Sol0(228) 2014 NGON N G C & POtt S 6 N G 11^ MOT SO VAN DE TRONG GIANG DAY VA BIEN SOAN TAI LIEU TIENG TRUNG QUOC NHIN TlT GOC DO DOI CHIEU N G C NGHIA CUA TlT HAN VIET V A Tir HAN TU''''OnVG DirONG SOME[.]
Sol0(228)-2014 NGON N G C & POtt S N G 11^ MOT SO VAN DE TRONG GIANG DAY VA BIEN SOAN TAI LIEU TIENG TRUNG QUOC NHIN TlT GOC DO DOI CHIEU N G C NGHIA CUA TlT HAN VIET V A Tir HAN TU'OnVG DirONG SOME ISSUES RELATED TO TEACHING CHINESE AND COMPILING MATERIALS IN CHINESE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN CHINESE AND SING VIETNAMESE NGUYEN PHU*OfC LOC ( TS; Dai hpc Su^ pham TP HCM) NGUYEN THI MINH H N G (TS; Dai hoc Su- ph?m TP HCM) Abstract: As neighboring countries, the long-lasting cultural exchange and interaction betvreen Vietnam and China have resulted in a significant amount of Chinese loan words in Vietnam Accepted and assimilated by Vietnamese, these have beome the system of Smo Vietnamese words with a huge amount of vocabulary and widespread use This plays an important and influential part in die system of Vietnamese vocabulary In terms of semantics, the Sino Vietnamese is divided into three main types: 1/The semantics of Sino-Vietnamese words and the related Chinese words is mainly the same; 2/The semantics of Sino-Vietnamese words and the related Chinese words is partly similar with minor differences; 3/The semantics of the Sino-Vietnamese words and the related Chinese words is totally different The correlation of Vietnamese and Sino Vietnamese inserts great mfluence on the the way vietnamses people learn Chinese And this largely determines the learning outcomes of leamers Besides, this correlation should also deserve appropriate attention in process of compiling dictionaires and searching for academic sources due to the difficulty in semantic interpretation of die sino Vietnamese Key words: Smo-Vietnamese words; Vietnamese language; vocabulary-contrasting; vocabulary-teaching mat thiet vdi tir vung ttong tieng Han hien dai, dd sir tuong ddng ve ngfl- nghTa mang lai Md dau ttong Trung Qudc va Viet Nam la hai nudc lang cho ehiing ta nhieu van de bdt ngd vd thii vi gilng cd nin van minh lich sir ldu ddi, su tiep han cd Tir Han Viet ttd mpt bd phdn xiic v l van hoa giiia hai nudc dd cd may ngdn ttong he thdng tir vung tieng Viet da phdi thay ndm Hch su Trong qua trinh tiep xiic giao luu ddi dan, thich nghi theo quy luat phat trien eiia dd, da cd khdng it tir tilng Hdn du nhap vao he thdng tir tieng Viet Trong do, tir tieng Vipt Nam, dupc tilng Viet tilp nhdn, ddng Han hien dai d Trung Qudc, tire nguyen mau hda, din din hmh thdnh nen he tiidng "Tir Han ciia nhung tir Han Viet ndy eung da phat tiien Vipt" vdi sd lupng Idn, dupc su dung rdng rai va thay ddi theo su chi phdi ciia quy ludt he va dn djnh Tit dd, tir Hdn Viet trd mpt thdng tir vung tieng Hdn Ngodi ra, chiing cdn bp phdn ttong vdn tir vyng