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Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM SS 62 nam 2014 J DUNG LlTOfNG TRI NHd TU" CUA HOC SINH LOfP 6,7 a MpT SO TRirOfNG TRUNG HOC CO Sd TINH KIEN GIANG DLf THdNG NHAT TOM TAT Bdi viit trinh bdy kit qud khdo sdt[.]
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM SS 62 nam 2014 J DUNG LlTOfNG TRI NHd TU" CUA HOC SINH LOfP 6,7 a MpT SO TRirOfNG TRUNG HOC CO Sd TINH KIEN GIANG DLf THdNG NHAT TOM TAT Bdi viit trinh bdy kit qud khdo sdt dung lugng tri nhd (DLTN) tir cua hoc sinh (HS) lap d mpt si trudng trung hoc ca sd (THCS) tinh Kien Giang Kit qua cho thdy DLT ciia HS vi tir la 6.27 Khd nang ghi nhd cda HS duac tdng ddn diiu kien cimg ci: cd su tuang quan giira khd ndng nhd tir vdi kiiu nhdn edch HS: co su khdc biity nghia ve kh ndng nhd lir giira HS sinh co hoc luc khd, gioi vd HSyeu Tir khda: dung lugng tri nho, kha nang ghi nha, tri nha hgc sinh trung hgc co scr ABSTRACT Memory span of words 0/6"^ and /* graders in some Junior high schools in Kien Giang province The article presents results of the survey on the memory span of words of 6'*^ and graders in some Junior high schools in Kien Giang The results showed that the memory span ofJuniors about words is 6.27 Memory capacity ofJuniors gradually increased in consolidating condition There is correlation between the memory capacity about word and students' personality types and there are significant differences between the memory capacity about words between Juniors with good academic performance and those with bad academic performance Keywords: memory span, memory capacity, memory of juniors Dat van de Tri nhcj eo vai tro quan trgng doi voi nhan thiie cua nguoi eung nhu dli vol kha nang hgc tap eua hgc sinh I M Xetrenip cho ring tri nho la "dilu kien eo ban cOa cuge song tam 11" la "ca scr ciia su phat triln tam li", "nlu khong co tri nhci thi cae earn giac, fri giac eiia chiing ta se biln mit khong dl lai diu vlt gi va do diy nguoi ta vinh viln o vao trang thai cua tre sa sinh" [2] Vi vay, tim hilu kha nang phat triln tri nho ctia HS noi chung, DLTN tir va nhimg biln dli cOa DLTN tir a HS THCS noi rieng la mgt nhimg nhiem vu nghien ciiu cua khoa hgc tam li - giao due Men nay, vi la nhiing vin dl co lien quan mat thilt va true tilp din hieu qua boat dgng day hge Ve thue tien, viec khao sat thuc hang sl lugng, chit lugng kha nang nha ttr va tac dgng cua cac bai tap ciing c6 din DLTN tii cua HS frong day hgc se gop phin Mnh va nang eao kha nang gM nho cua HS Giai quylt van dl 2.1 Cdc khdi nipm Tri nh& la mgt qua frinh tam 11 phan anh nhiing kinh nghiem cua ca nhan ducfi • NCS, Truimg National Taichung University of Education, Taiwan 78 Tgp chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Du Thdng Nh&t hinh thiic bieu tugng, bao gdra sy ghi nhd, gin giii vd tai hien sau dd d dc edi ma ngudi da cdm giac, tri gidc, rung ddng, hdnh ddng hay suy nghT trude day [3] Dung lucmg tri nhd Id phgm vi, miie dp hay dan vi thdng tin dugc ghi nhd lai vdo mpt thdi diem nao dd [7] Tdc dgng cung co la each eho tac nhan kich thich, tac ddng lap di lap lgi nhifiu ldn len chii th6 ghi nhd dh ndng cao hieu qud ghi nhd 2.2 Thi thuc vd phuong phdp nghiin cuu De gidi quyet nhiem vu nghien ciiu, the thiic va phuang phap nghien eiiu duge thyc hien nhu sau: Bu&c 1: Chudn bi nghien cuu Xdy dung bai tap trdc nghiem nhd tir diing cho HS ldp 6, theo phuang phap sogn thao bdi tap trie nghiem nhd tu eiia A R Luria [4], [6] Ndi dung bdi tap trac nghiem: gdm 10 tii cd hai am tiet dupe trich tu sach giao khoa Ngfl; vdn ldp vd ldp 7, nghTa eiia tii vd each phat am cua tii khdng dugc lien quan vdi Cde tu dugc xep ngdu nhien thdnh mdt ban Cach thuc hiin: Cho HS lam bdi tap trdc nghiem vua nghe vua xem 10 tu, mdi tir cdeh giay, rdi yeu cdu HS nhd lai 10 tir, khdng can nhd diing theo trat ty cac tir dd cho, sau ddng thdi viia nghe vd xem xong Cdeh cho diem: HS tham gia lam bai tap trac nghiem se dupe diem cho mdi cdu trd ldi dung Cdeh xep logi: Kha nang ghi nhd tir ciia HS ldp 6, dupe danh gid theo cdeh truyen thong d cdc miic dp sau: den tir la logi kem; den tu Id loai trung binh; den tir Id logi khd; d^n 10 tir la logi gidi [7] Dg tin cdy cua bdi tap trdc nghiem: Diem eiia bdi tap trac nghiem ve kha ndng nhd tir Id diem sd cau trd ldi diing, dugc hai ngudi cham, nen ed sy khac biet, ca hai ciing kiem tra de trdnh sai sdt cdeh cham diem Tieu chi ddnh gid DLTN tie: Dya tren hai tieu chi la so lugng tir dugc ghi nhd ciia HS va phan tich ve ehdt lugng npi dung ghi nJid tir Doi v&i chdt lugmg ghi nh& tu: Dua vdo phuong phdp phdn tich ldi nhd tir ciia HS theo chi dinh ciia A R Luria the hien d ndi dung: ldi loan ngdn tir, ldi lap lai tir theo cac Hen tudng phu vd ldi nhd sai trat tu tir [4], [6] Buac 2: Tien hdnh thu nghiem vd chinh sira ThOr nghidm cdc bdi tap nhd tir d 15 HS ldp 6, de xac dinh eae thong sd kT thuat can thiet ciia bdi tap trdc nghiem, ldm ca sd chinh siia vd hoan thien thang thye trgng Bu&c 3: Thu thdp so lieu Cach thye hi|n bdi tap trdc nghiem miic dp nhd tir duge tien hanh theo nhdm tCr den HS de dam bdo gidi thieh cdn ke den HS hieu mdi cho ldm trac nghiem Cdeh thyc hi^n nghien ciiu tdc dgng cung cd dugc thuc hien HS lam bdi tgp 79 Tap chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM SS 62 nam 2014 trie ngMem khong nho du 10 tii lin nghe va xem thii nhat, nghito vien dge va cho xem lai 10 tir dl HS cung eo cho tcji nho lai day