NGHIEN CL/U TRAO DOI GIAO Dye QUYEN CON NGUdi CHO THANH NIEN 6 VllT NAM HIEN NAY Thanh nidn la luc lugng giii vai trd quan trong trong qua trinh phat tridn cua bit F , Cii qudc gia nao Vdi vai trd la[.]
NGHIEN CL/U - TRAO DOI GIAO Dye QUYEN CON NGUdi CHO THANH NIEN VllT NAM HIEN NAY ThS NG6 T hanh nidn la luc lugng giii vai trd quan trong qua trinh phat tridn cua bit F , Cii qudc gia nao Vdi vai trd la lire lugng kd thira va phat tridn nhung tuu cua cac F \ thd he di trudc ndn vide giao due quydn ngudi cho thd he nidn cang trd ndn F F r y cap thidt, nhat la didu kidn hdi nhap F F t F qudc td va tridn khai thuc hidn Hidn phap nam 2013 Cdng tac giao due phap luat ndi chung, giao due quydn ngudi cho nidn ndi ridng hidn cdn nhidu han chd, bit cap Vi r y y vay, van dd tang cudng giao due quydn ngudi cho mgi ca nhan ciing nhu ddi vdi ridng tang Idp nidn can dugc nhan thiic day du va trien khai vdi ndi dung, hinh thurc, phucmg phap phii hgp ^ "y ^ Quyen ngirdi va sir can thiet phai giao due quyen ngvdi cho nien ^ F TAP CHf LUAT HOC SO 6/2014 * lidn quan tdi quydn ngudi thudng thay ddi theo didu kidn chinh tri, vat chit va tinh than cua tung xa hdi ciing nhu truydn thdng lich su-van hoa cua xa hdi dd nhumg F F tat ca cac nha nude da tham gia ki kdt cac F F y \ > cdng udc qudc td vd nhan quydn ddu cd trach nhidm vide xay dimg cac cau tnic xa hdi, cac dinh chd nha nude, he thdng phap luat, chinh sach va tao didu kidn cho cac td chiic dan su hoat ddng de bao dam thuc thi quydn ngudi.^^^ La luc lugng cd vai trd quan trgng qua trinh dimg nude va giii nude, lure lugng tidn phong cac hoat ddng xa hdi, vi vay ddi hdi ddi vdi nidn la phai cd F y ^ > nhan thiic diing dan, day dii vd quydn eon ngudi Trong nhiing nam qua, van de dan * F y tt^ chu, nhan quydn la van dd dd hi lgi dimg hoac bi bidn tudng, bdi le "cdc thi luc thu dich dang sdc lgi dung vdn de nhdn y Mac dii cd nhidu each tidp can khac song trdn binh didn chung nhat, quydn ngudi dugc hieu la nhimg dac quydn ma tu nhidn, tao hoa sinh cho ngudi; la kha nang hoat ddng mdt each cd y thiic, tir chdi hoac ydu ciu, gianh liy didu gi dd, nhit la nhu ciu tu bao vd.^'^ Quydn ngudi cd gia tri chung, tinh phd cap va mang tinh dac thii cua timg dan tdc, qudc gia su khac bidt vd lich sur, thd chd chinh tri, van hoa va tdn giao.^^^ Ndi dung va cac thu tuc phap luat VAN NAM t r quyen de xuyen tgc, vu khdng Viet Nam khdng bdo ddm cdc quyen ngudi hdng gdy mdt dn dinh tinh hinh nude, tgo tdm li hoang mang qudn chung nhdn ddn, phuc vu cho muc dich phd hogi su nghiep cdch mgng cua ddn toe ta" ^*' ^ Do vay, vide nang cao nhan thurc vd quydn ngudi cho mgi ngudi dan, dd cd * Thdnh dodn Ha Noi 27 NGHIEN CQU-TRAO DOI nidn la trach nhidm ciia Nha nude va dang thu hiit dugc sir quan tam ciia toan xa hdi.