tilng Viet, chilm vi chiu anh hudng eiia nhilu nguyen nhan khac tri quan tt-png vd cd dnh hudng rit ldn ttong cd ngoai cdc ylu td ngon ngu nhu lich sir, van hoa xa hpi, tam li tu ciia tirng ddn tdc, tir da hp thdng tir v\mg tieng Vipt Tir gdc dp ddng dai, chiing ta co thi ndi i&ig, tir Hdn Vipt cd "quan h? huyet tiidng" keo dai khoang each giira hai he tiiong tir v\mg Han Viet va tieng Han hien dai Trong mpt bai N G O N N G U & DOI SONG vilt trude day chiing tdi da tien hanh khao sat sa bd nhung diem gidng vd khac ve phuang dien ngu: nghia gifta tir Hdn Viet vdi tir Han hien dai tuong iing', chia ba loai ldn theo quan he ngu nghTa nhu sau: a NghTa eiia cdc tir Han Viet va tir tieng Han vl ca ban la gidng nhau, nhu: S ^^ bgch duang, ^ # ludng vi, / J ^ ^ lieu mgch, i ^ ^ ma nao , ^ I Q ho phach, %^i hien phdp , % ^ chi bp , ?4ife doc tdi,Mi% triin ldm, SSX thi cong, Ati^ lap tneong b Nghia ciia cae tir Hdn Viet va tir tieng Han cd nhflng net gidng nhau, ddng thdi cung CO mdt sd diem khac biet, nhu: t ' ^ qudng cdo, Jl^ ve sinh, ^ ^ thdnh Iri, ^ P A bp dpi, j ^ ^ lrinh sdt, 6fc ^ cdi luang, ^ ^ thdn thdnh, ^ ^ kieu nggo,^'m phong phii, ^ ^ tap qudn c Nghia ciia cac tir Han Viet va cac tir tieng Han hoan toan khac nhau, nhu: ^ % gidm khdo, M^ te, iX^ nghj dinh, |H] |"1 hoi mon, ^'^ ma tuy, ^M gian hiing, 'S'^ ddm due, ib^il hp li, M^^ tdi lan, f^.'ij' diim ldm Trong pham vi bai viet chiing tdi chi de cap den su gidng vd khdc ve mat ngu nghTa giuB tir Han Viet va tir tieng Hdn ddi vdi viec hpc tieng Han va tieng Viet Su- g:iong va khac ve mat ngir nghia giira tur Han Viet va tu- tieng Han doi vdi viec giang day ngon ngii thir hai Xet tir gdc dp tiep nhan ngdn ngfl, tiep nhan ngdn ngu thit hai "ngudi hpe ngdn ngflay da cd sdn mdt he thdng ngdn ngfl' dn dinh va kien cd (tieng me de), ddng thdi cd kha nang hoat ddng tu triru tuong bang tilng me de rdt cao" (Wang Kui Jing , ^ — i ^ " ^ ^ dang tren tap chi"hoc tap Han ngU" (Trung Q u i c ) ki 6, nam 2003 So 10 (228)-2014 ^ S i ^ ^ ^ NXB tiudng DHSP Bdc Kinh, nam 1998) Do vay, sur dung ngdn ngii M hai, nhit la "phat thdng tin" thdng thuong hay xu3t hien qua trinh chuyin ddi "tin hieu ngdn ngft", cd nghia la nhung tir ngfl tieng me de vdn cd sHn ttong nao sau dupc chuyin ddi sang nhung tir ngfl- tuong iing ciia ngdn ngu- thii hai xong thi mdi phat ngoai Do d6 cd the thay rang, ngdn ngfl- thii nhat chiem mpt vai ttd quan ttpng, cd dnh hudng rat ldn viec hpc tap ngdn ngu thii hai Dieu dupc thi hien mpt each het siic ro net ttong qua trinh ngudi Viet Nam hpc tieng Han hay ngudi Trung Qudc hpc tieng Viet Trong no co tac dung "tich cue" hay "tieu cue", phdn ldn dupc quyet dinh bdi mdi quan he ve ngu- nghia giua tir Han Viet va tir tieng Han 2.1 Nghia cua tit Hdn Viet va tic tiing Hdn vi Cff bdn Id giong Nhin ehung, nhflng tir Ioai co tdc dung tich cue rdt cao, la uu the ldn ddi vdi nguoi Viet