Mot so giai phap huy dong nguon tai chinh cho giao due dai hoc ThS NINH TH! HOANG LAN Tri/dng Dai loc ThuMna nt''''i Giao due d^i hpc co vai tro quan trpng trong phat tridn kinh td xa hoi Vi^c nghlSn cdu[.]
Mot so giai phap huy dong nguon tai chinh cho giao due dai hoc ThS NINH TH! HOANG LAN Tri/dng Dai loc ThuMna nt'i Giao due d^i hpc co vai tro quan trpng phat tridn kinh td - xa hoi Vi^c nghlSn cdu, di/a giai phap huy dgng ngudn lUc tai chinh, nham dam bao ydu c^u md rOng hi^p ly quy m5, cd cS'u dao tao, ddng thdi nSng cao chS't Id^ng dao tao dai hpc la vi0c lam c^n thidt hi$n THg'q TRANG HUY D O N C NGUON TAI CHINH CHO GIAO OgC DAI HQC Nguon tai chinh tff ngdn sdch nhd nudc (NSNN) Thdi gian qua, mffc chi NSNN cho gido due ddo tao ndi chung vd gido due dai hpc ndi ridng da khdng ngffng tdng Idn (Bang 1) Ve so' tuypt ddi, tinh theo gid hidn hdnh tdng chi NSNN eho gido due ddo tao ndm 2010 tdng khoang lan so vdi ndm 2005 Tdc dp tdng NSNN cho gido due ddo tao hang ndm trdn 20*f Id khd cao, neu so vdi mdt so' ITnh vffc khdc nhff: y i e l d 15%, vdn hda the thao 16% Trong so'ehi cho gido due ddo tao, khoang 1/5 Id chi cho gido due dai hpc Neu so sdnh mffc chi lieu edng eho gido dye dai hpc d Vipi Nam vdi mdt sd nffdc thi mffc chi ndy Id tffdng dffdng tham ehi cdn eao hdn so vdi mpi sd nffdc irong khu vffc neu xdt theo phan tram GDP (Bang 2) Tuy nhien GDP ciia chung ta cdn thd'p cho nen mffc chi phi trdn mot sinh \ien chffa phai Id cao Cu the mffc chi lieu cdng tren mot sinh vidn thap hdn so vdi so' ndy cua Thdi Lan thap hdn l^n so \di Malaysia, gdn lan so vdi Nhdt Ban vd hdn 11 lan so vdi Singapore (Bang 3) Mdc dii so hd trd tff NSNN cho giao due dai hpc tdng Ien hdng ndm, nhung tdc dd tang nhanh ve so' lUdng sinh vidn nhap hpc, cho ndn mdt va'n de can lUu tam dd la chi tieu cdng cho mpt sinh vidn dd giam lUdng dd'i nhieu tff 1.718 USD ndm 2008 xud'ng chi cdn 1.381 USD vdo nam 2010 (tinh theo sffc mua tffdng dffdng) Ngudn hd trd tff NSNN dUdc diing eho: Kinh phi hoat ddng thUdng xuydn ddi vdi cdc trffdng dai hpc cdng lap; Kinh phi Ihifc hidn cac de tai nghien cffu khoa hpc cap Nhd nUdc, bp, ngdnh, chUdng trinh muc tidu BANG 1: CHI MSMM CHO GlAO DUC DAO TAO VI$T MAM Ttr HAM 2008-2010 ! Nam TCmn chi N SNN 2008 2009 2010 494 600 5S4fi9.S fiAl MD 63 547 78 105 ys 5611 11^5 13 36 14,90 ChL cho GlJO due Dlio 1.11.> T> ie t '"< BANG 2: Torna CHI TIEU CONG CHO GIAO D P C VA QIAO DGC DAI HOC CUA MQT SO Mt/CJC [iifii \i linli: ilioi ' ' ' Paij ' L-I Sjm NUdc Nhal Ban Clii chu Klii I) dgc d.;ii lipc Tung chi chn giao dgc 21K)8 2010 2008 0,6.=; 0.76 3.44 1,78 1,77 96 > 1- \ljb>M.l 2010 4.SI! lianQu.V IU>7 S,n_L:.qv>rc 11 2,.