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CHU TRONG TiNH THIET THITC TRONG NDI OONG OAY NGHE CHO PHO NO KHMER VONG flONG RUNG SONG CUll LONG T H E O H i N H THIJfC G I A O DUC T H l T d N G X U Y E N NGUYEN THI N G O C T H A O '''' Abstract The[.]
CHU TRONG TiNH THIET THITC TRONG NDI OONG OAY NGHE CHO PHO NO KHMER VONGflONGRUNG SONG CUll LONG THEO H i N H THIJfC GIAO DUC T H l T d N G XUYEN N G U Y E N THI N G O C T H A O ' Abstract: The article mentions the characteristics in learning of Khmer women ethnic group in Mekong Delta The research shows that Kltmer women face many challenges in learning, so most of them get low results The author proposes measures to enhance quality of vocational education with aim to help Khmer women increase the efficiency in learning and apply what they learn into their real life Keywords: vocational training; Khmer women; Mekong Delta; education regular D ong baodantgcKhmervung Dong bang song Cuu Long (DBSCL) ehiem den 94% td'ng dan sd dong bao dan toe Khmer ca nudc, udc tinh khoang tren 1.260.640 ngudi; sdng chu yeu dcactinh:SdcTrang,TraVinh,Kien Giang, An Giang, BEIC Lieu, Ca Mau, VTnh Long, Can Tho, Hau Giang Bong bao dan tgc Khmer nhan dugc su quan tam dae bietcua Dang va Nha nude ve nhieu mat, ddcdchinh sach uu tien day nghe (DN) Cdng tac DN cho lao dgng ndng thdn ndi chung, ed phu nLr(PN) Khmer dvung DBSCL thdi gian qua dugc thuc hien rdng rai theo hinh thdcgiao due thudng xuyen (6DTX) da mang lai nhieu ket qua dang ke, gdp phan xoa ddi giam ngheo cho ngudi dan Tuy nhien, nhdng Idp DN van cdn nhieu khd khan, bat cap, ketqua dat thap, khanang ung dung vaothuc te san xuait cdn nhieu han che, chua tao duge nhieu thu hge tap dd'i vdi hpc vien (HV), Trong DN iheo hinh thde GDTX, HV can dugc lam ro: Hgc caigi? Hgc no co lai ich gi? Vi vay, ndi dung DN phai la nhdng gi thiet than vdi cugc song hang cua ban than va gia dinh H V, cung nhu d l dang dng dung vao thue te Trong pham vi bai viet, ehung tdi de xuat mdt so bien phap dam bao tinh thiet thuc ndi dung DN cho PN Khmer vungDBSCL.^ Oac diem hgc tap cua PN Khmer vung DBSCL Khi tiep can phan tich d gdc dp gidi, gdc dp van hoadantdc.PNKhmervungDBSpLcdnhungdac diem anh hudng den viec hgc nghe nhu: (ki2-4/2016) / / (Tgoc tiep can gidi: - Ve vai tro quan trgng iao dgng sin xuat PN Khmer vung ndng thdn DBSCL cd vai trd rat quan trgng phattrien kinh tegia dinh Dac biet, do'ivcfl hau he'tcac nghethu cdng tmyen thong, ngudi PN ddng vai trd chu dao so vdi nam gidi, nhu nghe dan dat, det chieu, detvai, lemi gom; cung mgtsdnghe ndng nghiep tren qui mo nhd nhu trdng rau mau, lua, chan nudi Vivay, PN cdnhieu kinh nghiem lien quan den lao dpng san xuat cd the phat huy tot hpc nghe Day la dac diem thuan Igi hgc nghe cua PN Khmervung DBSCL, - Ve trinh hgc van thong Do anh hudng cua djnh kien gidi nen da so PN Khmer cd trinh hpc van thdng rat thap va thap hon nam gidi gia dinh, tinh tran^g mu chd va tai mu van cdn bien dd'i vdi lua tudi sau 35 Nhieu PN Khmer khdng the dgc va viet chd tieng Viet va ehd tieng