^ Muc tidu giao due quydn ngudi ciia Lien hgp qudc da dugc xac dinh la: "Con F y y y ngudi cdng hieu biet nhieu ve cdc quyen cua chinh minh thi cdng tdn cdc quyen ciia nhung ngudi khdc vd nhu vay cdng cd ca hdi chung sdng hod binh Chi y y ndo ngudi ddn dugc gido due ve quyen ngudi thi luc chung ta mdi cd the hi vong ngdn chgn nhung hdnh vi vi phgm quyen ngudi ciing nhu ngdn chgn xung dof ^^^ Nhu vay, giao due quydn ngudi cho nidn la that su can thidt, bdi le: Thu nhdt, nidn la bo phan dan cu quan cua qudc gia ddng vai trd la lire F y lugng kd can, dd nidn can phai dugc nhan thiic day du va diing din vd quydn ngudi nhu thudc danh gia su t F ^ phat tridn va tidn bg ciia xa hdi Day ciing la CO sd cho su phat tridn day du vd nhan each va nang luc ciia mdi ca nhan, bdi le ""thanh t F y t F nien Id tudi sung sdc nhdt ve the chdt vd phdt trien tri tue, ludn ndng ddng, sdng ^tgo, mudn tu khdng dinh minh" ^^^ Chi nhan thiic day du va dung dan ve ngudi, nien mdi cd thd tu tin khing dinh, ddi hdi ve quydn ngudi mot each chu dong, tich cue Thu hai, tai Hoi thao dinh hudng the chd hoa bang phap luat nham bao dam thuc hien quydn ngudi Hidn phap nam 2013 Bo tu phap td chiic 28/3/2014, cac chuyen gia phap luat hang diu cua Viet Nam da phan tich kha kT nhimg didm mdi vd kT 28 thuat lap phap va ndi dung cua Hidn phap nam 2013 vd quydn ngudi,^^^ Theo do, lin diu tidn lich su lap hidn Viet Nam F / "^ da dua each tidp can ciia thd gidi vd nhan quydn vao Chucmg II: "Quydn ngudi, quyen va nghia vu co ban cua cdng dan" Hidn phap da thay ddi vd each thiic hidn dinh vd cac quydn ngudi, tir "cdng thiic": Nha nude "quydt dinh", "trao" quydn cho ngudi dan sang: Cac quydn ngudi la tu nhidn, vdn cd, Nha nude phai ghi nhan, bao vd va bao dam thuc hidn, khdng phan bidt ding cip, mau da, gidi tinh ^^^ Cd thd khing dinh, cac quy dinh vd quydn ngudi Hidn phap nam 2013 da tao lap ndn tang phap li viing chac cho bao dam quydn eon ngudi Chinh vi vay, giao due quydn ngudi cho nidn la budc di cu thd de cac quy dinh vd quydn ngudi di vao F y y cudc sdng, gdp phan nang cao nhan thurc vd > F quydn ngudi ddi vdi bd phan dan cu quan cua xa hgi Tha ba, giao due vd quydn ngudi da dugc cac nha nude quan tam d nhidu cip khac cap quoc td, tir nam 1994 Lien hgp qudc da tridn khai "Thap ki giao due quydn ngudi" trdn pham vi toan cSu Muc dich va tinh thin cao ca cua Chidn luge toan cau vd giao due quydn ngudi dugc the hidn d vide trang bi su hidu bidt, kidn thiic CO ban ve quydn ngudi dd giiip cho moi ngudi hidu, tdn trgng va bidt thuc hanh cac quydn ngudi cua minh ciing nhu tdn trong, bao vd quydn ngudi cua nhihig ngudi khac Bing each dd, ngudi TAP CHf LUAT H O C S O 6/2014 NGHIEN CL/U - TRAO DOI cang trd ndn than thidn, hoa hgp vdi vugt qua mgi ngan each, cang cd co hdi chung sdng hoa binh va phat tridn O Met Nam, giao due quyen ngudi la bd phan cau cua giao due phap luat Hai chiic nang quan trgng nhat ciia giao due quydn ngudi dd la trang bi nhiing kidn thiic CO ban, xay dung y thiic tdn trgng, bao vd va nhiing kT nang su dimg quydn ngudi ciia ban than moi ngudi va ciia nhung ngudi khac.^'°^ Cl cap hgc trung hoc phd thdng, quydn ngudi ciing da dugc dd cap d nhidu ndi dung khac nhau.