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QUAN LY KINH TE Md hinh toi au hoa ddu tu cho giao duo ham y cho giao due dgi hpc Viet Nam PHAM XUAN HOAN %ghiin citu ndy phdt triin mot md hinh toi Un hoa ddu tU cho giao dtie theo 2 giai doan ''''• (vd[.]
QUAN LY KINH TE Md hinh toi au hoa ddu tu cho giao duo: ham y cho giao due dgi hpc Viet Nam P H A M XUAN HOAN %ghiin citu ndy phdt triin mot md hinh toi Un hoa ddu tU cho giao dtie theo giai doan '• (vd tan dung ki't qua nghiin citu) cua Cunha vd cong sU (2005) rang ddu tU cho gido due CO tinh bo sung trUc tiep (Direct Complements) vd ket luan rang, mot mite ddu tU thap hdn miic tdi itu khdng rdng buoc giai doan se dan den mUc ddu tu toi Uu co rdng bugc giai doan thap hdn miic ddu tU toi Uu khdng rdng buoc cua chinh nd.'tNghien citu khdng dinh, ddu tu cho gido due mdm non, tiiu hoc vd trung hoc cua Viet Nam thap hdn mite ddu tU tot itu rat nhieu; tit itng dung mo hinh vd chi rdng, viec md mdi vd ndng cap qud nhieu cd sd ddo tao thdnh trudng dai hoc, md rdng quy mo ddo tao dai hoc, sau dai hoc qud nhieu thdi gian qua la khdng hieu qud, dttng tren phUdng dien ddu tu tdi chinh Gidi t h i e u Vd'n n h d n lUc dang cang dUdc danh gia la mot n h a n td' quan trpng hdn cua san xulft va da xua't hien md hinh ham san xu^t cua ra't nhieu nghien eUu ciia cac nha kinh td' nd'i tieng nhU Sehultz (1961), Mankiw va cdng sU (1992), Bils va Kienow (2000), Jones (2002) v.v Vdn n h a n luc chi moi ngudn lUc ma ngUdi sii dung de gia t a n g nang sua't lao dpng ca nhan Ve mat thuc tien, vd'n n h a n luc cd the dUde tao r a bang each d^u tU cho sUc khde, giao due va dao tao, cung ca'p thdng tin va n h i l u phUdng p h a p khac khac Tuy nhien, ve mat hpc t h u a t , eac n h a kinh te thudng gia dinh giao due la ngudn gd'e chinh cua vd'n nhan lUe Cach tiep can cd the tha'y cac cdng trinh eua Imhoff (1988), Mankiw va cpng su (1992), Bils va Kienow (2000), Ozean va cdng sU (2000), Cunha va cdng sU (2005) va nhieu cdng t r i n h khac Giao due la mot boat ddng dac bidt TrUdc het nd la quyen cua ngUdi, nhftm giup ngUdi bid't doc, bie't vie't, nhd dd cd the hudng t h u cudc sd'ng td't hdn Tuy nhien, rd rang la giao diic cai thien vd'n ngUdi, tU dd nang cao nang sua't lao ddng, t h u hoi lai dUdc chi phi dao tao, nen nd cung la mdt phUdng thiie d^u tU Ra't nhieu nUdc, dd ed Viet Nam dang dan thay ddi quan diem, hudng tdi vide phdn loai d I u tU cho giao due la dau tu phat trien chii khdng phai la mdt khoan tieu hao chi phi thudng xuyen eua xa hdi Khi da coi giao due la mdt khoan d^u tu, ra't can nghien ciiu sau va nghidm tiic cae khia canh lien quan tdi mUc d I u tU toi Uu de dinh hudng chinh sach tai chinh cho giao due Dd'i vdi mdi Idp ngUdi (la nhiing ngUdi sinh cung nam), dau tU cho giao due dien lien tuc nhieu nam di hpc, nhien de ddn gian, cac md hinh, khdng lam ma't tinh tong quat, cae nha kinh te' thudng phan dinh mdt so' giai doan khac Vi du Heekman (2004) chia giao due lam giai doan: giai doan la tii tre thd cho tdi td't nghiep thdng trung hpc, giai doan la giao due dai hpc va sau dai hpc Theo Heekman (2004) Ung vdi mdi giai doan, se cd mot miic dau tU tdi Uu cho giao due De tien Idi cho viec didn giai, nghien eUu nay, ta ky hieu mUc dau tU td'i Uu cua giai d o a n la / , = /,"""" va cua giai doan la / , = IT"" • Neu mUc dau tu thUe te vao hai giai doan giao due diln dung bang miic tdi Pham Xuin Hoan,TS Tniang dai hoc Qu6c gia Ha NOi 19 Mo hinh tfi^i tfu h6a flSu ttf Uu /j""™ va 12""' n a y thi nen giao due da v a n h a n h theo diing ly thuydt ve dau tU td'i Uu; nhidn dieu ra't khd xay r a t r e n thUc td, vi ludn cd sU khac biet giiia thUe te' va ly thuydt Bai vidt se nghien cUu hai van de sau: Thii nhat, vi mat hpe thuat, gia sxi vi ba't ky ly nao dd ma d£u tU cho giao due giai doan khac vdi miic toi Uu cua nd, cu the /^ = /, ^ I^'"", thi giai doan c^n phai d^u t u bd' sung hay giii nguyen mUc d^u tU hay d I u t u it di so vdi miie toi Uu eua nd (cu thi 12 >, =, hay >I^"")? Ndi each khac, mUe dau tu td'i Uu cd rang buoc giai doan khac gi so vdi mUe