Khmer, vi vay kha nang tiep thu va ghi nhd bai hpc rat han ehe Day la rao can hpe nghe eua PN Khmervung DBSCL - l^e Cam/): PN Khmer chi quen vdi viec npltrg, rat dedat khitiepnhan cac tie'n bdkTthuatmdi;tf)Udngc6 tam li maecam, e de, thu dgng, thieu tutin hpc tap ddng ngudi, ket qua hgc tap thudng thap nen cd tam li ehan nan, mudn bd hoc Day la dac diem bat Igi hpc nghe cua dditugnq - Vedieukien dihgcnghe: FN Khmervudng ban viec cham sdc gia dinh, nudi day eon va phai lao dpng * Tnrons Cao dang ngtie Soc Trang Tap chi Gido due so 380 29 kie'm sdng nen k h d s ^ xep thdigian tham gia Idp hoc nghe, viec hpc tap ehi la thd yeu Ben canh do, nhin chung gia dinh vacdng dong dan tdc Khmervan cdn xem nhe vai trd cua ngudi PN vigc tham gJa phattrien kinh te vacac hoatdgng cdng dong nen van thudng uu tien cho nam gicri tham gia cae Idp hgc nghe hon la eho ngudi PN gia dinh Day cung la trdngaiti-onghpc nghecuaPNKhmervungDBSCL 1.2.6goc tiep can van hoa dan tgc: ehi lamgt eong doan nao dd eua mgt nghe, theo nhu eau cua H V, cung_ la nhu eau eua xahgi Vivay, chi^ong trinh DNdugecautnie theo cac module, tidu module la rat phu hgp d e D N eho PN Khmer vide dang c ^ nhat ndi dung, cung nhudap ung nhu eau hoc ngfi^ cua HV - Vengon nfirf/Nhieu PN Khmerchua ndi thdng thao tieng Viet hau het giao vien (G V) DN cho dditugng lai la ngudi Kinh khdng biet ndi tieng Khmer Subat dong ngdn ngirgiiJa ngudi day - ngudi hge la rao can lam cho viec tiep thu kien thdc cua PN Khmer cang them han che, Rao can lam cho HV de chan nan, ed tam li sg hpc, eang thang, mud'n bd hoc Ket qua phan tieh edng viee la hinh dugc danh mue kTnang nghe^can thiet Tuong dng vcSmfii cdng viec dugc phattrien ttianh mgt module vdl quy trinh kTthuat duge sap xep theo cac budc mdtcach logicvaxay dung ngi dung DN cuthe, can chuy den ca kien thuc, kTnang,thai do, phuong tien,dung cu nhat djnh de H V cd the thuc hien dugc tdt cdng viec, trongddchuynhieudentieuchriamdugc"tdclachLiy thuc hanh ren luyen kTnang nghe Vivay, ngidung DN phai dam baotilethuc hanh chiem itnhat70%tOTgth£j lugng dao tao, Khixay dung,phat tri&i cac chuongtrinh DN,can tiep can theo nang luc thgchien, dua tren viecmotava phantich cong viec, chutrgng vao nhiing gimangLfcd - Ve 6^ song van hoa tinh than:PU Khmervung hgc ed the lam dugc tai ncfi lam viec Tung phieu phan DBSCLcdythdc dan toe ratcao, cdtinh thatthachat tieh edng viecthehien day du cac ngi dung:mdtac6ng' phac, nghe theo vatin theo nhung dieu mat thay; song viec; cac budc thgchien cdngviec; tieu chuan thuc hien' don gian, tinh nghTa, thuy chung, rat phdng khoang tung budc; dung cu, trang thietbi, nguyen vat lieu chinli nhunglaiditutimaccam,Vivay,PN Khmer khdng dethuc hien eong viec; kie'n thdc can cd dethuc hien thieh nghe 11 thuyet sudng; thudn_g tudanh gia thap budc cdng viec; kTnang can ed dethuc hien budc cong nang luc hgc tap cua ban than, de mac earn v6 dieu viec; thai can cd de thuc hien budc cdng viec; cac quyet dinh, tin hieu va ldi thudng gap kien kinhtegia dinh - Ve y thiic va dgng ca hgc nghe: PN Khmerndi