\: ' 4u Th.n Lan (1.79 6: "5 i.75 \ K't N j l l l LIS 0[ 3: 6.56 M: 2' 43 HIEN CCfG - TRAO DOI BAMG CHI T I E U CONG TREM M O T S I M H V I E M TINH T H E O s i r e MUA TUdNG DtiaNG U((n vi linh: DO la Mv iln;o sifc m u j i u a n g d - 2008 031 NUdc Nhal Ban Malaysia Hdn Qiiu Smg.porc' Thai Lan Viet Nam -fPPPS) 2010 8.017 7.182 J 726 15.670 500 381 1.7S7 718 Nyufm V ^ loiiyku l,'N'F SCO HINH 1: NGUON THU C U A CAC T R U d N Q DAI HQC CONG L A P BANG 4: Q U Y DINH M t f C HQC PHI THEO NHOM N G A N H Dim vi linh: Nghin dong/thdii' N£ini hgc N a m hgc 2010-2011 2014-2015 Conn riLihO v.t k t i h u J i 310 650 K h o i h u i lifnhiOn 310 650 Khn.i hoc \,1 hoi \ a nh.in van 290 550 Non;: ii!:hiL'p, l.im nchiOp \k t h i j \ s :in 290 550 Ydiroc 340 800 Kinhld'\aiuai 290 550 Nghe thuat 310 650 N h d m , ngiinh \ i ; u d n : N'tihi Jinh s(V4y/ uill/Nb-CP uuCVi BANG 5: CHI PHI DAO TAO DAI HQC T H U C T E TAI V I E T MAM T H E O N H O M NGAMH N A M 2010 Drfn \ i tinh: Tnei J( Nhom, nganh Cong nyhi- v.'i K\ ihual Khoa hot ti/nhit-n Khoa hoc xa hpi va nhan v^n Sir pham v^ qu^n ly giao due Nong nghidp, ISm nghiep va thuy san V dtfdc Kinh te v^ lu^I Niihi- dlU?! 44 ;'sinh >.ien.''nam Chi phi (hUc te 5,5 6,8 5,9 6,5 6,0 18.i 4.9 10,9 ' qud'c gia va cde nhiem vu dpi xud't khdc dupe giao; Kinh phi todn cho nha trudng theo che dd dat hdng d^ thUe hi^n cdc nhiem vu ciia dd't nUdc; Vd'n ddu tUcd sd vat chat, mua sam trang thiet bi phuc vu boat ddng ddo lao vd nghidn ciSU khoa hpc theo dif dn va kd' hoaeh hdng ndm; von dd'i Ung cho cdc dU dn; kinh phi dau tuban dau; dau tu khuyd'n khich ciia Nhd nUde dd'i vdi cde tnfdng ngodi edng Igp Nguydn lac phan bd cho cdc uudng dai hpe ehu yd'u can cU trdn tinh lich sit, chinh tri, dUa trdn so' lUdng sinh vidn dau vdo, chU khdng phdi dau vd theo phUdng phdp binh qudn, cdo bdng (theo cdc mUe chi cd tinh chat quy chu^n nhtf dinh miJe vd chi ngudi/chi thudng xuydn va dinh mUc chi thudng xuydn toi thieu) MiJe chi NSNN cho chi thUdng xuyen cd' dinh d-ong ndm, it cd sU dieu chinh cho phii hdp vdi tinh hinh thifc te Nguon tff hgc phi Nguon chid'm ty trpng Idn thUhai cdc nguon tdi chinh cho gido due dai hpc d Viet Nam chinh la hpc phi Tinh trung binh, hpe phi chid'm 45% long nguon thu cua cdc IrUdng dai hpc & Viet Nam (Hinh 1) Dd'i vdi nhiftig tnfdng ngodi cdng lip, nguon thu tCf hoc phi cdn chid'm ty Id cao hdn rat nhieu Theo quy dinh, cdc trUdng ngodi cdng lap dUdc phep tif quyd't dinh mUc hpc phi nhimg phai thdng bdo mii'c thu cho t&ng nam hoac ea khoa vd phdi cdng khai ldi chinh trdn website MUc hpc phi cua cdc IrUdng ngoai cdng Idp khd chdnh Idch, c6 the dao dong tijf tridu den trdn 20 uieu dong/nam Trong dd, cdc tnfdng cdng lap thu hoe phi Iheo khung quy dinh, Nghi dinh sd' 49/2010/ND-CP, ngdy 14/5/2010 Cd the tha'y mile hpc phi quy dinh hien tai cd Slf khdc khdng ddng ki giffa cdc nganh hpc Trong dd thUc chat