hpc tieng Han hay ngudi Trung Qudc hoc tieng Viet Ngudi hpc cd the su dung "tir ^en tamh ('L>5iiff|:ft) " sdn co tidng m? dfi de li giai va nam bat dupc ngft nghia ciia tir mdt cdch nhanh chdng va chinh xdc, thdm chi cdn tao dupe cam giac la nhung tir dupc "cho khdng", la "an sdn" Nhung tren thuc te, ngudi hpc sir dung cdc tir loai ciing de mde nhieu loi sai, nguyen nhan co the la ttong van dung thuc te nhiing tir cd each dimg khdng hoan toan gidng nhau, hoac s\i khac ve phong cdch Tuy vay, cho du ngudi hpc cd ndi nhiing cau khien cho n^rin ban xir cam thay ma hd khd hieu, cd anh hudng den chat luong giao tiep, nhung ve co ban cung bieu dat dupe y minh mudn the hi?n Do vay, ttong qua trinh hpc tap, loai tir thudng mang lai tac dung tich cue Va, qud trinh gidng day, giao vien cung khdng din giai thich nhilu ve nghia ciia tu, nhit la d^y nhiing thuat ngft khoa hpc, vi dy: ^ i i l dgng So 10 (228)-2014 N G O N N G C & DOI SONG tic, ^ i ] thuc lie, # | ^ tmh mgch, jfilrf huyit thanh, j t ^ nguyen tS,-^^ hop kim, ^ "t" ngt^t thuc,U'^ nhgt thuc ; cac tir cd ndi dung phan anh ve van hoa truyin ihdng, vi du: ^ ' ^ doan ngp, yf B^ minh, llr^P tdn lang, ^ ^ nguyet lao, ^ ± hodng thuang, ^ •3, md, ^ " ^ cang thudng, f&Jl ludn li,"^ iJ thu tiet, izX nhdn nghta ) Khi day, chi can dua hinh thiic tu tuang iing (ttr tilng Han hoac tii Han Viet) hpc sinh ^ cd thi ndm bit dupc nghia cua tu Vdn dl cdn chii ttpng d day la phan tich ve mat phong cdch va mat ngft dung cua tir, nhan manh vl each sir dung tu, can dua nhieu vi du ve cac td hpp tir, ve dac diem ngft phap cua tir Cd gdng ttanh trudng hpp mac ldi vi "suy luan hoan toan theo tieng me de" 2.2 Nghia cUa tit Hdn Viet vd tit tiing Hdn khdc hodn toan, hogc cd nhitng nit giong nhau, nhung dong thdi cUng co mpt so diem khdc biet Cd hai loai tir deu khdng mang lai tac dung tich cyc ttong viec day va hpc ngdn ngft, rdt de bi anh hudng ciia tieng me de tir viec ndm bit nghia ciia tir cho den viec van dung sir dung tu Do vdy, de tranh sai sdt chiing ta edn lam rd sir khac giu:a chung Loai tir "vua cd net gidng nhau, vira cd diem khac biet", khiln cho ngudi hpc gap nhieu kho khdn hon, gido vien can luu y cho hpc sinh han vl dilm "gidng" va "khdc" gifta chiing D^c biet la nhung dilm khac biet Tan dung tli da phdn gidng d l cd thi lpi dung uu thi cua tilng m? de, tang them hieu qua ttong vipc hpc va ghi nhd tir cho hpc sinh d day, cdn chii y din hai vin de: Thii nhdt, su khdc v l ngft nghTa giua tir Han Vipt vd tir Han la cd quy luat, gifta chiing cd mdi quan hp "In" ben ttong, ma cu thi nhu: tir Han Viet cd ngir nghia gidng vdi tir Han cd; nghTa ciia tir Hdn Viet la nghTa md 13 rdng ciia tir tieng Han; hoac ciing cd the su thay ddi ve nghia eua cdc tir td ma tao cac tir ghep cd nghia khac Thii hai, ngudi hpc ngdn ngu thii hai phdn ldn la ngudi trudng thdnh, cd sir nhay cam nhit dinh vdi nhflng quy lufit, viec gjang day tir vung ngdn ngu thir hai "dupc xdy dung tren nen tai^ kha nang nhan thuc cao ciia ngudi trudng thanh" (Wang Kui Jing, Wi^in a^^mitm% NXB tindng DHSP Bdc Kmh, nam 1998) Do vay, ttong gidng day tft vung ta cd the bat ddu tir nguyen nhan hinh den sy khac ve ngft nghia cua tir, eung ed the gidi thieu them eho ngudi hpc vl nhiing thay ddi ngft ngliTa ciia tft tft gdc dp lich dai, ve nhung net nghia md rdng ciia tu, giiip ngudi hpc hieu ro hem ve quan he ngudn gdc sau xa gifta tieng me de va ngdn ngu thii hai Nhu vay cflng giiip ich rdt nhieu cho ngudi hpc ttong viec H giai va ghi nhd tft Chiing tdi tien hanh ddi ehieu 5.274 tu song tiet Han - Han Viet, kit qua cho thdy, chiem 62,8% tten tdng sd, phan tft vung the hien dupe mat ti'ch cue ttong qud trinh hpc tap Sd lai chiem 37,2% bao gdm loai; loai "vfta cd net gidng nhau, vira ed diem khac biet" chiem 8,7%; loai "ngft nghia hoan toan khac" chiem 8,5%; hai loai thudng mang lai tinh tieu euc ttong viec day va hpc Nhu vay cd the thay, quan he mat thiet ve ngft nghia gifta tft Han Viet va tft Han hien dai ve ca ban da mang den su thuan lpi ddi vdi viee day va hpc tieng Han hay tieng Viet, la mpt ttong nhung uu the cua ngudi Viet Nam va ngudi Trung Qudc hpc tieng eua Sir giong va khac ve nghia giira til- Han Viet va tur tieng Han doi vdi vi?c bien soan tur dien, sach tra cihi Khdng chi ttong day va hpc ngdn ngft, ma ca ttong edng tac bien soan tft dien tieng song ngft Han - Vipt hay Viet - Han, mdi quan he ve ngft nghia giira tu Han Viet va tft Han 14 NGON NGU* & BOI SONG So 10 (228)-2014 ^, cung till hien ro tdm quanttpngciia minh: Ddi "de gidi thich cho tft "diem tam", nhu v^y la vdi nhung tu Han Viet va nhitng tu tilng Han quan he ve nghia cua chiing mac nhien dupc cd ngu nghia gidng nhau, thi dimg chinh xem la "ngang nhau" Nhung thyc td, chiii^ nhung hinh thiic tuong iing cua chiing de giai chi tuong ung ve m$t hmh thftc tu, chft khong thich la phuang phap don gidn, kuih te va gidng ve nghia: "^'iL* (diem ldm)" chinh xac nhdt Vi du nhu bien soan "Tu tilr^ Han dung de chi "cac mdn banh ngpt", diln Han-Viet" hay "Tu dien Viet-Han", ta nhung ttong tieng Viet lai cd nghTa la "thftc dn chi can dung ^'hodng de" va " ^ " , ^''khoa sang (-¥-^A #^^0"; tinh thilu chinh xac hpc" va "14^", "thai bgf va "^PIX", "/«- ed the thay ttong each giai thich cac tii nguyen" va " § M" , de giai thich cho la nhu: " g ^ ^ : pha le'\ " ^ ^ : thU thi", "iSt thich hop va thoa dang nhat Bdi vi nhflng tft : thich nghr, "i^-fS: sdm ninh", "?H?