rieng, dong bao dan tdc Khmervung DBSCL ndi chung sdng thien ve tinh than hon la vat chat, tin vao sdphan la cd phude mcS duge lam giau nen thudng quan tam viec lam phudc tich due hon la viec hpc hdi de nang eao hieu qua lao dpng san xuat va tich cdp cua eai delam giau Do ddi song edn nhieu khd khan, vda lao ddng san xuat lai phai eham lo eho gia dinh nen nhu cau, dgng cohpc nghecua PN Khmerchua cao Thieu dpng co hgctap la mgt rao can rat Idn cua chinh ban than ngudi PN Khmertrong viec hpc nghe Cac bien phap dam bao tinh thiet thuc cua ngi dung DN cho PN Khmer vung DBSCL 2.1 Thiet ke chuang trinh DN theo cau trdc module.Tnidc nhung khd khan han chetrong hgc tap cua PN Khmer tai cac Idp DN theo hinh thdc GDTX, chuong trinh DN dugc thiet ke'theo eau true module la phu hop nhat Mgt_ehuong trinh DN dugc cau tnic bdi nhieu module Moi module bao gom mgt hoac nhieu tieu module, hay don nguyen hgctap, la mgt chinh the dam bao tinh tich hc^, trpn ven nh&m giai quyettran ven mgt nhiem vu hoae edng viec cu the sau khidahpcxong module haytieu module d d Trong dd, ngi dung hgctap cua PN Khmertai cac Idp DN theo hinh thdc GDTX la cac nghe hep, tham ehi 30 Tap chi Gido due so 380 Chuong trinh DN theo cau triic module neu du camyc tieu, ngi dung, phuong phap day hgc, cdngcLi danh gia, c^eu kien thuc hien vahudng dan thuc hien, Trong dddacbietquantam hai yeu tola: _- Vemijc tieu, chuong trinh DN vatrong mdi module cua chuong trinh phai neu mufi tieu ro rang, chinh xac, cu the, dddang quan sat dugc, dugc de G V va H V xac dinh dugc dau cua ca qua trinh day va hgc ddi vdi tung module Myc tieu bao gom ca kie'n thde, kT nang va thai dd, dd nhan manh muctieu kTnang-cho bietHV cdkha nang lam dugc viec gi eu the sau hgc, Cac muc tieu cung la CO sdde danh gia HVcdthda man dugc yeu cau dao tao hay khdng Ndi each khac, chuong trinti DN theo cau tnjc module chti trgng de'n san pham dau ra, khac vdi thiet ke chuong trinh DN kieu truyen thdng dugc xay dung td chuong, bai GV djnh cho ngudi hgc, Vdi each tiep can nay, co sdDN xac djnh duge nen day nhOng gi va day nhuthe nao cho ngudi hgc de dap ung dugc nhu eau eua xa hpi, hay ngudi sudung lao ddng sau Dieu dam bao ket qua cua chuong trinh DN rd rang, chinh xac va (ki2-4/2016) dap ung yeu cau eua thj tn/dng lao dgng; HV d i dang van dung duge kien thuc, kTnang vaofriuc tesan xuat sau hgc xong module, nang eao tinh hieu qua vecamat dao tao vave kinhte Day chinh la diem uu viet dao tao theo nang luc thuc hien vi gan lien trach nhiem dao tao cua cosdDN vdi yeu cau cua thj tn/dng lao dgng 22 Xay dung ngi dung DN vua stie, "hgc di doi vdi hanh" Ngi dung DN can dugc xay dung mgt each phong pliu, da dang va linh hoat, su dung duge eho "day hgc ca nhan hoi' vdi nh jp rien^ tti ude vao nhu eau, kien Ihuc nen, kinh nghiem san cd va dieu kien hge tap cua mdi HV, theo quan diem lay HV iam tnjng tam - Ve ngidung, can dam bao sau H V hpc xong tung module hoae ca chuong trinh DN theo eau tnic module thi se ed nhCmg thay doi tieh cue ve nang luc nghe nghiep tren ca mat: kien thde, kT nang