chi phi dao tao eua cdc ngdnh Id rat chdnh idch Theo nghidn cffu ciia cde chuyen gia (Thang va cong sif, 2012), chi phi ddo lao dai hpc thUc te d Viet Nam rdi vdo khoang 4,9 - 18,1 tridu dong/sinh vien/ nam Chi phi thUc te cao nha]t Id doi vdi ngdnh y, dUdc vd thap nhlft dd'i vdi ngdnh kinh te' va luat (Bang 5) Nhu vay cd th^ thay, mffc hpc phi quy dinh nhff hidn mdi chi ddpffngdUdc td'i da 60% mUc chi phi dao tao Vdi chinh sdch hoc phi nhU vdy, chUa IhUc sU giup tdng nguon thu cho cdc trffdng dai hpc Hdn nffa hpc phi dUdc quy dinh khdng Kinh li v i Dtf Mo qud khdc biet giiia cdc ngdnh hpc, nen chua cd khd ndng dieu chinh hanh vi lifa chpn ngdnh nghe cua sinh vidn ThUc te cho tha'y, dang ed sif mat cdn doi cd cau ngdnh nghe ciia Viet Nam Nguon ho trg tff cgng dong Nguon ndy hidn chi chie'm mot ty Id rat nhd long nguon ldi chinh cho gido due dai hoc d Viet Nam (khoang 5%) O Vipt Nam, vide ho trd ciia cde to chffc vd cd nhdn cho boat dpng dao tao cac trudng dai hpc bUdc dau da cd, nhffng chffa nhieu Nguon thu tff hoat ddng khoa hpc, cdng nghe cua cdc trudng cung rat thap Trong dd, nd'u so sdnh vdi cdc nffdc khdc, nguon ho trd la khd Idn Vi du, Trung Qud'c Id 23%, Philippines Id 16%, hodc d My sdnay tham chi Idn tdi khoang 40% cd nhan vd hd gia dinh, nd'u qua cao se khdng thu hut dUdc nhifng ngudi cd kha ndng, nhtmg khdng cd dieu kien ve ldi chinh Ngoai ra, chinh sdch hpc phi phai cd kha ndng dieu chinh vide lUa chpn nganh nghe ciia ngffdi hpc, trdnh vide tap trung qud nhieu vdo nhffng nganh "hot", cdn nhffng ngdnh can thid't nhung thi sinh lai khdng lifa chpn Chinh vi vay, thdi gian tdi chinh sdch hpc phi ciia Chinh phii can chti y nhifng van de sau: Can dieu chinh tdng hpc phi, nhffng phai cd Id trinh hdp ly va cac mffc tdng khdng dong deu giffa cac nhom nganh Vide dieu chinh tang hoc phi phai dffdc edn cff vao mUc chi phi dao tao thuc Id'trdn moi sinh vidn ddi vdi tffng ngdnh ^i nghe, dong thdi cdn tinh dd'n yd'u to' ldi ieh xa hoi, eung nhU lpi ich cd nhdn gdn vdi moi chuyen nganh dao lao Chinh phii ^^^^ Mtfc hpc can ihUe hidn nhffng dU phi quy dinh nhi/ bao vii dinh hUdng ngdnh hien mdi chi dap nghe Clia xa hdi vd quy M0TS6CIAI PHAP tfng diT^c tdi da 60% mu'c dinh mffc hpc phi chi phi dao t^o Vdi chinh sac De ddp ffng cho md rpng quy md ciia cho nhffng nganh khd, hpc phi nhif vay, chi/a thufe gido due dai hpc d nude ta thdi gian tdi can ngdnh quan trpng dd^i^ vdi sff phdt trien ciia dd't xem xdt IhUc hipn nhOtig gidi phdp sau: SI/giiip tang ngudn thu A Mgt Id, ddi mdi cO che phdn bd NSNN nUde can dp dung mffc hpc cho cac tri/dng y ^ Theo xu hudng hien d cdc nUde trdn phi tha'p hdn de khuyd'n khich dai hpc thd' gidi, viec phdn bd' tdi chinh eiia nhd ngUdi hpc, cdn nhffng ngdnh nUdc cho gido due dai hpc dUdc cdn cff mang