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QUY TRINH REN IUYEN NANG LUG KHAI QUAT HUA CHU HUC SINH TRONG DAY HOC PHAN Dl T R U Y I N HOC (SINH HOC 121 DINH THI CAM VAN'''' Abstract Generalization Is looked up to be basic way of concept formation[.]
QUY TRINH REN IUYEN NANG LUG KHAI QUAT HUA CHU HUC SINH TRONG DAY HOC PHAN Dl T R U Y I N HOC (SINH HOC 121 DINH THI C A M V A N ' Abstract: Generalization Is looked up to be basic way of concept formation Therefore, fostering generalization competence to students means to complete education goal The process of training generalization capability includes five closed connecting steps that help students build up the ability to analyze, synthesize, comparison, abstraction - form the basis for generalization capability Keywords: Ability to generalize Generalize Biology Genetics section V ietNarn dang phatttien frong baeanh nhap hpp khae rdng hon ehda tap hpp ban dau bang each kinh te, ttii tmong lao dpng ddi hoi eon ngudi neu len ttiupc tinh ehung eua cac phan ttJcua tap hpp phai e6 nang tuc (N L) hanh dpng, kha nang tti ban dau NL KQH cua ngudi khong hoan sang tao, linh hoat Do dd, quatrinh giao due c ^ toan tt/ nhien ma eo phan ldn qua ttinh cdng ttieo hudng phatttien NL cho ngucfl" hpe, ttii/c hien tac, luyen tap va tich luy tau dai ma nen muc tieu phatttien ttian dien, chufrpng NLvan dung NL KQH la kha nang nhin tiiay cai chung fri ttidc vao giai quyet cae van de cua ttii/e tien Mot cae hien tupng khac vatiilet lap dupe md'i lien he ttong nhdng NLratcanttiietcho hpc sinh (HS} ttong gida cac hien ttrpng khac de nam dupc ban chat day hpc mdn Shh ftpcia NL khai quat hda (KQH) eua nhdng eai chung; la NL dae ttiu cua tu duy, laco sd nhat de phan biet giuattrduy kinh nghiem va Mot so khal niem fr/ li iuan; ddng vaittdquan trong qua ttinh 1.1 "Khai quat iioa" Khi nghien cdu hoat dpng fr/ cua ngudi, hpc tap, nghien cdu Khi phat ttien den m dc dp cao, da cd nhieu dinh nghTa khac ve KQH, chang N L giup eon ngudi taeh dupc cai chung, cai ban han: "KQH la quattinh dung fri 6c de h ( ^ nhat nhieu chat nhdng moi lien he ben bang ducffig doi ttrpng khac ttianh mpt nhdm, mpt loai frieo chiphan tich mptsuvathienttJpngdien hinh Bang nhdng ttiupc tinh, lien he, quan he chung nhat djnh each dd, ngudi se tiet kiem dupc sue It/c va thdi Nhung ttiupc tinh ehung gom hai bai: nhijng ttiupe gian hpc tap, biet each kham phacac tti ttiuc khoa hpc ttnh chung giong va nhdng ttiupe tinh chung bling nhdng phuong phap toi uu ban chaf (1; fr 103); "KQH la su hpp nhat khoi de nhdng dd'i ttrpng hay nhung hanh dpng eo cac dau hidu ehung'(2; fr 160) Theo chung toi, cd ttie hieu:/COH/a gua'fryn/?