va thai Cuthe nhu: -Can cd nhieu loai chuong trinh vdi khung thdi gian dai, ng&n khac Ngay mgt chuong trinh cung can linh hoat ve ndi dung dao tao, dam bao tinh thich ung, linh hoat cao ve khdi lugng kie'n thde, kT nang va mdc dat dugc eua HV; -Do mdi module vatieu module cdtinh tich hop vatinh trgn ven nen cijng cd tinh ddc lap tuong ddi Vivay, cac modulevatieu module chuong trinh DN cdtheduge phan bo theo kieu to hgp (ne'u ndi dung cdtinh dge lap cao) hoac dugc phan bo tiieo trinh tunghiem ngat jneu ngi dung cd lien quan chat che nham hudng dan HVthue hien cac budc cdng viec mang tinh trinh tu, nhu quy trinh kTthuat) tuytheo md'i quan he eua nhiem vu vacdng viec;Tren co sd thuc tiin giang day cua GV va qua ket qua danh gia ve mdc dap ung nhu cau thue te cua HV sau hoan tat khoa hge, can xem xet, chinh sua, bo sung ngidung DN dephan anh kjp thdi thuc tien van dgng phattrien cua nghe nghiep Viec lam khdng nen mang tinh djnh ki, ma can duge thue hien can thiet ne'u xac dinh dugc ndi dung da lae hau can cap nhat; - Ngidung DN khdng yeu cau eao ve trinh hgc van phothdng va nen phu hgp vdi nang luc hgc tap cd nhieu han ehe cua HV; - Ngi dung DN phu hgp vdi eae hinh thdc to ehde day hge da dang va khdng qua dai; - Ndi dung ehuonp trinh DN khdng buoc HV du hpc day du nhu ddi vdi hpc sinh sinh vien hpc nghe chinh quy, ma danh gia dua vao nang lue thue hien cua HV Nhuvay, neu HV da cd kinh nghiem vevan de hpc tap ttii cdthe tuhpc bang_nhieu each thuc khac nhau, chi yeu cau dattrong mdi lan kiem tra Neu chua dat thi phai hpc lai ngi dung hpc tap do; - Bd cdng cu kiem tra, danh gia dugc xay dung gdm nhieu dang vdi khd khae de phan loai HV.Dedanh gia ve kientillie, cdcac cau hdi v a i dap hoae trac nghiem De danh gia ve kTnang, cd eac bai tap thuc hanh da dang nhung chuyeu la bai tap nhdm nh^m phathuy tinh hgp tac va kh^c phuc nhung trd ngai cua ca nhan hgc tap Mgt dac trung dang chu y khac cua chuong trinh DN theo eau true module la tinhmdva linh hoat Nhd ddedthecapnhat,1haydoi,b6sung,t^eu chinh, phat trien cac don nguyen hgc tap m gt each d l dang cho phu hgp vdi suthay doi nhanh chdng cua tien bg kT thuat, phu hgp vdi yeu eau cua H V va dieu kien san xuat thue te eua tdng dja phuong Tinh m d va tinh linh hoat eua chuang trinh giup dap dng dugc nhu cau "can gi hgc nifj/' cua H V tn/dc thuc tien lao dgng san xuat thudng xuyen bien dgng, dong thdi giup thuc hien ca nhan hoa qua trinh dao tao duge thuan Igi hon Thdng qua viec xac dinh muc tieu can dat theo nhu eau, trinh vakha nang eua H V hoae nhu cau ngudisudung lao dgng, va qua viec danh gia H V ddau vao ma lua ehgn nhdng module thich hgp de dao tao, cung nhu giup eho viec hgc tap dugc thuc hien ttieo nhjp rieng cua HV Chuong trinh DN ttieo cau tnjc module cdttiedugc phattrien ttieo hudng mdrgng tinh vuc hoatdgng nghe, hoac cdthe phat trien ttieo hudng nang cao trinh nghe, hay boi dudng cgp nhat tien bg kTthuat mdi cho ngudi da dugc dao tao Ben eanh dd, module mang tinh dgc lap tuong dd'i, moi lien he giua cac module khdng ttieo mdt thu tu tuyet