^^'^ Tai cac co sd F y y giao due dai hgc, van de giao due, dao tao vd quydn ngudi ciing da dugc quan tam d nhiing miic khac Tuy nhidn, sd lugng nidn dugc giao due vd quydn ngudi mdi chi chidm sd it d cap qudc gia, lire lugng nidn dugc giao due, nang cao nhan thuc vd quydn ngudi vin cdn kha khidm tdn so vdi sii mang lich sir cua luc lugng Cac chuong trinh giao due, dao tao vd quydn ngudi chua quan tam ddn cac ddi tugng dac bidt nhu ngudi dan tdc thidu sd, ngudi khuydt tat hoac nhdm xa hdi dac thu nhu nidn, phu nii, tre em , Tha tu, thdng qua giao due quydn ngudi cho nidn se gdp phin vao vide thay ddi nhan thiic va hanh vi ciia nidn ddi vdi vide bao vd va gia tang gia tri quydn > y ngudi Nang cao nhan thiic vd quyen ngudi cho nidn se giiip cho lire t ^ lugng cd dugc cdng cu dd bao vd quydn ngudi cua minh, thuc hidn quydn ngudi trdn co sd tdn trgng quydn ngudi cua ngudi khac TAP CHf LUAT HOC S 6/2014 Giai phap nang cao hieu qua giao due quyen ngirdi cho nien d Viet Nam hien CJ Viet Nam thdi gian qua, hoat ddng X F giao due quydn ngudi dugc tidn hanh ca va ngoai nha trudng.^^^^ Hoat ddng giao due vd quydn ngudi nha trudng thudng bi "ddng khung" chuong trinh cua Bd giao due va dao tao; dd hoat ddng giao due ngoai nha trudng dugc thurc hidn bdi nhidu chu thd khac vdi ndi dung tap huan, tuydn truydn kha da dang, bao gdm cac van dd li luan vd quydn ngudi ndi chung, cac tidu t F F r y chuan qudc td va quy dinh qudc gia vd quydn ngudi Tuy nhidn, didm dd nhan thay la hoat ddng giao due ngoai nha trudng vd quydn ngudi, cac ndi dung lidn quan F y F den quyen ngudi cua mot sd nhdm xa hdi de bi tdn thuong (phu nii, tre em, ngudi dan tdc thidu sd, ngudi song chung vdi HIV/AIDS ) chiem dung lugng Idn.^'^^ Vi vay, dk khic phuc nhuge didm trdn va de cho vide giao due quydn ngudi diing hudng tac gia kidn nghi: Mot Id tap trung xay dung ddi ngii bao cao vidn, tuydn truydn vidn vd giao due \ t y quydn ngudi cho mdn am hidu vd quydn ngudi va cd phuong phap giao due quydn ngudi hidu qua Day la vide lam cin dugc tidn hanh thudng xuydn va lau dai Thdng qua ddi ngu bao cao vidn, tuydn X F y truydn vidn, nhiing ndi dung, kidn thiic vd quydn ngudi cho nidn dugc truydn tai mdt each sinh dgng, cd chidu sau va phu hgp vdi dac didm tam li liia tudi nien 29 NGHIEN CL/U-TRAO DOI - Ddi vdi nidn tir du mudi sau tudi den dudi mudi tam tudi, giao due quydn ngudi tap trung vao ndi dung: 1) Quydn ciia tre em va ngudi chua nidn theo cac cdng udc qudc td vd quydn tre em; 2) Quydn tre em Luat bao vd va cham sdc tre em, dd nhin manh ddn nhdm quydn ngudi tap trung vao mot sd ndi quydn nhan than cua nidn la ngudi dung: 1) Cac quydn ITnh vuc chinh tri; chua nidn 2) Cac quydn ITnh vuc kinh td, van hoa, - Ddi vdi nidn tir du mudi tam xa hdi; 3) Cac quyen lidn quan ddn nhdm ddi tudi trd Idn, giao due quydn ngudi tugng dac thii (phu nii, tre em, ngudi tan tat, mang tinh tdng thd tap trung vao npi ngudi cao tudi); 4) Cac quydn vd nhan than.