00 2,17 6,52 100,00 100,00 46 46 100,00 10 DiemXi Hinh Do thi dtldng biy tich Phan tich ket qua thflc nghiem; - Tren cd sd ket qua thflc nghiem cho thiy, chit Ifldng hoc tap cua hoc sinh cac ldp thflc nghiem cao hdn cac ldp doi chflng, the' hien; + Die'm trung binh cac bai kie'm tra cua ldp TN luon cao hon cac Idp DC + Ti le % hoc sinh dat die'm ySu kem, trung binh cua cac Idp DC cao hdn ldp TN, ti le % hoc sinh dat die'm kha, gioi cua ldp TN luon cao hdn cua cac ldp DC + D thi cac dudng luy tich cua cac ldp TN luon nam ve ben phai va d phia dfldi dd thi cac dfldng luy tich cua cac Idp DC (Hinh va Hinh 2), dieu dd chflng td chit Ifldng Dang Thi Oanh, Trin Ngoc Huy nam vflng kien thiic cua hoc sinh cac ldp TN tdt hdn, ddng deu hdn so vdi cac ldp DC - Ngoai ket qua thuc nghiem tif diem so sanh ve tinh thSn thai hpc tap, khong qua tich cue hdn ldp doi chiing - Nhu vay, viec sd dung BTNT dong tiep thu kien thiic va phat trien tu so bai kiem tra, danh gia, chiing toi cd sif gid hoc thi ldp thdc nghiem ludn cho ket day hpc dat va giai quySt vSn de giiip HS chu sang tao ciia HS Ket luan Tren day chiing toi da tien hanh sd dung cac BTNT day hoc dat va giai quySt vin de de day hoc bai mdi, de dn tap cung co, de tu hpc nang cao kiln thiic phin hdp chk hifu cd SGK Hod hpc 11 - NC Chung toi tilp tuc nghien ciiu sif dung cac BTNT vao mot so PPDH khac de phat huy tinh tich cue, chu ddng, phat huy nang lUc hoc sinh vao s6 bao sau Chung tdi da chiing minh rang, xay ddng dUdc he thdng BTNT dap Ung tdt nhung yeu cau dat va van dung nd mdt each sang tao day hpc se mang lai hieu qua nhu muc tieu dd ra, dieu se tao sU thay doi ve chSt each day - hoc Hoa hoc, gdp phin doi mdi phUdng phap day hpc d nUdc ta hien TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] Nguyin Ngoc Quang, 1994 Li ludn day hpc Hod hoc, tap Nxb Giao due [2] Nguyin CUdng, 2007 Phuong phdp day hpc Hod hpe d trudng thdng vd dai hpc Nxb Giao due [3] Nguyin Huu Dinh (nhieu tac gia), 2007 Hod bpc 11 - Ndng cao Nxb Giao due Viet Nam [4] Trin Qudc Sdn, 2008 Gido trinh co sd hod hpc hixu co, tap Nxb Dai hpc SU pham [5] Prof Bernd Meier, 2009 Li luan day hue hien dai Potsdam, Ha Npi ABSTRACT Using recognition problems (RP) in 11"' Grade organic chemistry to teach recognition and solution of problems Designing and using recognition problems (RP) in the teaching of chemistry is a way lo encourage greater activity, self-reliance and creativeness This is an innovative trend in teaching and learning methods today [1] We've used RP to develop students' ability to recognize and solve problems This has been tested at Pham Hong Thai High School in Hanoi and the results were very good, meeting the objectives and improving the quality of chemistry teaching in this secondary school 102 ... 2 011 Ci ldp ddi chiing la 11A5 (46 HS) GV sti dung giao an binh thudng, ldp thifc nghiem la 11A4 (46 HS) GV thiet ke giao an cd suT dung BTNT Ca hai ldp din hoc chUdng trinh Hda hpc 11 - nang cao, ... nang cao kien thdc viec tu hoc Ancol etyltc (CoHsOH) va nU6c (H2O) deu co lien ket hidro va ^/CaHsOH = 4(J ^ / H , = 18 Si''f dimg mot so hdi todn nhdn thifc phdn Hod hifii cO ldp 11 - Ndng cao. .. Su ditng mdt so hdi todn nhdn tlufe phdn Hod hUu ca Idp 11 - Ndng cao Diem 10 E Bdng Phdn phoi tdn so, tdn sudt vd tdn sudt luy tich (Ldp 11A4 vd HAS trudng THPT Pham Hong Thdi - bdi sd 2) So

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