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TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM SS 7(85) nam J DE XUAT DOI VOfI DAY HOC VA KIEM TRA DANH GIA NANG Lire HOA HQC 6 BAC PHO THONG DU''''aNG BA VO'''', D A O THj HOANGi HQ| TOM T A T Dgy hoc vd kiim tra ddnh gid bg[.]
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM SS 7(85) nam J DE XUAT DOI VOfI DAY HOC VA KIEM TRA DANH GIA NANG Lire HOA HQC BAC PHO THONG DU'aNG BA VO', D A O THj HOANGi HQ| TOM T A T Dgy hoc vd kiim tra ddnh gid bg mon Hoa hge a bgc thong tgi Viit Nam trd thdi gian qua co thi coi nhu chu yiu la gidng dgy vd ddnh gid vi^ khoa hge Hoa hge vM ndng luc linh todn Kit qud la kiin thitc Hoa hoc hdn Idm nang ni lam hoc sinh kho tiif^ thu vd CO thi lam gidm thii cua hge sinh vdi mon khoa hoc ndy Vdi thuc trgng gid^ due Hoa hoc bgc phd thong a Viet Nam ddi chiiu vdi nhitng kinh nghidm tir quoc ti; gUa\ di xudt coi dgy hge Hoa hge Id giao due Hoa hoc, ddng thdi di xudt doi mdi ngi dung" kiim tra ddnh gid theo hudng giao due Hoa hoc Id ngi dung chu yiu cua bdi viit ndy Tit khda: day hpc Hoa hpc, giao due Hoa hpc, Iciem tra danh gia ABSTRACT Solutions for teaching Chemistry and assessing Chemistry competence in high schools Teaching chemistry and assessing Chemistry competence in high schools in Vietnam have been considered as teaching and assessing Chemical science and calculation competence for a long time As a result, heavy academic Chemistry knowledge has bee difficult for students to absorb, which demotivates them in their studying of this subject Based on Vietnamese Chemical education context and international experiences, it is suggested that Chemistry leaching should be reformed as Chemistry education, and the assessment should be changed toward Chemistry education as well Keywords: Chemistry teaching, Chemistry education, assessment Mot so nhan dinh ve thirc tr^ng giao due Hoa hQC a Viet Nam Hoa hpc la mon khoa hpc H thuyet va thirc nghiem, co nhieu moi lien he vdi thuc tien cuoc song Thong qua qua trinh day hpc Hoa hpc a truang thong, ben canh viec cung cap nhung tri thuc ve khoa hpc Hoa hpc, giao vien (GV) co the phat trien nhiing n^ng luc can thiet cho hpc sinh (HS) nhu nang luc tu duy, nang luc sang tao Tuy vEiy, qua trinh day hpc Hoa hpc a Viet Nam mpt so bat cap, dac biet la giai doan chuan bi chuyen giao sang chuang trinh giao due thong mai (sau nam 2018) Trong sach giao khoa Hoa hpc thong hien viet ngan gpn, sue tich nhung tap trung nhieu vao kien thuc ca ban ve khoa hpc Hoa hpc; phSn lien he thuc tiln ditqc dua vao it, khong cap nhat Phdn phdi thdi lugng dgy hoc Hoa hge trung hoc ph6 thong (THPT) ki^ it (khoang 2,5 tiet/tuan) Vai thoi lupng nhu vay, kho dam bao viec to chuc day hpc theo dinh huong tang cuong thuc hanh, gan k^t thuc tien, day hpc tich hpp lien mon npi dung kiem tra danh gia van tap trung nhi^u vao li thuylt co ban va tinh toan Vi?c Hhi 'is, Trud-ng Dai hpc Su- pham TPHCM; Email: vudb@hcmup.edu.vn " NCS, TruP'ng Bai hoc Paderborn, Du-c 58 TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Ducmg Bd Vu vd tgk mdi phurang plidp dgy hoc Hda hoc hien cdn hinh thirc, chii ylu phuc vu cho viec tham gia cdc ki thi GV gidi cac cdp Nguyen nhan sau xa chinh la dp luc day hpc Hda hpc dap img cdc ki thi: Thi hpc ki, thi tuyin sinh cao ddng-dai hoc vd gdn ddy la thi THPT QuIc gia Vdi cdc ki thi thi npi dung kilm tra ddnh gid cd the dugc xem la cd van de Ddi vdi mdn Hda hoc nhiing nam gdn day, cdc dl thi cao ddng-dgi hpc vd THPT QuIc gia cd chu y din kit hgp Hda hpc va thyc tiin, nhung khdng nhieu Da so cdc cdu hdi nhdn manh vdo cac li thuylt vl khoa hpc Hda hoc ca bdn Cdc cau hdi khd nham phan loai HS Iai tap trung vao nhiing cdu hdi tinh toan mang tinh ddnh dd Cd the li gidi vdn de dua tten npi dung vd cdch thirc day hoc Hda hoc phi thdng hien Ben canh dd, chinh quan dilm chi dgo vl ndi dung kilm tta danh gid, ciing vdi nhdn thirc vd thdi quen cua bd phan dl thi da day Hda hpc di xa vdi ban chdt ciia no Vd dilu te hai la chinh nd Iai chi phli ngugc lai viec dgy Hda hpc d trudng phd thdng theo quan diem khdng tich cue: Thi gi, day Vay, nen xdc dinh lai cdc vdn dl tudng nhu dem gidn nhung khdng dl trd ldi: muc tieu dgy Hda hpc va npi dung kilm tra ddnh gid kiln thiic Hda hpc nen id gi? Mot so vdn de ciia giao due Hoa hoc tren thl gioi va Idnh nghiem cho Viet Nam 2.1 "Khung hoang khoa hpc" d cdc nudc phdt triin va viec xdc dinh lgi muc tieu dgy hoc Hda hoc Theo kinh nghiem thl gidi thi cudc khung hoang khoa hpc da xudt hien d nhieu nudc phdt ttiln nhu Uc, Hoa Ki vd cac nudc chdu Au [1, 5, 6] Tir "khiing hodng" cdc nha giao dye su dung nhdm md ta su gidm sut ddng kl lugng HS dang ki hoc cdc mdn khoa hpc sau thdi gian hpc tap bat budc d bgc trung hpc co sd, dd co mdn Hda hoc Tu ban than vdn dl ndy se khdng phai id nghiem trpng nlu nhu chiing ta khong xem xet nd dang xdy ttong bdi canh cac nudc cd sy gia tang nhanh chdng nhu cdu ve khoa hpc vd cdng nghe Vi thl, da cd nhilu ldi keu gpi cai cdch dugc thuc hien d cdp dp quoc gia va khu vuc, chang hgn nhu Hpi thdo "Thiic ddy day hpc khoa hoc - Nhimg gi cdn phai 1dm?" (Boosting science leaming - What will it take?) ciia Hpi ding Uc Chau vl nghien cim gido due (Australian Council for Educational Research) [5]; hay Du an PARSEL vl Thuc day gido due khoa hge vd tang cudng su yeu thich va lien quan cua day vd hpc khoa hpc (Popularity and Relevance of Science Education for Sciemific Literacy-PARSEL) ciia cdc nudc chdu Au [6] Dilu luu y chiing ta cdn phai ddi mdi day hpc cdc mdn khoa hpc tu nhien ndi chung vd mdn Hda hoc ndi rieng cho thu hut HS va khiln cdc em tilp tuc chpn hpc cdc mdn ndy d cap hpc cao hon Viec dgy va hpc Hda hpc ndi rieng vd cac mdn khoa hpc ndi chung tgi Viet Nam dang ggp mpt sd vdn dl rdt gidng vdi cdc nudc chdu Au, nhu nhan dinh sau ddy bdo cdo ciia IJy ban chdu Au vl viec syt giam sd lugng cdc nhd khoa hpc d chau Au md nguyen nhan chinh ndm d gido due khoa hpc: "Gido due khoa hoc dang tu cd lap vdi gido due vd CO xu hudng cd lap vdi cd xa hgi Dgy hge khoa hge dang khdng thuoc