du Bai tap ttac ngMem se ket thuc, khong phu thuge vao kit qua gM nho eo du 10 tir hay khong, sau ngWem vien phat n lin cung cl thu (lin tai Men thii 10) Buac 4: Phdn tich vd nhdn xet kit qud khdo sdt 2.3 Mdu nghiin ciru Miu nghien ciiu duoc chon ngiu nhien tten 370 HS tai fruong THCS thuge tinh KiSn Giang Trong do, lop co 188 HS (111 nam, 77 nit) va Icjp eo 182 HS (81 nam, 101 nir) Ket qua nghien ciru 3.1 Thuc trgng khd nang nhd tir cua hoc sinh 3.1.1 Ddnh gid mirc dp nha tir Mirc dp nha tir (xem bdng 1) Bdng Mirc dp nha tir ciia HS todn mdu khdo sdt Diem Diem Tan so Bien DLC BTB cao nhat thap nhat (TS) 5,98 1,51 10 1,0 188 Lop 6,58 1,40 10 1,0 182 Lop 10 1,0 370 6,27 1,49 Tong Theo bang 1, muc nhci tir eua 370 HS miu khao sat la tir den 10 tir, vol diem trung binh cgng (DTB) = 6,27, lech chuin (DLC) = 1,49 Trong do, HS lop co DTB = 5,98, DLC = 1,51 va lop co DTB = 6,58, DLC = 1,40 Nlu so sanh DTB giua HS \(rp va liip 7, ta thiy kha nang nho tir co su tang len theo Icjp (lira tuli) Kit qua cho thiy kha nang nha tii ciia HS miu khao sat co kit qua tuong tu vol nghien cim ciia Nguyin Nggc Thanh vl kha nang ghi nhci may moc co chu dinh ve tii ciia HS lop va Icip la 5,2 tii, dao dgng xung quanh nguijng chuan ve khoi lugng ghi nha cr nguoi fruong (7 ± 2) [8] Phdn logi hgc sinh theo khd ndng nh& tir (xem bdng 2) Bdng Ket qud phdn logi HS theo khd ndng nha tir cua mdu khdo sdt Ti le (%) TS Thii- bSc 4 1,1 102 27,6 242 65,4 22 5,9 370 100,0 Bang cho thiy s5 HS co kha nang nhci tii kem la 1,1%, trung binh la 27,6%, la 65,4% va gioi la 5,9% Nhu vay HS co mirc nhci tii kha xIp thii bac 1, miic dp nho til trung binh xep thir bac 2, HS co kha nang nho tir gioi xIp thii bac va HS co mirc nho tit kem xep thii bac thip nhit Dilu cho thiy, kha nSng xii li thong tin va gin giii thong tin vl tir bang thinh giac va thj giac ciia HS mau khao sat a miie kha Phan logi nha tir Kem Trung binh Kha Gioi Tong Tgp chi KHOA HQC OHSP TPHCM Du Thong Nh&t Loi ghi nh& tic cda HS (xem bdng 3) Bdng Kit qud cdc loi ghi nha tic cda HS mdu khdo sdt L6p Tong Logn ngon ttr 42 33 75 Lien tvorng phu 46 31 77 Trat tir tir 24 17 41 Theo bang 3, sd Idi eiia HS mdu khao sat mdc phdi ve loan ngon tir la 75, ve lien tudng phu Id 77, ve tai hien sai trat ty tir la 41 (ldi tdi hien sai trat ty tir ehi tinh bdi tap tdc dgng ciing cd HS tai hien dii 10 tCr) Trong do, sd ldi ciia HS ldp mac phdi vh loan ngon tir Id 42, vh lien tudng phu la 46, ve tai hien sai trat tu tir Id 24; HS ldp mdc loi ve loan ngdn tir Id 33, ve lien tudng phu la 31 va tdi hien sai trat ty tir la 17 Ket qud ndy phu hgp vdi phuang phap phdn tieh ldi ciia A R Luria ve chat lugng ndi dung ghi nhd tir NghTa la HS nao cd khd nang ghi nhd d miic dp eao hem