d^u t u td'i Uu khdng cd rang buoc ciia chinh nd? Thit hai, vi mat thiic tien, xem xdt cu the trUdng hdp eua Viet Nam, de so sanh miic dp d^u t u thiic te' cho ti^u hpc, trung hpc vdi mUc toi Uu cua chinh nd; tii dd n i t cac khuyd'n nghi quan trpng lien quan tdi trdo lUu md mdi va n a n g ca'p cae trUdng cao dang t h a n h trUdng dai hpe, trao lUu dao tao dai hpe va s a u dai hoc thdi gian qua Nghien ciiu dupe ket cau gom: phdn thie't lap md h i n h dau t u td'i Uu cho giao due theo giai doan va giai md hinh; phdn t r i n h bay ve t i n h bd sung d^u tU cho giao due dai hpe, n h a m xay dUng ed sd khoa hpe cho viec Ung dung md h i n h dUdc thie't lap d p h ^ n 2; phdn p h a n tich thUc t r a n g dau tU cho giao due ca'p t h a p (tieu hpc, t r u n g hpc) va giao due cd'p cao (dai hpc, s a u dai hpc) d Viet Nam; phdn la ket l u a n ciia nghien cUu T h i e t l a p m o h i n h 2.1 Gia dinh vd thie't lap mo hinh Thit nhat, gia dinh rang: mot Idp ngUdi (la nhUng ngUdi cung nam sinh) n h a n dUde sU dau tu cua xa hdi cho hoat ddng giao due ciia minh cho giai doan tit tre thd tdi td't nghiep thdng trung hpc la /, va cho giai doan dao tao dai hpe, sau dai hpc la I2 Ket thiie thdi ky hpc tap, Idp ngudi dat dUdc mot 20 lUdng vd'n n h a n liie ( P h a m Xuan Hoan (2008)) n h u sau: H ^ l^ ( / , " -I- I^) ^" (1), do: l > u > va > > O va / > la kich thude cua Idp ngudi T h a m so V dai dien cho hieu qua eua d i u tU cho giao due, t h a m sd ^ dai dien cho t i n h t h a y the' giiia sd' lUdng va cha^t lUdng cua Idp ngUdi T h a m sd' / cd th^ dUde mac dinh bang dd ddn gian hda md hinh Dao h a m toan p h a n cua vdn n h a n lUe d6i vdi lUdng vd'n d i u tU h a i giai doan tii phUdng t r i n h (1), kd't qua la: (2) Vi: > U > , I > ( ^ > va lUdng d i u ta / p / j > , ta n i t r a tU phUdng t r i n h (3): nd'u ^+V , tUc d i u tU cho giao due hai giai doan la bd sung trUc tii'p^ (Direct Complements), theo dd dau tU cho giai doan nhieu hdn thi se nSng cao hieu qua eua vide d i u tU giai doan va ngUde lai, dau tu cho giai doan it hdn thi se lam giam hieu qua eua viec dau t u giai doan Thii hai, gia dinh r a n g : khdng cd hao mdn dd'i vdi vd'n n h a n lUe t r o n g sudt qua t r i n h l a m viec va k h d n g cd dao tao nSng cao n a n g lUc t r o n g qua t r i n h l a m viec, do lUdng von n h a n lUe xac dinh bdi (1) la hang so' t r o n g t o a n bd thdi gian l a m viec cua Idp ngUdi Tuy nhien, vd'n n h a n lUc n a y se hoan toan r a khdi lUc lUdng s a n xua't Idp ngUdi nghi hUu, nd n a m bdn moi ca n h a n Cac trucmg hop Idiac, iing v6i tnifmg hop dOc Iflp (Independence) va thay th^ (Substitute) da diRJc ph4n tich r^t ky Pham XuSn Hoan (2008), day chi trinh bay trudng hop bd sung true tiSp d^ dcm giin h6a viec dien giai Nghien cOu Kinh tSs6434 - Thing 71201A Mo hinh ttfl tfu h6a fldu ttf NSng lUc s a n xua't Idn hdn nhd d i u tU vao giao due la Idi ich nha!t cua giao due Gia dinh vita dUdc ndu rang: khdng cd hoat ddng dao t^o thdi gian lam vide, d miie dd nko la khac thUc te; nhidn gia dinh la c i n thiet de gitip md h i n h trd n e n ddn gian Q u a n hdn, gia dinh n a y khdng anh hudng d^n cac k§t luan t h u dUdc tit md hinh Thit ba, gia dinh rling: sau kdt thiic giai doan hpc tap, ca Idp ngUdi bat dau di lam tii giai doan tdi giai doan nghi hUu p, dd p la mot sd^ nguyen thda m a n di^u k i d n p > Trong [p-2) thdi ky lam viec, Idp ngudi sxi dung mdt lUdng vdn phi n h a n lUc hang n a m l i n lUdt la K^, K^, va K^ d l tao r a chudi san lUdng Y^, Y^, va Y^ tUdng Ung Thit tu, gia dinh r^ng: san lUdng Y^ vdi je {2,p) giai doan j t u a n theo h a m san xugft Cobb-Douglas khdng ddi theo quy md 8\i dung vd'n vat cha't Kj va vd'n n h a n luc Hj cung nam: Yj = KJH]~" (3), vdi > or > Luu y rang H^ la h a n g so', bdi vi gia dinh rang khdng ed kha'u hao vd'n n h a n luc va dao tao qua trinh lam vide sud't giai doan di lam Thit ndm, gia dinh rang: Idp ngudi vay mUdn toan bd vd'n vdt cha't cho san xua't tU thi trudng tU ed ty sua't thue vd'n khdng dSi bkng a Ve mat nguyen ly thi thi trudng canh tranh, ty sua't thue vd'n