ye ITnh vuc cua su gido due nhdm phdt Iriin ngudi md chii yiu nhdm muu c&u cdc vdn de khoa hoc Gido due khoa hge dugc xem nhu Id viec hoc ldp cdc "kiin Ihirc khoa hoc ", han Id 'gido due cdc linh hudng khoa hge [4]" Dilu tao nen su nhdm Idn ttam trpng giiia 59 TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM SS 7(85) nSm 20ie mpt ben id khoa hge Hda hge (chemical science) va ben 14 gido due Hda\ (chemical education) - chinh la cdi rdt nen dugc sir dungttongttTrdngtrung hpc hifn n Dd la bdi vi dli hrgng cua khoa hpc la he thing kiln thire khoa hpc vd qud frmh tu' kiln thiic khoa hpc (Hda hpc) ttong dli tugng cua gido dye phdi Id ngudi Nhu vgy, giao due Hda hge hien dai nen ddt myc tieu chii ttpng den viSc hinh ti nang luc ngudi hge, khdng chi id tgp tmng vifc dat dugc cdc kiln diiie Hda hoc vd cdc^p nang hpc thugt trim tugng md cdn nen bao gdm vife phdt ttien cdc kJ ndng phdn ttchjm gidi quylt vdn dl, kl nang giao tilp vd sang tgo Nhiing phdm chdt ndy khdng chi can t h ^ cho cdc nhd khoa hpc md cdn eho tdt cd nhOng edng dan tuong lai Cdc kien thuc HoaSui cdn phdi dugc sii dyng ttong cac hli cdnh thuc Dl 1dm dugc dilu ndy cdn tich hgp day I^BJ cdc chu dl lien quan tdi Hda hpc hien dudi cdc gdc dd khac nhu xa hdi, ca nidn, va dao diic Tir HS mdi cd thl phdt ttiln su hilu bilt vl cdc khdi niem Hda hpc ttoi^ hanh dpng thyc tl, vd ed khd ndng chuyin dli cdc khdi niem ttim tugng dugc hoc dp dinig, vdottongcdctinhhudng ttong ddi sdng thyc 2.2 Gidl thif a quan diim Gido dgc Hda hge theo hiring lien quan ttin va gay hdi^ thd eho ngircfi hge Viec day hge Hda hge ehi thuc sy cd y nghia nd ldi culn dugc tmh cdm vd tri tut cua HS, lien quan tdi HS, vd dugc HS yeu thich Nhu vdy the ndo id lien quan (relevance)? Theo dy an PARSEL, "lien quan" ed nghla la HS nhdn thdy cdc bdi hpc ddng du(«! hoc; hilu myc dich eua viec hpc vd dugc thuc ddy bdi chung Lien quan ttong tinh huong ndy khdng nhlt thilt Id lien quan tdi chucmg trinh, hay tdi thi cit, hay tdi sdch gido khoa Vd bdng cdch thuc ddy dpng ca hpc tap cua HS se hudng HS di theo dudng hoc tap cas em mong udc, cae em ciing se thich hpc cdc khdi niem lien quan den Hda hpc [6] Theo Becker [1,2], khdi niem "lien quan" gdn vdi bdn tinh hudng sau: Thu nhdt^ lien quan din mdn hge ttong dd HS cd thl hinh quan dilm Hda hpc vl the gidi, tiejr thu dugc kiln thiic hda hpc vl cdc hien tugng va tinh chdt ciia chdt ThU hai Id lien quan, din nguai hge hinh thdnh cho HS tu trim tugng, kha nang nhan biet vd gi^, quydt van de, kT nang gidi thich, lap luan Thu ba Id lien quan ddn xd hdi ttong dd nhda mgnh mdn Hda hpc ddng vai ttd quan ttpng cudc sdng vd cdc bdi hpc nen phan ante duge ling dyng ciia Hda hpc ttong xd hdi vd giup de hieu dugc thl gidi Thii tu Id lien quan den mdi trudng nhdn manh rang ngdy dgy hpc Hda hpc ddc biet can hinh thanh;^ tudng, kien thiic vd trdeh nhiem dli vdi mdi trudng vd h? sinh thdi, dilu ndy dugc ggi la phdt trien ben vung The ndo Id gido due Hda hge dugcySu thich (popularity)? Theo Holbrook, "yeu thich" lien quan din