ddi nen viec lua chgn module de hgc cung duge thuan Igi PN Khmer tai eac Idp DN theo hinh thuc GDTX rat da dang va khac ve bd'i canh cugc song,tud'i tac, trinh hgc van, Vivay, chuong trinh DN vdi tinh dgc tap tuong dd'ise tap ttiuan k;fi cho HV ehgn lua module, tieu module de hge, ttieo kien thdc, kinh nghiem, nhu cau va dieu kien cua tdng ngucri Chuong trinh DN ttieo cau true module cdn phu hgp vdi eac hinh thdc to chdc day hgc da dang, dac biet la phuong thuc "cam tay chi viec" cho PN Khmer tgi cac Idp DN theo hinh thdc GDTX Vdi nhung dac tn/ng neu tren, chuong trinh DN theo eau tnie module dac biet phu hgp vdi DN cho PN Khmer ttieo hinh ttidc GDTX (ki2-4/2016) Oedam bao ndi dung DN dugc van dung tdt vao tiiue te cugc sd'ng, can cau tnjc cho GV cd the thu hut suttiam gia eua HV mgt each tdi da vao qua trinh Tap chi Gido due so 380 31 hgctap.Cuthenhucdnhieu baitap,nhieu hoatddng hgctap g i n vdi nhdng van de lien quan tai cdng dong, hpc den dau luyen tap thuc hanh den dd, "hpc di dpi vdi hanh" de HV van dung kie'n thuc, kinh nghiem s i n covao nghien cuu cac noidung hgctap mcacua chuong trinh; yeu eau HVxac djnh dugc nguyen nhan vaarih hudng cua cac van de dd, de xuat bien phap khae phuc de gdp phan phuc vu phat trien nghe nghiep cgng dong Khi ap dung duge nhCmg gi dugc hpe tn/dng vao thuc tien, HV se cam thay hun g^ thu nen tich cue tim hieu sau rgng vede tai hpc tap de giai quyet nhung van de dat hpc tap va ddi song xahoi ehua dugc ban hanh tn/dc thi to chuc phan tich eong viec de lam ecr sdxay dung chuong trinh, _ Ben eanh dd, can chira cho HV thay sudau ti/va nd luc cua hg se dugc den dap xdng dang vi ehu de hoc tap ehinh la nhung gi thiet than vtS cugc swig hang cua ban ttian, gia dinh H V.Dieu ddsegiijp PNKhmercd dgng COttiueday ben vatudinh hudng tham gia hgc nghe de giai quyetvan dettong cupc sd'ng eua ehinh hg Chinh ddng eoben se thuc day HV thiet lap nhung muc dich hgctap va n6 lucthue hien dediden ttianh edng, ehd khdng phai suthuceptdben ngoai Nhu vay, HV hpc xong la lam dugc va lam tdt dieu da hpc, khdng phai hge xong m di tap lam Bien phap nh^m khae phuc ttiuc trang dao tao nghenhung HV khdng duoc hoac rat it duoc thuc hanh, va thue trangdaotaomakhdng dng dung dugc, rat lang phi 2.3 Xay dting ngidung DN co sudong thuan ciia HV vaxa hgi HhOng PN Khmer thudng ngai hgc tap nen hgchi cd ddng co hgc nghe, hgc thatsu nhin thay dugc Igi leh cua viee hgc nghecung nhu viec hgc khdng quakhddd'ivert hg, neu ngugc Iai hgse khdng di hgc, hoae se den Idp mgt each tiid o, tiiu dgng chi denhan duge cae khoan ho trg tiieo quy djnh ma khdng quan tam se hgc dugc gi Viecsudung chuongfrinhDN theo cau trucmodule latiiich hgp vacan ttiietti'ong DN eho PN Khmervichii trgng ren luyen nang luc ttiuc hanh, ddngtticStao si/ mem deo va linh hoat viec cap nhat chuong trinh, dap ung nhu cau "can gi hoc nay", vcfi phuongttii/cday hgc "cam tay chi viec" v a d i dang ung dung vaottiuttS' lao dgng san xuatcuaPN Khmer Nhung bien phap dl xuat tren neu dugc van dung dung vaphuiigpsegop phan die luc viee nang