lai ldi ich cd nhan cao hdn thi tren dau ra, chff khdne phdi dau vdo, trdn mUc hpc phi phai cao hdn cd sd cd he thd'ng kiem dinh cha't lUdng Ba Id tdng cUdng ngudn ddng gdp td chua'n Cdn eU phdn bd NSNN cin dUde cgng dong Nhd nffdc nen cd eac chinh sach xem xdt trdn cd sd xay dUng dUde mdt khuyd'n khich cdc doanh nghidp tham gia hd trd hp thd'ng cdc chi tieu ddnh gia ve dau cho cdc irudng dai hpc, vi du nhUcho phep tinh vdo ehi cua qud trinh ddo tao (vi du sd'lUdng sinh phi va midn thud' cho doanh nghidp ve nhffng khoan vidn trUdng, sd' lUdng bdi bdo, cdng ling hp cdc trUdng dai hpc hoat dpng dao tao va trinh nghien cffu khoa hpc ddng trdn cdc nghidn cifu khoa hoc, van ddng tff cac doanh nghidp xdy dffng cac quy hd trd boat dong ddo tao, nghidn cffti lap chi ) Hai td cdi cdch chinh sdch hgc phi khoa hpc va chuyen giao cong nghe cua cdc tnfdng dai Chinh sdch hpc phi phai dUdc quy dinh bpc de gia tdng ngudn quy (vi du, cho phep Quy s;io cho hdp ly, khdng qud thd'p de dam mang ten nhffng doanh nghidp, cdc td chffc xd hdi vd ca bdo dUdc ngudn thu eho cac trUdng de nhan sdng Idp tdi trd ) Dd'i vdi ngudn thu tff boat ddng CO dUdc mffc chi phi ddn vi hdp ly, nhdm nghidn cffu khoa hpc, chuyd'n giao cdng nghd cac trUdng giam dp life cho NSNN Tuy nhidn, cung can nang cao ndng lUe ndi sinh de tham gia vdo cdc dff phai phu lidp vdi kha nang chi ua cua cdc an hdp tdc nghidn cffu, chuyen giao cdng nghe Q T.U LI(:U THAM KHAO Chinh phii (2010) Nghi dinh sd4W20li>/\D-CP ngdy 14/05/2010 quy djnh vi miin, gidm hgc phi ho irg chi phi hgc tap vd cO che thu sd dung hgc phi ddi vdi ca sd gido due thugc hi thdng gido dgc qud'c ddn id ndm hgc 2010-2011 di'n nam hgc 2014-2015 Bd Gido due vd Dao lao (2008) De dn co che idi chinh cho gido due ddo tgo "* Haupiman, A M (2006) Higher Education Finance: Trends And Issues International Handbook of Higher Education, Forest, J J F and Altbach P G Springer Netheriands, Netheriands p 83-106 Thang et al (2012) Research on the Unit Cost of Education, done within the framework of the Sectmd Higher Education Project (P079665) Component 1: Capacity Building for Policy De\elopment, Sub-component 1.2: Finance 45 ... kd'' hoaeh hdng ndm; von dd''i Ung cho cdc dU dn; kinh phi dau tuban dau; dau tu khuyd''n khich ciia Nhd nUde dd''i vdi cde tnfdng ngodi edng Igp Nguydn lac phan bd cho cdc uudng dai hpe ehu yd''u can... MiJe chi NSNN cho chi thUdng xuyen cd'' dinh d-ong ndm, it cd sU dieu chinh cho phii hdp vdi tinh hinh thifc te Nguon tff hgc phi Nguon chid''m ty trpng Idn thUhai cdc nguon tdi chinh cho gido due... dung mffc hpc cho cac tri/dng y ^ Theo xu hudng hien d cdc nUde trdn phi tha''p hdn de khuyd''n khich dai hpc thd'' gidi, viec phdn bd'' tdi chinh eiia nhd ngUdi hpc, cdn nhffng ngdnh nUdc cho gido due