cac ttgng thdi cdm xuc, nghia Id HS tlfflih cac hoat dpng hpc tdp vd cdc chu de cua mdn hpc Hon thl niia cdc em mong udc dugc hge, mdn hpc d trudng va dugc tim hieu nhilu hon vl nd [4] Tytier vd Symington (Uc) dd tien hdnh phdng vdn mdt nhdm eac nhd khoa hpc Uc v£ cdc quan diem eiia hp ddi vdi chuang trinh Idioa hoc d nudc ndy Trong cudc phdng vdn* cdc nhd khoa hpc cho rang chuong trinh hpc ciia nhd trudng da loi thdi vd mang ngng tinh' 60 TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Du^trng Bd VU vd t han lam Hg cho rdng trgng tdm cua chuang Irinh nin dinh hudng ngudi hoc vd ldi cudn cdc em vdo mdn hoc chu khdng phdi la ddo tgo nhirng nhd khoa hge tuang Iai Nin khoa hoc hudng vdo nguai hge vd ldi cudn nguai hoc duac goi Id mgt nin klioa hge nh&n vdn (humanistic science) [5] Deborah Corrigan, Dai hpc Monash, Uc cho ring day hpc Hoa hpc GV c4n phai chu y ddn hai ylu t6: HS va tinh hu6ng Tac gia cho vi du: "'La mot nha khoa hpc, toi biet rit nhieu vS axit va baza, nhung t6i day cho HS cac khai niem se xk khde toi day cac hpa sT, boi vi cac d6i tupng c6 cac muc dich hpc tap khac Dilu khong CO nghia la cac khai niem sai khac nhau, ma la vi cai each ma GV chuySn tai tai nguai hpc sg khac Cac GV Hoa hpc cdn phai nhin nhan ring chung ta khong chi tai hien lai kien thuckhoa hpc ma eon phai giao due HS ve khoa hpc theo each co y nghia vai hp" [3] Neu HS khong thu voi m6n hpc thi hp se khong c6 gdng d£ hpc va hilu cac khai niem Hoa hpc ma GV dang c6 ging truyin dat Cimg mpt quan diem nay, Jugen Becker [2] cho ring viec giao due Hoa hpc nen co su can bang gi&a lay HS lam trung tam (luu tam den hoan canh, kha nang, kl nang, tinh cam va uac muon ciia HS) va lay mon hpc lam trung tam (tap trung vao cac khai niem, cac kien thuc cua mon hpc) Day hpc lay HS lam trung tam khong co nghia la phu nhan kiln thiic Hoa hpc ma la tao ea hpi de lam cho day hpc Hoa hpc tra nen c6 y nghTa va phii hap hon voi mpi doi tucmg HS De xuat Tu thue te day hpc Hoa hpc a Viet Nam va kinh nghiem day hpc Hoa hpc mpt so nai tren the gioi va yeu cau doi moi giao due, chiing toi co ba de xuat sau: , Thii nhat, can coi trpng va van dung nhieu quan diem day hpc day hpc Het siic tranh viec chi dao thuc hien chi mot quan diem day hpc chung, thong nhat va kem linh hoat suot mot thai gian dai Va do ciing can nhan thiic rang phuong phap day hpc phu hap se duac ehi phoi boi quan diem day hpc chu khong phai Iiic nao cung di truac quan diem day hpc Thii hai, cin phai coi viec xac dinh va lira chpn mot so quan diem day hpc phii hap la nhan t6 quan trpng nhit quyet dinh su cong cua qua trinh giao due, tung giai dogn lich su Boi vi, voi quan diem day hpc hap If se xac dinh duac chuong trinh, npi dung, phuang phap day hpc phu hap voi thirc tien giao due Trong boi eanh hien nay, a bac ph6 thong, nen xem xet van dvmg quan diem gido due Hda hge thay cho quan dilm day hoc Hda hoc hay dgy hge khoa hge Hoa hge Vi dgy hoc Hoa hoc hay day hpc Idioa hpc Hoa hpc chO ySu la qua trinh huong dan, truyen thu kien thiic khoa hpc (Hoa