/jpp nhat tKtng y nghi nhiing su vat va hien tuffng theo thugc tinh chung nao Bo la hinh ihtJc phan anh nhOng dau hieu chung va nhdng ffiugc b'nh chung cua cac suvat, hien tugng Ihuc lai Nhung Ihugc tinh chung ma KQH phan anh gom hai hai: nhdng ffiugc tinh chung la nhiing thuoc tinh gmg va nhung thugc tinh chung li nhQng thugc tinh ban chat 12 "fiang fuc khai quat hoa" Theo Tu dien TICTQ Viet, NL la kha nang du de ttiuc hien totmptcong viec nhat djnh NL KQH lampt k)ai NL tttmg dd, eon ngudi co kha nang suy nghT, chuyen td mpl tap hpp eac doi ttJpng sang mpt tap (ki 1-11/2015)- Quy trinh ren luyen NL KQH cho HS day hoc phan "Di truyen hpc" (Sinh hpc 12) 2.1 Neu dugc cac dukien dai dien - Nhiem vu cua giao vien (G VJ;Jap hpp cac dd kien mang day du cac dau hieu de lam co sdKQH Trong day hpc, ttidi lupng tiet hpc cd han, GV can chpnramptvai ddkien dien hinh, ehinh xac^dadupc cae nha khoa hpe ehdng minh ttong ttiuc tien 'Nhiem vucua HS.Khimdi batdau ren luyen, HS tiep nhaneacddkientt>GV;saudd,tt/tim toi,tap hep cac du kien nh^m KQH dudi suhudng d i n cua GV hoactt/KQH Bude giup HS tang cudng nquon tri ttiuc cho ban ttian,t£p hpp dupe cac ddkien de tten hanh so sanh, thuc hien KQH * K23 - Khoa Sinh hoc • Tnrung Bai bpc Stf pham Ha Npi Tap chi Gido due so 369 39 Vidu /.Dephat hien dupe cac quy luat di truydn, Menden da tien hanh hang toat cae ttii nghiem tten dau Ha Lan vdi cap tinh frang khae (hoa dd va hoa fr^g, hatttcfn va hat nhan, hat xanh va hat vang ), mdi thi nghiem la mot ddkien cung cap thdng tin cho nghien cdu eua dng 2.2 Xac dmh cac dac diem chung cua tap hgp dukien ban dau • Nhiem vu cua GV:Q'mh hudng eho HS phan tich cac dukien theo hudng khai quat ttiong qua cae cau hdi Neu HS v i n khdng dua dupc cau tra icri, G V sudung them cae eau hdi gpi md (lien^quan den cac tieu chi so sanh) Ban dau, GV lam mau,sau HS lam theo vatu lam •Nhiem vucua HS.Tien hanh so sanh eacdukien tiieo cactieuchidetimratinhehatchung, giong gida ehung budc nay, H S phai phan r/c/jdupc dae diem cua cac dukien, tap hpp eae dau hieu ehung eua nhdm ddkien, nhung dau hieu se giup HS xac djnh dupc ban chat eua suvat, hien tupng Vidu2:Men(3en tiiuc hien fjhep lai giua cay hoa dd ttiuan Chung vdi cay hoa tr^ng ttiuan chung thu dupc 100% F, la cay hoa do, sau dd, tien hanh lai F, vdi F,thu dupc Fj edti le phan ttnh 3:1 Ong lap lai thi nqhiem tuong tuvd^ ttnh trang khac deu tiiu dupc ketqua nay., 2.3 Xac dinh dac diem dien hinh, ban chai - W/j/emfu cua Gl/;Hudng dan HS quan sat cac dac diem chung, nhan dac diem bat bien, on dinh va lap laideacsu kien •Niiiem vucua^HS:T\eu hanh quan sat theo djnh hudng cua GV budc nay, HS ton^ hep nhung ttidng tin daphan tich, phan biet dac diem ehung ban chatvakhong ban chat Vidu 5;Td ket qua ttiu dupc d vi du 2, Menden xac dinh ban chat cua hien tupng la: - Moi tinh trangdeudo capnhan td'di tmyen quy djnh,trong te bao, cae nhan tddi tmyen khdng hda lin vao nhau; - Bo (me) chl tmyen cho (qua giao tu) tt^ng Ihanh vien cua cap nhan td'dltmyen; - Khitiiutinh, cae giao tukethpp vdi mdt each ngau nhlen tao eac giao tt) 2.4 Dien dat dieu cin