thi it mac ldi ve loan ngdn tir vd lap lgi tir theo cac lien tudng phu [4], [6] Xet ve ldi logn ngdn tir: ngoai viec mac eae ldi ve ngii nghTa, HS mau khdo sdt cdn phgm ldi ve ngii dm HS tai hien tir "tiip leu" "tiip lieu", tir "ngpn sdo" thdnh "ngpn sdu", tir "via he" thdnh "dTa he" hay "dia he", tir "sdng bien" "sdng bien", tir "bdc sf thdnh "bdt sV\ Xet vh ldi lien tudng phu: HS dua them vdo nhimg tir khdng cd ddy tir dd cho Nhiing tir nhu: "cii khoai", "thdi tilt", "gid bien", "y sf, "qua mii", "cai ihu", "cay sao" Id nhimg tir khdng cd day tir da cho nhung cae em lgi dua them vdo Van edn 41 HS tai hien sai trat ty tCr sau eac em thyc hien xong lan ciing cd thii (lan tdi Men thii 10) Theo chiing tdi, ldi tdi hien sai trat tu tir cd thd ddn dhn viec mdc loi tdi hien tir theo lien tudng phu vd lam giam siit DLTN tir ciia HS, J.2 Kit qud nghien ciru tdc ddng dnh hu&ng cua bdi tap cung co tir Anh hu&ng cda tdc dgng cung co tir theo tong mdu vd theo l&p (xem bdng 4) Bdng Ket qud nha tic sau cung cd cua HS theo l&p vd tong mdu Lin BTB 7,93 8,58 8,66 8,73 8,93 8,47 8,45 8,89 9,43 • Cd su Lop L6p6 « TS DLC TS DLC DTB 182 1,90 8,58 172 1,52 -3,5* 8,88 111 1,06 -1,73 147 1,60 1,52 0,99 89 9,27 75 -2,9* 1,50 0,86 9,36 36 -2,2* 59 1,58 0,80 9,37 16 -1,07 41 1,54 0,90 9,14 -1,07 17 0,57 9,50 -1,62 1,21 11 0,82 0,92 9,00 -,11 0,70 9,00 0,78 ,51 khdc biety nghTa & muc a ^ 0,05 (2phia) DTB 8,25 8,71 8,94 8,97 9,05 8,67 8,73 8,90 9,38 Tong mau TS DLC 354 1,76 258 1,40 164 1,33 1,33 95 1,42 57 1,40 24 15 1,16 10 0,87 0,74 81 SS 62 nim 2014 Tap chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM Theo bang 4, cting cl co anh huong tich cue din kha nang ghi nhci ttr ciia HS miu khao sat Dilu thi hien sau lin cung c6 thii nhit (lin tai Men thir 2) thi miic gM nha tir cua HS tang len ro ret vol DTB = 8,25, DLC = 1,76 so vai kit qua tai hien diu tien vcii DTB = 6,27, DLC = 1,48 Din lin ciing c6 thii thi da s6 HS mlu khao sat nho du 10 tit eua bai tap ttie nghiem, sl cdn lai vira it vira rai vao nhiing HS co miic ghi nho khong cao Xet rieng timg khli Icjp 6, thi ta thiy khli lugng ghi nha tir cua HScung tang len theo chilu huong tieh cue Tuy nhien, phai toi lin cimg cl thir thi da s6 HS lop mai nho hit 10 tti, do, sau lin cimg cl thtr thi HS Icjp da phan nho gan het 10 tir Dilu chimg to tac dgng eung cl co anh huong khac tai miic ghi nho til ciia HS hai khli Icip, HS Icjp co kha nang nho du 10 tii sau it lin cung eo so vol HS Icip d phin ldn cac thoi dilm, kl tii lin cimg c6 thii nhat, kha nang ghi nha tii cua HS lop diu cao hon so vol HS lop Su chenh lech khli lugng ghi nho tti giiia HS lop va HS lop CO y nghia vl mat thing ke vol kilm nghiem t nhu a bang Kha nang ghi nho til cua HS