hpc) nhim giiip nguoi hpc co kien thiic hay kT nang lien quan din khoa hpc (Hoa hpc) Trong do, gido due Hoa hge la qua trinh tuang tac co he th6ng giira nguai day va nguai hpc thong qua mon khoa hpc (Hoa hpc) de dao tao nguoi huong den cae muc tieu vl kiln thiic, kT nang va thai dp Tdt nhien khai niem giao due Hoa hpc bao ham ca yeu t6 li ludn va thuc hanh cua viec day hpc Bdn cgnh do, gido due Hda hge nen lien quan den cac tinh hu6ng khoa hpc thuc, va co sir kit noi hieu qua han vai nhu cdu va hiing thii ciia nguoi hpc Vifc th\rc hien triln khai quan diem gido di^c Hoa hoc nhu vay chdng nhihig huu TAP CHi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM S6 7(85) ndm 20i dyng cho sd ddng HS md cdn Id nin tang cdn thilt cho mdt si it ede HS gidi, cdc HS thisW va se theo dudi nghi nghiep lien quan din mdn Hda hpc Neu 1dm dugc dieu ndy, khoahoB, Hda hoc mdi thuc su thupc vl nin khoa hpc nhdn van , :' Thir ba cdn phai thay dli quan dilm vd npi dung kiem tra ddnh gid ddi vdi ngudi bm> theo hudng tdp tmng vao ban chdt mdn hpc, gat bd nhiing tinh todn phiic tgp phi U kh6llg cdn thilt Ding thdi kilm tta ddnh gia cdn gin liln vdi viec vgn dyng kien thitc HdahgH; vao thyc uen cudc sdng va san xudt Viec 1dm khdng nhimg giup Hda hpccd the th«{ su gay himg thu cho ngudi hpc, cd ich cho ddi sing cua hp, gdp phan phdt tn6n nang Iii«.,ciia chinh hp ttong xa hpi ma cdn dua Hda hpc vl dung vdi ban chdt ciia nd ttong trudngl hoc -'S TAI LIEU THAIM KHAO 4* Becker, H J & Nguyen, M Q., (2013a), "Chemistty teaching and Science ofjEducation in Germany Part 1: Aspects of Chemical Education in Gennany", Tgp ch Khoa hoc Trudng Dai hpc Su pham TPHCM, 48(82), tr.25-33 Becker, H J.& Nguyen, M Q., (2013b), "Chemistty teaching and science of education in Germany Part 2: Pupil-orientation", Tgp chi Khoa hoc, Trudng Dai hoc Su pham TPHCM, 50(84), tt.38-45 Corrigan, D J (2006), O wonder the kids are confused: the relevance of science education to science, Camberville, VIC: ACER Holbrook, J (2008), Introduction to the Special Issue of Science Education International Devoted to PARSEL, Science Education Inlernalional 19(3), pp.257266 Tytier, R (2007), Re-imaging science education—Engaging students in science for Australia's future, Camiierville, VIC: ACER Website cua du dn PARSEL, http:a//www.parsel.uni-kiel.de/cms/ (Ngiy Tda so^n nhin airgc bii: 19-5-2016: ngiy phin bi$n dinh gii: 19-6-2016: ngiy chip nhin Oing 22-7-2016) 62 ... thi tuyin sinh cao ddng-dai hoc vd gdn ddy la thi THPT QuIc gia Vdi cdc ki thi thi npi dung kilm tra ddnh gid cd the dugc xem la cd van de Ddi vdi mdn Hda hoc nhiing nam gdn day, cdc dl thi cao... lai cdc vdn dl tudng nhu dem gidn nhung khdng dl trd ldi: muc tieu dgy Hda hpc va npi dung kilm tra ddnh gid kiln thiic Hda hpc nen id gi? Mot so vdn de ciia giao due Hoa hoc tren thl gioi va... (Boosting science leaming - What will it take?) ciia Hpi ding Uc Chau vl nghien cim gido due (Australian Council for Educational Research) [5]; hay Du an PARSEL vl Thuc day gido due khoa hge vd