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REN Kl NANG DAT GAU VA GHllA lOl VE G H O NGH, VI NGll CHD HOG SINH LliP OTRONG MON HOG TIENG VIET P H A M TH! NHAI'''' Abstract Like human language in general, the Vietnamese sentence is an important me[.]
REN Kl NANG DAT GAU VA GHllA lOl VE GHO NGH, VI NGll CHD HOG SINH LliP OTRONG MON HOG TIENG VIET P H A M TH! NHAI' Abstract: Like human language in general, the Vietnamese sentence is an important means ot communication in society and the stuff of artistic creation - language arts, contributing to showing ifie sophistication, flexibility in conveying the creator's message On the other hand, the Vtetnamest sentence is inextricably linked with awareness activities and thlnlung of Viet Nam, bearing the nalart of thinking and lifestyle of the Vietnamese Therefore, using the Vietnamese, studying the Vietnamese, it's essential to learn to understand, to feel the " people's spirit" Keywords: Vietnamese subjects , students, asking C ung nhu ngon nga cua loai ngirdi noi chung, cau tieng Viet (TV) la mot phuong tien giao tiep quan trpng xa hpi va Iachat lieu eua sang tao ngh& thuat - nghe thuat ngon td, gdp p^han the hien sutinh te, uyen chuyen viec chuyen tai thong diep cua ngudi sang tao Mat khac eau TV g§n bdchat die vd^ hoat dpng nhan thdc vatu duy, mang dau an ve n^'p nghTva nep song cua ngudi Viet Vi the'i su dung cau TV, hoc TV phai hieu duoc, cam nhan duoc phan "linh hon dan tpc" dd Trong qua trinh giang day, nhiem vu cua giao vien (GV) day N3O van ndi chung va day phan mdn TV ndi rieng la ratquan trang, giup hpc sinh (HS)tiep thu kien thdc cung nhutu chinh xac,_cd kTnang giao tiep va viet van.Tuy nhien tren tti ucte.sd'gid dgy TV,cuthelarenkTnangdatcauvasLral6lvechungu' va vj ngucho HS dat hieu qua chua cao Trong qua trinh day hpc, chung tdi thay kTnang datcau va chda loi cau cua HS cdn chua tot Nhieu HS thudng td lung tung dupe GV yeu eau dat cau; tham chi ca datcau, H S cung khdng xae dinh d\jqc la eau dddung hay saivematngdphap Hoatdgng tren Idp la hoat dpng giao tiep gida thay vdi trd, neu HS ndi chua cau thi giao tep khdng dat dupc muc dich, gid hoc khdng mang lai hieu qua Mat khac, HS ldp mdi chuyen tu ldp len nen chua cd nhieu thdi gian de thich nghi nhanh vdl cac phuong phap hoc tap mdi Mot bp phan H S nang li/c han che nen cham hieu, cac em hgc tap thy ddng, chua tich cue, viec chuan bi bai chua tot; dac bietia kha nan_g nam batve eau vacach chda loi cua khdng it HS van cdn mo ho, chua eh^c chin: ed nhdng em khdng xac dinh duoc I6i sai cau va khong biet each sua cau dung Chiing tdi thudng gap bai viet cua cac em nhdng loi nhu sau: 30 nham trang ngd la chu ngd, chua cdchu ngd, chua bietphat hien loi sai, chua chira dupc nguyen nhan vachdadupcldi, 2.Ren kTnang d a t c a u OeHS cdkha nang datcau dung,hanch&'nhi sai sot qua trinh HS su dung viec dat cau giao tiep