Icjp cr lin ciing cl thii nhit co DTB = 8,58, DLC = 1,52, a lin eiing el thii CO DTB = 9,27, DLC = 0,99, lin cung cl thii co DTB = 9,36, DLC = 0,86 cao han so vai HS IcSp 6 lan cung cl thii nhit co DTB = 7,93, DLC = 1,90, a lin cimg cl thii CO DTB = 8,66, DLC = 1,52 va o lin ciing el thii co DTB = 8,73, DLC = 1,50 Anh huang ciia tdc dpng ciing cd tir theo hoc luc cua HS (xem bdng 5) Bdng Ket qua nhd tir sau cimg co cua HS theo hgc luc Lop 82 Lan 9 TS 41 41 32 23 21 30 25 19 15 1 Yeu+Kem DTB BLC 6,78 1,86 7,85 1,85 8,28 1,81 8,22 1,67 8,76 1,78 8,00 1,60 8,33 1,36 8,60 0,89 0,84 9,20 7,47 1,88 8,24 1,42 8,63 1,34 9,33 1,04 9,17 0,98 9,00 1,00 9,50 0,71 9,00 9,00 TS 77 60 41 25 19 81 52 39 16 Trung binh DTB BLC 1,96 7,87 8,35 1,61 8,71 1,47 1,40 8,68 9,05 1,39 1,45 8,89 8,60 1,14 9,25 0,96 10,0 0,00 8,73 1,31 8,88 0,90 9,41 0,79 9,25 0,78 9,44 0,73 9,25 0,96 10,0 0,71 TS 47 35 12 Kha BTB BLC 8,68 1,53 9,51 0,66 9,33 0,49 9,88 0,35 10,0 41 28 15 8,80 9,32 9,60 9,80 10,0 1,22 0,72 0,63 0,45 TS 17 11 Gioi DTB 8,88 9,55 9,25 10,0 DLC 1,16 0,69 0,50 0,00 20 9,20 9,50 10,0 1,58 0,84 0,00 gmau Tap chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM to 71 66 51 38 27 11 7,07 8,00 8,41 8,66 8,85 8,27 8,63 8,67 9,17 1,89 1,70 1,65 1,54 1,63 1,48 1,30 0,82 0,75 J58 112 80 41 28 13 Du ThSng Nhat 8,31 8,60 9,05 8,90 9,18 9,00 8,86 9,25 10,0 1,71 1,35 1,23 1,22 1,21 1,29 1,06 0,96 0,00 88 63 27 13 8,74 9,43 9.48 9,85 10,0 1,39 0,69 0,58 0,38 0,00 37 17 9,05 9,53 9,50 10,0 1,39 0,72 0.55 0,00 Theo bdng 5, kha nang ghi nhd tii cua HS yeu, trung binh, khd vd gidi cua HS mau khdo sat tang ddn theo sd ldn ciing co Sau ldn ciing eo thir nhat vd thii thi da sd HS gidi va kha nhd dii 10 tir Trong dd, dhn ldn eiing cd thii vd thir thi da sd HS trung binh va yeu mdi nhd dii 10 tir Xet theo nang lye hpc tap cua HS timg khdi ldp thi ta thdy kha nang ghi nhd tir eiia HS eiing tang len theo chieu hudng tich cyc sau mdi ldn ciing cd O phdn ldn cac thdi diem, ke tir lan cung cd thii nhat, mirc dp ghi nhd tir ciia HS ldp cd hoc lye gidi, khd, trung binh vd yeu deu cao hon so vdi HS ldp cd ciing trinh dp hpc luc 3.2 Kit qud khdo sdt nhitng yiu to dnh hudng den DLTN tit cua hgc sinh 3.2.1 Moi lien h? giira khd ndng nh& tir vd diem trdc nghiem kieu nhdn cdeh Kieu nhdn each cua mdu nghien cicu (xem bdng 6) Trac nghidm nhan each HS dugc thuc hien theo bd cdu hdi 57 cau ciia H J Eysenck [5], [9] Bdng Kit qud kieu nhdn cdeh cua HS mdu khdo sdt Kieu nhan cdeh Huong ngi Kieu trung gian Huong ngoai Tong TS Ti Ie (%) Thir bac 83 251 36 370 22,4 67,8 9,7 100,0 Bang cho thdy kieu nhdn cdeh trung gian chiem vi tri eao nhdt mdu khao sat la 67,8%, kieu nhdn cdeh hudng ndi la 22,4% va kieu nhan cdeh hudng ngogi Id 