C Q NGHieNCOtlLlLUAN MOT SO DAC DIEM CUA NGI/dl GIAO VIEN KIEN TAO XA HOI N6d VU THU H&NG TnrAng oai hoc Sir pham Hi Noi Email hu9nvt@hnue edu vn TdmtduUthuyitkiintaoxdhdiddduacgidithieutrongnhieutdll[.]
C Q NGHieNCOtlLlLUAN MOT SO DAC DIEM CUA NGI/dl GIAO VIEN KIEN TAO XA HOI N6d VU THU H&NG TnrAng oai hoc Sir pham Hi Noi Email: hu9nvt@hnue.edu.vn TdmtduUthuyitkiintaoxdhdiddduacgidithieutrongnhieutdllieugdnvdihogtdgngdoimdichuangtrinhgiQo duedViitNamcungnhUtrenthegidi.Dayhoctheoldiklentgoxdhpiduaehieulddgyedchhgchaydgykinanghoc.Sii phdttriin eua lithuyitkHn taoxd hdidd keo theo nhung nghiin edu vd dng dung vdo dai song cua hogtddngdia hoe,ldmthayd6iquanniim'vivaitrdvdhogtdpngcdangUdigidoviintronggidlinldpBdiviettdptrungmotdnh^ ddc diem cua ngudi gido vien kiin tgo xd hpi, gdp phan vdo viee thuc day hogt dpng dSi mdi phuang phdp dgy hoc to trQdng thdng Tif khda: Gido viin; kiin taoxd hpi; hogt ddng dgy hge (Nhan bdi ngdy 16/12/2016; Nhdn kit qud phdn bien vd ehinh sda ngdy 07/01/2017; Duyit ddng ngdy 25/01/2017 dy minh hpa cu the de lam rd hon vai trd, HD ciia nguif I.Datvande Theo quan niem truyen thdng, day hoc (DH) dUpc GV d c gid day theo Idi KTXH Qua do, tac gil g6p hieu la hoat ddng (HD) truyen thy cQa gilo vien (GV) va phan vao vile thue day HO doi mdi phuong phap Dti ITnh hdi tri thQc eua hpe sinh (HS) Oilu dan d i n viee tai trudng phd thdng theo hQdng mang lai nhOng giatij DH dtrudng thdng nang v l sUtruyIn thu mdt ehilu, thilt thyc cho ngudi hoc, phu hpp vdi xu the DH tren M theo kieu thdng bio ddng loat; GV thudng yeu cau d gidi cung nhu djnh hUdng cua GDViet Nam Bai vietcfin Idp cung lam theo mdt lenh, it quan tam tdi sy phan hda giup d c GV cd nhQng d n cQ, chi dan de tU dilu chlnh trinh dd HS Nhieu nha giao due (GD) cho ring md HO DH nhIm thue hien tdt hon nhiem vu GD hinh thSnh hinh DH truyen thdng mang tinh hin llm kinh vien, dao v l phat trien cle nang luc d n t h i l t d HS Quan diem kien tao xa hoi ve hoat ddng day tao nhQng eon ngUdi thu ddng, chay theo bIng d p , chQ trpng viee truyin thu kiln thQc li thuylt xa rdi thUe hoc Theo thuylt kien tao nhln thQc, Jean Piaget da tien Md hinh khdng cdn phu hpp vdi nhQng yeu d u mdi cua x l hdi va thi trudng lao ddng toln d u hda, TQ khlng dinh su phat sinh, k h i nang nhln thQc vl tied dd, nhieu nhl GD nhan manh v l vile d n thiet phli ddi luy tri thQc eua t r i em n l m mdt clu true phifc t?p mdi HO day va hoe d l dap Qng dQpe nhQng yeu clu cua Ong nhin nhan viec hpe nhQ mdt q u i trinh xQ If thong tin, tuan tQ theo cle bUdc: So dd, Ddng hda, Thich ngN sy phIt triln kinh te - x l hdi [1 ] OQng trQdc nhQng "bli toln" cua GD dIt ra, nhieu v l Can bIng Ong cho rang cle c l nhan qua trinh nha khoa hpe tiln hinh tim tdi, nghien cQu v l Qng dyng kham phi t h i gidi tu tao n i n kien thQc, the gidi cJs cle li thuyet, elch tilp eIn mdi nhIm phat trien HO day minh v l GD chi la sQ giup dd de eon ngQdi tu hoc t6l va hoc nha trUdng phd thdng Li thuylt kiln tao hon Vdi ele phat hien eua minh v l qui trinh phIt trien x l hdi (KTXH) d l thay ddi chuong trinh DH d nha trudng nhan thQc d tre nhd, Piaget dUa nhQng khuyin nghi phd thdng vli chye nlm trd lai dly [2] Clive Beck ddi vdi d c HO GD nhQ ve sy coi trpng kiln thdc c6 sin va Clare Kosnik khang dinh ring DH theo Idi KTXH la va tinh tich eye, chu ddng cua HS hpe tap DH n^o mdt Idi DH hap dan, mang lai nhieu gia tr| cho HS [3] dupe td chQe dQa tren HO gili quyet van d l , elch thilc Loi KTXH can dUOc gidi thieu cho SV sU pham cdn lam viec va chu phat triln tu eho HS [4] hpe d l d c em cd t h i van dung vao thUe tien DH Lev Vygotsky da k l thQa va phIt triln hpe thuyet eua minh kiln tao v l nhan thQc cua Piaget [5] (\fldt mat, Vygotsky Sy phat tnen cua If thuylt KTXH da klo theo vd thda nhan vai trd quan ciia kinh nghiem, tri thilc sd nhOng nghien cQu v l Qng dung vIo ddi sdng ed sin va tinh tieh cUc cua chu the nhan thQc Mae kti^t ciia HD DH, llm thay ddi quan niem v l vai trd va HD cua Vygotsky bac bd nhln dinh eua Piaget ve sQ tieh biji ngUdi GV gid lln Idp.Tuy nhien, hien van thieu HO hoc khdi mdi trQdng xa hdi cua nd Vygotsky ntian nhQng bai viet md t l nhdng die diem eua ngudi GV manh tam quan trpng cua van hda, x l hpi, bdi d n h tnang DH theo li thuyet KTXH SU thieu vIng la mdt vile hinh thinh tn thdc, HD hilu eua cac el nhan Ong nhQng nguyen nhan khien cho viec van dyng li thuylt eho ring HO hpe khdng chi la HO mang tinh c l nhln mi KTXH vao HD DH cdn gap nhieu khd khan, dac biet la mpt HD mang tinh xa hdi, dupe thyc hien nhd ngflo la d nhQng nQdc phuong Dong - noi ed nen van hda xa ngQ thdng qua ele HO trao ddi Quan diem euaVygotsk) hdi ndi chung va vIn hda DH ndi neng khlc biet nhieu da dupc ddng tinh va phIt triln bdi cac nha KTXH san so vdi phuang Tay - noi ma li thuyet KTXH ddi va phat - nhQng ngodi ludn nhan manh vai trd cua bdi elnh triln Bai viet tap trung vao viec md t l nhQng die diem van hda, xa hpi - cho ring nhQng y l u td cijng dont eua ngQdi GV DH theo li thuylt KTXH, cung cap cle vi vai trd trung tam viee hinh thinh, phIt trien nhSr 42ac diem cua hoat ddng day hoc theo li thuylt Idi trIn cP sd dung - sai eiia HS thi ngUdi GV DH theo If kiln tao xa hpi thuylt KTXH lai II ngUdi ludn ghi nhan mpi d u tra Idi Clive Beck v l Clare Kosnick da tdng hpp die dilm HS dUa ra, ed d nhQng d u t r i Idi chUa dung ehinh eua quan diem KTXH, bao gdm: NgQdi GV DH theo li thuyet KTXH hieu ring nhQng d u a) HB hoc ed tinh xd hpi (Learning is social): Nguyen t r i Idi sai hay chua dung ciia HS II nhQng ngudn thdng li ddi hdi HS hpe tap sy tuong tie vdi GV hay tin quan de GV giup HS di den nhQng kiln thQc vdi ban cOa minh, tich cue chia se y kien vdi Do dd, chinh xac, hop li Do dd, ngQdi GV DH theo li thuyet KTXH hinh thQc hpe nhdm Idp va nhdm nhd dupe de cao, dua thudng khdng ehu trpng vao ylu td dung - sai ciia d u vIo van dyng t r i Idi bang viec lam cd nhilu HS dUa cau t r i Idi b) Kien thUe duge xdy dtfng dUa tren stf trdi nghiem/ Ndi elch khlc, DH, GV DH theo li thuylt KTXH dinh kinh nghiem eua ngUdI hge (Knowledge is experience- sQtap trung vao HS, mong mudn nhilu HS tham gia vao based): Nguyen li ddi hdi nhQng trai nghiem, kiln HD hoc nhieu hon la sQ tap trung vIo viec ddi hdi HS thQc sin cd d HS can dQOC khai thac v l tan dyng de thuc phli dua dupc nhQng d u t r i Idi chuan myc, ehinh xac day HO hoc GV nen bat dau gid hoc tQ HS chQ khdng nhutrong sach giao khoa, Chinh tuduy