khaiquattheo chude • Nhiem vu cua GV: Hudnp d i n HS diln dat dieu can khai quatttianhkhai niem khpa hpe b§ng cae eau hdi, ching lian: Td nhdng 401 Tgp chi Gido due so 369 dieu da phan tich (nhan xet), em nit ket luan gi? - Nhiem vucua MS: Su dung tJ" ngu, ttiuat ngu ehinh xacdedien dat van decan khai quat ttianh cac khai niem khoa hpc, sau do, dua khai niem vao he thd'ng de sddung Quatrinh nay, HS can dupc tien hanh qua nhieu budc vdi cac muc dp khac nhau: td don gian den phdc t£p,to/hpc lam theo den tt/luc ttiuc hien quatrinh KQH va dat dupc muc dich euacung la ehi dac diem chung, ban chat Day ehinh la ketqua eua quatrinh rruuft/pn^ftda.giupHS hinh thanhcac khainiem khoa hpc Vidu4:Sau kiem dinh gia thuyet tren, Menden da KQf-l suton tai va van dpng eua cac nhan todi truyen "quy luat phan ii" 2.5 Sudung ketqua vua khal quit dugc - Nhiem vu cua G V: H udng dan H S su dung ket qua vda khal quat vi qua frinh ttep ttiu tti tiiuc khdng chl bao gom td dudi len tren, td eac trudng hpp don le, bp phan den KQH ma edn eo dudng ngupc lai tu tren xuong, ti/cal chung den eai bp phan, don le Khi bietcai ehung, can nhin thay nd tmdng hgp cuthe •Nhiem vucuaHS:J\m cacvidu frong ttiuc tede ehdng minh ketqua vua tiiu dupc la dung, ket noi cac kien thdc ed lien quan hoac ap dung vao g i a i b a i ^ Qua budc nay, HS seed kien thuc to'ng quatvahe thd'ng ve chu de vda nghien cuu l//'c/i/,'Quy luat dupc hinh lam CO sd, nen tang cho viec phathien cac quy luatti§'p theo Vidu minh hpa: Neu sutuong tac eua eac cap gen quy djnh kieu hinh d F^ chuong II: Tinh quy luat cua hien tupng di truyen (Sinh hpc 12) 3.1 Neu dugc cac dukien dai dien G V dua ttidng tin:Trong quy luat phan 11 doc lap cua Menden, cho lai cap bo me tiiuan chijng khac vehai cap tinh trang tuong phan, thu dupc F^ gom 16 to hpp vditi le kieu hinh la 9:3:3:1 Tuy nhien, thi/c tecdn xuathien mptsd'tmdng hpp khac nhuttongso sau: litoencnilen — ^ Jl ^ ^ rtrang 111 11 [hf ' f 15:1/1-4:6:4:1 ] -(kil-11/2015) Dua vao thong tin tren, hay njt ket luan ve quy iuat tac dong cua cac cap gen ien si/phan li itieu hinh OF,? 3.2 Xac djnh cac dac diem chung cua t^ hop di?*/Sn6anifau.GVdlndat:Haysosanht;iephan li kieu hinh FJ cac tn/cmg hop tiiong tac bo sung, tuong tac at che, tuong tac cgng gop vol va vcti trucmg hcfp cua Menflen? HS: Giong Khac So sanh vSi fi 16 phin ll ki^u | - „ - ^ r h , , '^ So sanh vm hMih cua Menden | F;lhui]i/ac1GtDhQp Sil van dpng cua NST tuJn Iheo quy luat phan li doc lap Hai hoSc nhieu gen quy dmh mot finh fiang, hai Moi gen quy dlnh mOt bnh gen tac dpng lln quy trang alen trgi Ici troi hotin toan ^nh mot Hnh tang, theo su l^c dong ma cO bieu liien fi le kieu hmh kh^c Hinh IhCc bi^u hifin hay fi 16 phan li ki^u hinh t F? chimg minh duoc tinh hieu quavakhathi, giup HS CO cai nhin khai quat ve kien thuc da duoc hpc {11 Nguyen Quang Uan (chu bien) Tam li hoc dai cuoTiB NXB G["rio