^: kieu loai khdng ehi gidng ve mat dam", " : i ^ : sinh nhai'\ "l^i?: dam bgcf\ " hinh thftc cau tao ma cdn gidng ve B~iM'-phdn trdc", "M,^: khoi ng6",v.v Tuong nghTa Song tten thuc te quan he ve ngft nghTa tu nhu vay, ttong Tie dien Hdn-Viet ngudi bien giua tft Han Viet vdi tu tieng Han turong ftng soan cung ldy tu Han Viet de giai thich cho tir la phuc tap, vay neu ta chi dimg nhflng tft tieng Han tuongftng,mac dft ilghTa eua chui^ "ed san" de giai thich thi e rang thieu tinh khdng gidng nhau, nhu: "quyet nghi: ^iSi", chinh xac Chiing toi da tien hanh khdo sat so "hdophong: ^MC\ "phdpy: jil§", "thiiy: bd mdt sd tft dien song ngft tieu bieu dupc # l § " , ''huy hieu: ^ • ^ " , v.v xuat ban tai Viet Nam va Trung Qudc, eho thay cac nha bien soan ciing da chti y den van 3.2 Chd tiiich giai nghia tit thieu tinh de Tuy nhien, co Ie chua thuc su todn dien quan tdm den mdi quan he phftc tap ve ngft Chu thich gidi nghia tu thieu tinh toan nghia gifta tft Han Viet va tft tieng Han tuong dien thudng thdy ttong cac trudng hop ling, nen viec giai thich nghia cua tft mupn dimg tft cd hinh thftc ben ngoai tuong gap khdng it sai sdt dang tiec Trong irng de giai thich nghTa tft, nhung khdr^ chu ^ budc dau khao sat, chua that day du va den nhftng net nghia khac cdn lai ciia tii toan dien, nhung dya tren nhftng khao sat ddi Vi du, ttong "Tft dien Viet-Han" da dimg ttr" chieu chiing tdi da tim thay mpt vai diem ^'Jj^" de gidi thieh cho tft "sang tao", diing tir ndi bat nhu sau: " S f t " de giai thich cho tu "suu tap", ma quen di ttong tieng Viet nhiing tft ay cdn cd nghia 3.1 Chd thicli, gidi nghia tit thieu cua tft loai tmh tft, danh tft Do vay, chi diing tinh chinh xdc hinh thuc ben ngoai gidng de gjai thich Day la viec sft dung hinh thuc tu tuong ung "sin cd" de giai thich nghia tu ma nghTa ciia tft la chua day dft, chiing tdi tim quen rang gifta chiing co su khac biet ve ngft them mdt sd trudng hpp tuong tu nhu; ":^PS: nghia Ddi vdi nhung tft Han Viet va tft tilng giai han", "~-^: nhdt tri', "'iL^S: ldm li", "^ Han tuang ung, nhin tft gdc dp true quan c6 ^: thu sinh", "Mtil: gidi phdng\ Ciii^nhir cam gidc chiing gidng vl ngft nghTa, ttong "Tft dien Han-Viet", chi dimg "bon nhung tren thyc te co luc lai khdc hoan phan" de giai thich tft " ^ ^ " la chua diy dii, toan Vi du: ttong Tit dien Viet - Hdn chiing bdi vittongtiengHan " : $ : ^ " cd nghTa: m§t tdi phat hien ngudi bien soan da dftng ","^,'1^^ la danh tft, cd nghia Id "nghia vu va tradi S6 10 (228)-2D14 NGON N G f & ©Ofl SONG 15 nhiem"; mdt la tinh tft cd nghia la "thod man vdi dia vi va hoan canh hien tai cua minh" Trong tieng Viet tft "bon phan" chi cd nghTa cua danh tft Cflng vay, cac tu "phdn vinh: % ^ " , "quy phgm: ^JS?E", ' V I « thi: ^ ^ " ciing cdn thieu mdt net r^hia chua giai thich ddy du Ddi chiu anh hudng cua khai niem "tft Han Viet", ngudi bien soan giai thich nghia cua tu thudng them vdo hinh thftc tft Han Viet Vi du; hx)ng "Tft diln Han Viet" tft " $ ^Ij" dupc gidi thich bdng nhung khai niem "xet xft; thdm phan",ttongdo tft "thdmphdn" chinh la hinh thftc tft Han Viet cua tft "^^!l", song, tu "thdm phdn" lai khdng cimg nghia vdi tu " •^p\\": Trong tieng Han "'^l^lj" cd nghia la "xet xu va phan quyet"; ttong tieng Viet