va luyen tap tren Idp,dac biet la cac kiem tra; GV nen giup HS hieu rd: ^ v 2.1 Cau can phai viet tiling vdi quy tac n^tf phap TV Cau diing ngdphap TV la cau cddaydij; haithanh phan ndng cot la chu ngu(C)vavin9e(\f, Vi the, yeu cau dau tien doi vert viec dat cau Id ptiai(^ cau dung vdi quy tac TV C h i n g han: ( n Trdi/mua C V (2) Ne'u trdi mua / thi chung ta / khdng di cam trai nua V2 Cl V1 (3) Miia xuan de'n /chim chdc/riu ritbavve • C V C V Tr C Day la nhdng cau dupc dat dung vdi quy tac dat cau TV: Cau (1) la eau cd mpi ket cau chu - vi (C-V) dupc ggi la cau don; Cau (2) la cau cd hon nnfit ke! cau C-V, dd khdng cd ket cau C-V na^tiao ham ketcau C-V dupc gpi la cau ghep; Cau (5) la cau cung cd hcfn mot ket eau C-V nhung chi co mptkel cau C-V lam ndng cot, ketcau C-V lai larnthanli phan cau, dupc gpi la cau md rpng phamp Tuy nhien, cac quy t i c ngdphap cua TV qua trinhsudungvlncdsulinh hoat uyen ehuyen manhftiS trudng hop sau day secho chdng ta hieu r5ht|n deco thenam chac hon vavan dung vao each datcaiivax* * Tmong Tning hoc ca sd Khirang Thir^ng Tap chi Gide due so 379 (kil'4 dinh cau chinh xac Vi vay, n i m chac cac tardng hpp sau, HS se cd nhung kTnang dat cau, phan biet cau cung nhu chda loi hieu qua hon Phan Idn cac cau TV ddi hoi phai cd day du hai phan ndng cot la C va V Tuy the, hoan canh sudung cu the, ngudi ta cdthedung cau dac biet (cau khdng phan djnh ttianh phan hay khdng cau tao itheo mo hinh cum C -V), cau nit gpn (cau bi tinh lupc di mptthanh phan nao do) Vidu nhung cau dac biet: ;Mua,Muaxuan, HoacnhungcaunJtgpn sau (ttianh iphan da bi tinh lupc cho gpn) Vidu:{^) (2) '• (3) -Anh di dau day? -Di hpc (tinh luge chu ngii) - Alia chu nha d i y ? •Jo\ (tinh luge vingilj - Anh ay di hdm nao? • f - Hdm qua (tinh luge ca chu ngttvi vingO) Trong pham viciu:+Trattugiua hai ttianh phan mdng cdtthdng thudng la chungi/6(mg tnide vingO' iVidu: - Em i hoc jy ', C V Trat tu cac phan khac: Trang ngiicua cau pcdvi trituong dd'i tudo (tuytheo dieu kien khach quan ;vadyng ycua ngudinoi).*C6thediingadaucau.Y\ du'.-NgiyrnaiAoinghJhqc'.-Cdthedun^agiuaciu, ivi du; Tdi, mai, nghi hpc; - Co the dutig a cuoi cat;, vi du: Tdi nghi hpc, mai • DengOcua ciu thudng co vi tri ddng dau cau, vi dy:G/au, tdi cung giau roi , - Phan chuyen frepthudng dung ddau cau, vi du: "( ) Noi torn lai, chung ta dang gap nhieu khd khan - Phan ho - tfap dtrong cau thudng cd hai vi tri la: jOau cau; - Nam ai, lai day; hoac cud'i cau: - Lai day, 'Nam oil - Phan phu chuXhddng di kem vdi tu m a nd jbosung, giai thich Vi du: Nguyin Du, tac gia truyen Kieu, la nhattio Idn cua dan tpc ; MatkhacdeHScdkhanangvaphuong phap tot i,vl kTnang dat cau dung, chinh xac va khdng sai ve imat ngu nghTa, can luu y: 2.2 Cau phai CO quan he ngif nghta phu hgp ydi tu ngudi Wef Trong quatrinh datcau, 'ngudivietngoaiviecluuydenyeueauvietdiingngu ^phap TV, cdn phai chu y den iquan