^'"*^ dung: 1) Cac quydn ITnh vuc chinh tri; - Kd tir Viet Nam tidn hanh cdng 2) Cac quydn ITnh vuc kinh td, van cudc ddi mdi ddn nay, hoat ddng giao due hoa, xa hdi; 3) Cac quydn lidn quan ddn nhan quydn cac nha trudng phd thdng nhdm ddi tugng dac thu (phu nur, tre em, d Viet Nam da dugc tang cudng, vdi vide ngudi tan tat, ngudi cao tudi) Idng ghep nhidu nguydn tac va tidu chuan cu - Giao cho Doan nidn Cdng san Ho thd cua luat nhan quydn qudc td vao chuong Chi Minh la dau mdi vide xay dimg noi trinh giao due, dac bidt la mdn dung chuong trinh giao due quydn ngudi hoc Giao due cdng dan (thuc hidn d cac cap cho nidn; xay dimg co chd phdi hgp phd thdng tir cip I, II ddn III).^'^^ giiia Doan nidn Cdng san Hd Chi Cac hoat ddng tap huan, tuydn truydn Minh va cac td chiic chinh tri-xa hdi khac va vd quydn ngudi ngoai nha trudng thudng Bd giao due va dao tao, Tdng lidn doan lao dugc thuc hidn khudn khd cac du an ddng Viet Nam giao due quydn hgp tac giiia mdt sd bd, nganh, td chiic xa ngudi cho nidn Ba la vd hinh thiic va phuong phap giao hoi, CO sd dao tao d Viet Nam vdi cac nha tai trg nude ngoai (bao gdm cac td chiic qudc due quydn ngudi cho nidn Vdi dac thii "/a luc lugng xd hoi to Idn, mot td, cac CO quan vidn trg qudc gia, cac dai sii nhiing nhdn td quan quyet dinh quan nude ngoai ).^'^^ tuong lai, van menh ddn toe; la luc lugng Theo quy dinh cua Luat nidn nam chu yeu tren nhieu linh vuc, ddm nhdn 2005, nidn la ''cdng ddn Viet Nam tu nhung cdng viec ddi hdi hi sinh, gian khd, du mudi sdu tudi den ba muai tudi" Theo sdc khoe vd sdng tgo''^ ndn vide giao due tac gia, vide xay dimg ndi dung giao due quydn ngudi cho nidn cin phai da quydn ngudi cho nidn cin phan dang vd hinh thiic thd hidn, tdt nhit la Idng dinh theo hai miic tuoi nhu sau: Hai la vd ndi dung giao due quydn ngudi cho nidn Ndi dung giao due vd quydn ngudi hidn chua cd su thdng nhit Cu thd la: - Ddi vdi cac co sd giao due chuydn nganh luat, ndi dung giao due (dao tao) vd ^ F F A •> 30 F ^ y ^ F t TAP CHf LUAT H O C SO 6/2014 NGHIEN CL/U - TRAO DOI ghep vao cac chuong trinh, phin vide nidn sudt nam hoat ddng Bdn canh dd can xay dung cac budi ndi chuydn, sinh hoat chuydn dd vd quydn ngudi cho nidn theo nhdm ddi tugng va gan vdi cac sinh hoat ddng ddng Phuong phap giao due quydn ngudi cho mdn ciing can phai gan lidn vdi dac diem tam sinh li cua liia tudi nidn Vd khia canh phuong phap, hon bat ki mdn khoa hgc xa hdi nao khac, giao due nhan quydn ddi hdi giao vidn can ap dimg phuong phap giang day dac thii (phuong phap giao due ciing tham gia participatory teaching methods), cac nha trudng phd thdng d Viet Nam hidn van ap dung phd bidn phuong phap giang day truydn thdng (cdn ggi la phuong phap giao due ap dat - banking education) Vide sir dung phuong phap giao due truydn thdng lam giam dang kd hidu qua cua hoat ddng giao due ndi chung, hoat ddng giao due nhan quydn ndi ridng vi phuong phap de bidn cac tidt hoc vd quydn ngudi cac budi thuydt giang mot chidu, khd ciing vd dao diic va luan li.