cao hieu qua hgc ngh^ cua PNKhmervungDBSCL, ddng thdi phathuy toi da CO sd vat chat, vat lieu ttiuc hanh san cd cpng ddngti'ongviec day va hgc nghe • Vi vay, ngi dung DN phai chinh H V lua chgn, phu hgp vdi kha nang vadieu kien thue hien cua H V dong thcri cung phu hgp vdi dieu kien KT-XH cua dia phuong va yeu cau thgc te cua thj tn/dng lao dpng Can lua chgn nhimg npi dung cd lien quan den kinh nghiem, nhung van de ma HV gap phai thue tien lao ddng san xuatva cd kha nang un^ dung eao vao giai quyet nhung van de thue tien lao dpng san xuat cua ehinh HV Vivay, phai gap gdva khao sat nhu cau hgc nghecua ngudldan vatim hieu nhu eau laodgng-vieclam ddja phuong Cdthesudung cac phuong phapnhunghien cull cae bao cao,tiidng ke.dieu tra bSng phieu^phdng van tn/c tiep, quan sat, toa dam thao luan, detiiu thap dugc nhieu thdng tin sau va thuc te, di den sudong thuan viee ehpn lua chu de hgc tap ^hu hgp Tai lieu tham khao NguySn Minh Dufifng (chii bifin) Module ki nfing h^nh nghe NXB Khoa hoc vd Kitiiu^t, H 1993 Bill Van Quan Thi^i ii^n^i dung mdn hpc ilieo tiip cdn module LuSn ^n tifi'n sT Gi^o due hoc, Trirdng Dai hpc Sir pham Ha Npi 2000 Phung Ran Bao cao khoa hpc clS tai cSp Bp "Nghien ciiu xay dirng chuang trinh dko tao mOI s6' ngh^ ph.6 bi^n cho liic luang Iao dOng dan tOc Khmer vung Ddng bang sOng Cuu Long", ma stf B0028-22-23 TD, TP H6 Chi Minh 2009 M^c van Ti^n (chu bien), Gido dMC ngh^cho nbdm do'i tinrng yeu the NXB Lao d^ng • Xd hpi, H 2010 Nguygn DtJc Tri Giao due hpc ngh^ nghiep - m^t sfl' va'n d^ II lu$n va thire t i i n NXB Khoa hgc vd Kl f/jK(Jr, H 2010 Bernadette Stiell - Ning Tang "Ethnic Minority Women and A c c e s s to the Labour Market in Leicester", Sheffield Hallam University - Leicester Cily Council - European Union 2008 Mark Tennant Psychology and Adult Learning, Routledge, London and New York 2006 Raymond A Noe Employee training & development Mc Graw - Hill International Edition 2008 Tdng cyc Thong ke Tdng diiu tra ddn s6vd nhd Viit Nam ndm 2009: Kit qud todn fe(3 2009 Sau tim hieu va da thoa thuan vdi HV, tien hanh thiet kechuong trinh va xay dung ngidung DN cuthe dap ung nhu cau vadieu kien hpe tap cua HV: - Tn/dng hgp chuong trinh DN da duge ban hanh tn/de tren co sdphan tich nghe, phan tich cdng viec thi chi can chinh sua, bosung hoae ehgn Ipc ndi dung day hgc eho phu hgp vdi yeu cau thuc te'cua tung khoa hgc eu the; -Trudng hgp chuong trinh DN 321 Tgp chi Gido due so 380 (ki 2-4/2016) ... nghecua PN Khmerchua cao Thieu dpng co hgctap la mgt rao can rat Idn cua chinh ban than ngudi PN Khmertrong viec hpc nghe Cac bien phap dam bao tinh thiet thuc cua ngi dung DN cho PN Khmer vung... d Trong dd, ngi dung hgctap cua PN Khmertai cac Idp DN theo hinh thdc GDTX la cac nghe hep, tham ehi 30 Tap chi Gido due so 380 Chuong trinh DN theo cau triic module neu du camyc tieu, ngi dung, ... thuc "cam tay chi viec" cho PN Khmer tgi cac Idp DN theo hinh thdc GDTX Vdi nhung dac tn/ng neu tren, chuong trinh DN theo eau tnie module dac biet phu hgp vdi DN cho PN Khmer ttieo hinh ttidc