he ngif nghia 'giifa cac tu ngi? cau Chang han, nhung cau ^nhu; Cai ban tron vuong; Cii ban gSniy lam \bing sit la nhihig cau cd quan he ngu nghTa npi 'tai khdng hop logic ndi chung vl nhung cau mau tliuan ve cac net nghTa Cho nen viet cau phai chu y cho cac net nghTa cau khdng dupc mau thuan Tinh khdng mau ttiuan giifa cac net nghTa cua td ngOtrong cau the hien ddiem sau:-Cau phan anh dung quan he the gidi khach quan NhOhg cau phan anh khdng diing hien ttiuc khach quan la nhdng cau sai Vi du: Truyen Kieu" la mdt kiet tae eua Nguywi Cdng Hoan {la mgt cau sai), 2.3 Quan he giua cac phan cau, cac cau phai hgp /op/c Nhdng cau cd quan he khdng hop logic la nhung cau sai Vi du; "Vi trdi nang nen dudng lay ldi" {li mgt ciu sal); - Quan he giua cac ttianh phan dang lap phai laquan hedong toai Nhung cau cdcac phan thupc eac loai khac la nhung cau sai Vidu: Ngudi ch ien sTbjhaivetttiuong, mdt vet a ben dui trai va m dt vet d Quang Trj (la mgt ciu sal) Mat khac, ddi vdiHS, viec xac dinh vahieu rove tac dung cua cac dau cau la dieu ratquan trpng vi ne'u nam chdc tac dung cua cac dau cau ttii khidat cau va sudung eau segiup HS hieu rd hon vey nghTa cua cau Do vay, HS se cd kT nang xae dinh va dat cau chinh xae; nghTa la: cau phai dupc danh da'u cau phu hpp H i n ngudi Viet Nam cdn nhd cau chuyen tie'u lam vemptquan huyen phe don lidj "Cho venha, lay chong mdi khdng duoc dvdi chong cu"; Ngidung cua cau rat khae tuythupe vao viec, vi tri dat da'u phay cau C h i n g han: "Cho venha, lay chong mdi, khong duoc avoichong cQ' thi ndi dung cua cau hoan toan ngupc lai so vdi "Cho ve nha, lay chong mtirt khdng dupc, dvdi chong eu" Do do, dat cau, ngudi viet phai dac biet chu y de'n viec dat dau cau lam cho cac quan he ve ngd phap, ngu nghTa duoc tach bach, rorang, tranh cho ngudi dpe cdttie hieu sai y nghTa cua cau Trong TV hien sd diing mdt so loai da'u cau chu yeu s a u ; / ; Dau cham: Diing de danh dau su ketthuc cua cau tran thuat; 2} Dau cham hoi Dung de danh dau cau nghi van; 3} Dau cham lung: Diing de bieu thi Idi ndi bi n g i t quang vi xuc ddng; SLT hai hudc; su keo dai am thanh; khoang each ve thdi gian; dieu ngudi ndi chua ndi het (dau cham lung dattrong ngoac don, ngoac vudng (, )[, ] diJng de'bie'u thi Idi dan true tiep bi lupc bd mdtsd' cau); 4} Dau cham phay Dung de phan each cac phan tuong dd'i dpc lap cau; 5) Da'u chim than: Diing de danh dau cau cam than hoae cau cau khien (dau cham than ddi dat cung da'u cha'm h6i(? !) de bleu thi thai dp mia mai, cham biem); e^Dat/n^anfirca'c/?: Dung dephan biet Tap chi Giao due so 379 (kil-412016) 31 phan chem xen, dattmoc nhflng ldi doi thoai, cac bp phan iiet ke; 7J Dau hai cham: Dung cte bao hiSu diiu trinh bay tiep Iheo m a n j y nghia giai thich, thuyetminh, bao hieu ldi trich dan true tiep, ldi doi thoai; 8) Dau ngoac dan: Dung de tach cac phan CO tac dung giai thich, bo sung; dong l