^'^^ Vi vay, chiing tdi cho ring, phuong phap giang day quydn ngudi cin gin vdi timg tinh hudng cu thd, nghTa la xay dimg he thdng cac tinh hudng vd quydn ngudi dd nidn dat minh bdi canh dd dk cd lira chon phii hgp Bdn la vd eg chd phdi hgp giiia nha trudng, gia dinh va cac td chirc doan the giao due quydn ngudi cho nidn Phin Idn nien chua lap gia dinh hoac chuin bi lap gia dinh, hg ddng vai trd la TAP CHf L U A T HOC SO 6/2014 tru cdt gia dinh, dd can coi trgng gia dinh vide giao due quydn ngudi thdng qua cac iing xir cua cha me nhiing tinh hudng cu thd gan lidn vdi didu kidn, hoan canh cua gia dinh Thuc chat ciia vide coi trgng gia dinh vide giao due quydn ngudi cho thaiih nidn chinh la vide tdn trgng quydn ngudi d gia dinh NghTa la d nhirng gia dinh nao quydn ngudi dugc tdn thi nhiing vidn gia dinh dd cung bidt tdn trgng, bao vd quydn ngudi cua minh va cua ngudi khac Bdn canh vide coi vai trd gia dinh, > t can phat huy vai trd cua cac td chirc chinh tri, xa hdi giao due quydn ngudi Theo dd, can phat huy vai trd guong mau, di diu, mang tinh tidn phong ciia cac td chiic bao vd quydn ngudi Chuydn hoa vide bao vd quydn ngudi mang tinh chat don le vide bao vd quydn eon ngudi mang tinh tap the, cdng ddng se giiip vide dau tranh bao vd quydn ngudi di diing hudng va hidu qua hon Ndm la vd cac bidn phap bao dam cho vide giao due quydn ngudi cho F •* nidn Kinh nghidm cua nhidu nude trdn thd gidi cho thay, cac van dd vd ngudn nhan luc, F vat luc, kidn thiic, kinh nghidm va tai lieu cd y nghTa quan trgng nhung nhan thiic vd vai trd va y nghia cua giao due nhan quydn cua cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach va ciia toan t F F thd cdng chiing xa hgi mdi la ydu td cd F F F t tinh chat quydt dinh den vide thiic day hoat ddng trdn ITnh vuc nay.^'^^ Do dd, can: - Tang cudng cac chuong trinh, du an vd giao due quydn ngudi cho nidn, 31 NGHIEN CCrU - TRAO DO! dac bidt la cac du an vd giao due quydn ngudi cho nhdm nidn la ddi tugng dac t F thii nhu: Ngudi dan tdc thidu sd; ngudi man han til chuan bi tai hda nhap cdng ddng; phu nii; ngudi chua nidn - Xay dung he thdng thu vidn md vd X F t F quydn ngudi, nhat la cap nhat, phd bidn cac cdng udc qudc td ve quydn ngudi ma F Viet Nam da tham gia, he thdng hoa cac van ban phap luat vd quydn ngudi d Viet Nam de nidn cd thd cap nhat va van dung vao trudng hgp ciia minh Gan vide giao due quydn ngudi cho nidn vdi cac chuong trinh hanh ddng cua Doan nidn Cdng san Hd Chi Minh Bao dam ngudn tai chinh cho hoat ddng giao due quydn ngudi cho nidn Khuydn khich su ho trg tu cac co quan nha nude, cac td chiic chinh tri, chinh tri xa hdi cho ngan sach giao due quydn ngudi cho nidn./ (l).Xem: Hodng Thj Kim Qui, "Quy6n ngucri, dao diic vd phdp ludt" Tap chi nhd nuac vd phdp ludt, s6 3/2012 (2).Xem: Nguyin Trucmg Giang, "Gido due quygn nguoi tai cdc trucmg dai hgc hien nay", Tap chi li ludn chinh tri, so 