cd nghia la "ngudi phan quyet xet xft", chinh la " ^•^lJ^(thdm phan)" Cd the ke mdt vai vi du khac: " S i i " , "IS%", " ^ ^ " , "tm", "MS.", Hay nhu ttong "Tft dien Viet Hdn" Cling phat hien mdt sd tft khdng cdn th^m hinh thftc nghTa tft Han Viet nhu: gidi thich v6 nghia cua tft "au ta", da dung din hai tft "S^SL" va "mW• "m'M" chinh la hinh thftc tft tieng Han tuong ung cua "lu td" , nhung tren thyc te tft "du ta" efta tilng Viet da khdng cdn net nghTa "PE^ ngdn ngu Han hay ngdn ngu Viet, lam cd the giup cho ngudi hpc phdt huy dupc hit uu the ngdn ngft cua minh, de viec hpc tft vyng ndi rieng cflng nhu hpc ngdn ngu ndi chung mang tinh chinh xdc va hieu qua cao TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Nguyen Tai Cdn (1979), Ngudn gdc vd qud lrinh hinh thdnh cdch dpe Hdn Viet Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hdi Nguyln Ngpc San (1993), 77m hiiu ve tieng Viet lich su, Nxb Giao due Nguyln Van Khang (1999), Tiing Hdn a Viet Nam hien vai tu cdch la mdi ngogi ngit, Sd 7, Tap chi Ngdn ngft Nguyen Van Khang (1994), Site sdng cua cdc lic gdc Hdn lieng Viet vd tdc dung hai mat cua chung ddi voi ngieai Viet Nam hpc tieng Hdn, Sd 4, Nghien cftu Ddng Nam A Nguyln Van Khang (2007), Tie ngogi lai tiing K/e/.Nxb Gido due (tdi ban cd sfta ehfta 2012) Nguyln Ngpc Tram (2000), Tie Hdn Viet su phdt trien tir vung lieng Viet giai dogn hien nay, Sd 5, Tap chi Ngon ngft Nguyen Ngpc Tram (2002), Ve hai xu huang phdt Irien tic vung tieng Viet, Sd 6, Tap ehl Ngdn ngft CBgRiilnll^) nfta Them vao dd chiing tdi edn tim thdy mdt sd tft mac ldi tuong tu nhu vdy nhu: "khai gidng: JFi#", "truy lgc: ^ ^", "hudng duang: \^ ffi ", ''hdn nhien: ^S^", "huy hieu: 'M^" Tft nhiing thilu sdt cac sach tra cftu, tft diln, cd thi nhdn thdy ring cdng tac ddi chilu nghidn cun ngft nghia giua tft Han Vipt vd tft tilng Han hien dai tuang img dudi gdc dong dai chua du sau, chua that toan di^n Chung tdi thilt nghl eln nen cd nhQng cdng ttinh nghien cftu sau hon ve vdn dl ndy, ftng dyng vao ttong vi?c day va hpc ZE^ mm^m%)) i98o ^ i% u^^ mn.m^mm 2002 ^ 10 WM^' iMiX'lXi^WC)) 1999 ^ 11 SMM i%r.mB^>\n\tm%)) [M].]998^.:ll:M!)fp?E;^^tiiJi&ti 12 ff m w\ ix^B^n'^itWi %)) 1991 ^'.^m^i.^^^^m± 13 m^^ iMixm\%^^w\^\^ m \99%^.%iim% (Ban Bidn ($p nhSn bSi ngSy 26-08-2014) ... hien mpt each het siic ro net ttong qua trinh ngudi Viet Nam hpc tieng Han hay ngudi Trung Qudc hpc tieng Viet Trong no co tac dung "tich cue" hay "tieu cue", phdn ldn dupc quyet dinh bdi mdi quan... tuong bang tilng me de rdt cao" (Wang Kui Jing , ^ — i ^ " ^ ^ dang tren tap chi"hoc tap Han ngU" (Trung Q u i c ) ki 6, nam 2003 So 10 (228)-2014 ^ S i ^ ^ ^ NXB tiudng DHSP Bdc Kinh, nam 1998)... |"1 hoi mon, ^''^ ma tuy, ^M gian hiing, ''S''^ ddm due, ib^il hp li, M^^ tdi lan, f^.''ij'' diim ldm Trong pham vi bai viet chiing tdi chi de cap den su gidng vd khdc ve mat ngu nghTa giuB tir Han