9,7% Ket qud phdn anh diing tam li liia tudi HS THCS, vdn chiu anh hudng ciia xa hpi hda nen xu hudng kieu nhdn each trung gian phat trien mgnh Vi kieu nhan each mang ban chdt xd hdi, dugc hinh vd bien ddi ren luyen vd giao due nen kieu nhan each trung gian gdm cd dac tinh ciia hai kieu nhdn cdeh hudng ndi vd hudng ngogi Moi tuang quan giira khd ndng nh& dc vd diim ddc nghiem kieu nhdn cdeh (xem bdng 7) 83 Tap chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM So 62 nam 2014 Bang Kit qud tucmg quan Pearson giiia khd ndng nha tir vd diem trdc nghipm kiiu nhdn cdeh hu&ng ngogi cua HS mdu khdo sdt Nhoftii0,105(*) 0,048 370 Tuong quan Pearson Miic y ngMa (2 pMa) • TS *; He so tuang quan co nghia & mirc 0,05 (2phia) Kieu nhSn each hirong ngoai Theo bdng 7, cd sy tuong quan duong r = 0,105 d miic y nghia a=0,05 giira nhd tir vd kieu nhan each HS hudng ngoai (z > +1) cd khuynh hudng nhd tir tdt hon Cd the HS cd kieu nhdn cdeh hudng ngogi cd xu hudng tham gia vao nhieu hoat dpng nhu: hoat ddng hgc tap, hogt ddng lao dpng, hogt dgng xa hdi nen vdn tir ciia HS dugc tdng len Tir ket qud khdo sat cd the ket ludn rang kieu nhan each hudng ngogi cd anh hudng tieh eye din kha nang nhd tir cua HS 3.2.2 Moi Hin he giica khd ndng nhd tu vd khoi lap (xem bdng 8) Bdng Ket qud kiem nghiim t vi khd ndng nh& tic theo l&p cua HS Bien Nho til Thong ke mo ta L*p TS DTB 5,98 Ldp 188 Lop 182 6,58 DLC 1,51 1,40 t -3,95 Kiem nghiem t df Mirc y nghta (p) 368 0,000 Theo bang 8, eo su khac biet y nghia thing ke vl tri trung binh kha nang nho tft giira HS lop va lap (p0,05) Tuy nhien, HS nii co khuynh huong nho tir tit hon HS nam Z Moi lien he giiia khd ndng nha tir vd ndng life hoc tap (xem bdng 10) 84 Tap chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Du Thong Nhat Bang 10 Kit qud kiem nghiem ANOVA ve khd ndng nhd tie theo ndng li^c hgc tap cua HS Nang life hgc tap Yeu+K^m (YK) Trung binh (TB) Kha(K) Gioi (G) TS 75 164 93 38 Tilf % 20,3 44,3 25,1 10,3 BTB DLC F Mircy nghla (p) 5,55 6,19 6,68 7,08 1,46 1,44 1,37 1,34 13,421 0,000 Hau kiem Tukey HSD G>TB,YK; K>TB,YK; TB>YK Theo bang 10, HS xep loai gioi chiem 10,3%, HS xep loai kha chiem 25,1%, HS xIp loai trung binh chilm 44,3%, HS xIp loai ylu va kem 20,3% Nhu vay sl HS co kit qua hge tap trung binh, kha va gioi la 79,7% va sl HS co kit qua hge tap yen va kem la 20,3% Cach danh gia, xIp loai kit qua hgc tap eua HS THCS theo quy dinh ciia Bg Giio due va Dao tao glm miic nhu sau: DTB ttr din 3,4 la loji kem, tit 3,5 din 4,9 IJ lo^i ylu, til 5,0 din 6,4 la Ioai trung bmh, tir 6,5 din 7,9 la lo?i kha va ttr 8,0 din 10 la loai gioi [1] Co su khac biet y nghia thing ke ve tti trung binh kha nang nho tit giira cac nhom HS CO kit qua hgc tap khac (p