5/2013 (3).Ngu6n: http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A 2n_qu y%E 1'%BB%81 n (4).Xem: Nguyin Trucmg Giang, tldd (5).Xem: Hodng Thi Kim Qui, "Trdch nhifm nhd nuoc d6i v6i quyin ngudi, quyin c6ng ddn N6i dung CO bdn vd cdch thuc quy dinh Hiln phdp" Tap chi nhd nuac vdphdp ludt, s6 11/2012 (6).Xem: Thong diep ciia T6ng thu ki Lign hgp qu6c Koffi Annan nhan ngdy quyin ngudi, Thong cdo bdo chi cua Lien hgp qu6c, ngdy 10/2/2000 (7).Xem: Nghi quylt Trung uong (khod X) "Vl 32 tdng cudng s\f Idnh dao ciia Ddng d6i v(3i c6ng tdc nien" (8).Xem: Thu Hdng, Bdo ddm thycc hien quyin ngudi Hien phdp 2013, nguon: http://dangcong san.vn/cpv/Modules/News/NewsDetail.aspx?co_id=2 8340715«&cn_id=643453 Truy cap ngdy 28/03/2014 (9).Xem them: Nguyin Ddng Dung, "Cdch tilp cdn hay la cdch thiic quy dinh nhdn quyin hiln phdp", Tap chi nghien ciru lap phdp, so 22/2011, tr 41-48 (10).Xem: Hodng Thi Kim Qui, "Quyin ngudi vd gido due quyin ngudi is Viet Nam hien nay", Tgp chi khoa hoc, Dai hgc qu6c gia Hd N6i, ChuySn san kinh tl-ludt, s6 3/2006 (1 l).Xem: Ld Khdnh Timg, Vu Cong Giao, Khdi quat ve hogt dgng gido due ve quyen ngudi a Vi$t Nam hien nay, nguIn: http://www.crights.org.vn/home.asp? id=80 &langid=l (12) Xem them: Nguyin Trudng Giang, tldd; Nguyin Hihi Chi, "Gido due quyin ngudi d Viet Nam tai cdc co sd dao tao chuySn ngdnh ludt", Tgp chi nghien cuu Igpphdp, s6 18(155)/2009, tr 16 - 22; V5 Khdnh Vinh (Chu biSn), Gido due quyin ngu&i nhimg vdn di li ludn vd thuc tiin, Nxb Khoa hgc xd hgi, 2010; HOi thdo khoa hgc "Nghien cicu vd ddo tgo ve quyen ngu&i a nuac ta hien nay: thuc trgng vd nhitng vdn di dat ra", khudn khd D\r dn: "Nghien ciiu vd gido due vl quyin ngudi" thuoc Chuong trinh "Quan trj cdng vd cdi cdch hdnh chinh giai doan II: 2012 - 2015" theo HiSp dmh tdi trg dugc ki kit giiia Chinh phu Vift Nam vd Chinh phii Dan M?ich", ndm mang ludi qudc gia vl nghiSn ciiu vd gido dye vl quyin ngudi, Hd NOi, ngdy 25/11/2013 (13).Xem: Ld Khdnh Timg, Vu Cdng Giao, tldd (14).Xem: Nguyin Hiiu Chi, tldd, tr 16 - 22 (15).Xem: Ld Khdnh Timg, Vii Cdng Giao, tldd (16).Xem: Ld Khdnh Timg, Vu Cdng Giao, tldd (17).Xem: Nghi quylt Trung uong (khda X) "Vl tdng cudng su lanh dao cua Ddng ddi vdi cdng tdc ni6n" (18).Xem: Ld Khdnh Timg, Vu Cdng Giao, tldd (19).Xem: Ld Khdnh Timg, Vu Cdrig Giao, tldd TAP CHf L U A T H O C S6 6/2014 ... ngudn tai chinh cho hoat ddng giao due quydn ngudi cho nidn Khuydn khich su ho trg tu cac co quan nha nude, cac td chiic chinh tri, chinh tri xa hdi cho ngan sach giao due quydn ngudi cho nidn./ (l).Xem:... Viet Nam hien nay" , Tgp chi khoa hoc, Dai hgc qu6c gia Hd N6i, ChuySn san kinh tl-ludt, s6 3/2006 (1 l).Xem: Ld Khdnh Timg, Vu Cong Giao, Khdi quat ve hogt dgng gido due ve quyen ngudi a Vi$t Nam. .. ngudi cho nidn se gdp phin vao vide thay ddi nhan thiic va hanh vi ciia nidn ddi vdi vide bao vd va gia tang gia tri quydn > y ngudi Nang cao nhan thiic vd quyen ngudi cho nidn se giiip cho lire