DH, edi md khiln nen bat dau gid hoe tQ ehinh GV hay tQ ndi dung kiln HO tuong tie giQa ngudi GV DH theo li thuylt KTXH vdi HS gid hoc se trd nen binh dang, than thien hon, thQc saeh giao khoa vdi nhQng dieu xa rdi HS e) Kien thdc duac kien too bdi chinh ngUdi hoc khlc vdi sutuong tac cua GV theo each day truyen thdng (Knowledge is constructed by learners): Nguyen li ddi ddi vdi HS, hdi HS can duoc "nhan chim" vao nhQng bdi d n h hoc 4.2 NgUdi gido vien kiin tgo xd hpi bdt ddu gid tap cd tinh thuc te, giau trai nghiem HS cd the dao sau, hoc bdng viec khai thdc nhij^g kiin thtfc, kinh nghiim li gill lai nhQng trai nghiem, kiln thQc eua minh, kiem sdn ed cua hoc sinh tra sQ li gili ay thdng qua cac HO thQc hanh, thIo luan, NgUdi GV DH theo li thuylt KTXH bUde vao gid tranh luan TQ do, HS tu nlm duoc y nghia cua ndi dung hoc can phli nam dQoc nhQng dieu HS da biet va lien bai hpe quan d i n van de ciia bai hpe, Tren co sd do, GV tnen Sfil36-TNANG1/2ai7*43 Q NGHIEN CUU l i LUAN khai d c HO de HS cd the dua vIo d i da bilt de tim T8 CSIclp C6a! ell chua bilt, d i d n phli hoc NhQng kiln thQc, kinh GV Vay c6 th^ noi ciio co biet tli^ n^o IS bo H8 nghiim sin cd cda HS (vdn edn true quan d m tinh) se re coc? dugc ngudi GV KTXH khai thac, sQ dyng d l kit ndi vdi vIn de cOa bai hoc, tUdd dan dIt HS chilm linh kiln thQc HS Bo re coc la bprec6 mot re chinh, Idn, ctog, T9 CO bin cua bli hpe (li tinh, trQu tupng) GV kheo leo giup dai, cSm sau vao I6ng dat HS Qng dyng nhQng kiln thQc da tim kilm dQOC vIo Con gi nSa? GV H9 eude sdng Qua dd, GV ddng thdi eiing ed, phIt trien kiln thUc, kinh nghiem sin ed eua HS HS Tir re chinh moc rat nhieu re nhd TIO Vidu: Khi day v l re d y , GV truyen thdng se bit dau Trong doan hdi thoai trIn, GV d l dat rat nhieu bli hpe bIng vile 6e HS dpc thdng tin kien thQc d u hdi cho HS Cac d u hdi duoe phIt triln tQ ehinh sleh gilo khoa v l yeu d u HS dua d c d u t r i Idi dua nhQng d u t r i Idi HS dUa (eau hdi H2, H3, H4, HS, vao ele d u hdi da cho bli nhIm khai thac kiln H6, H7, HB va H9) Dieu nly khiln cho d c d u tri Idi ciJa thQc da dQpc trinh bIy sleh ChIng han nhQ: Re HS dupe k i t ndi mdc xich vdi nhau, tao nen mach hoc vii ege Id gi?Re chOm Id gl? Nhin vdo dnh, em hay eho biit edy mach phIt triln tuduy ( d u t r i ldiT3,T4,T5,T6,T7,T8va ndy ed bp re gi? Trong ngudi GV OH theo li thuylt T9) BIng elch nly, HS di d i n khIi nilm ve re cpe dua vao KTXH bit dau bli hoc bang vile ylu d u d c nhdm HS chfnh nhQng dieu minh phIt hien ve mdt cay hoan chinh, trinh bIy d e bd phIn cua d y Mdt gid DH thinh cdng la GV n l m dupe suy nghi v l gili thich tai lai ve r l d y nhu vly BIng each nly, eua HS, qua dd, GV giup HS phat triln suy nghT hpp li GV ed the khai thac dUOC HS da ed nhQng hilu bilt, t r l i hon la dua nhQng kiln thQc khd khan, I p dIt rdi dinh nghiem gi lien quan den re d y , thu hut sUtd md cda HS gia HS gidi hay khdng dQa vIo vile em cd nhd nhieu, TQ dd, GV phIt trien d c HO hoc tilp theo mdt elch hpp nhd ehinh xle khdng O l l l m dQoc dilu dd, GV DH theo li d l giup HS khIm pha kiln thQc v l d c kieu re cay lithuylt KTXH chu vao nhQng d u hdi Tgi sao? Nhu 4.3 Ngudi gido viin kiin tgo xd hpi chu trgng thi ndo? Cung vdi cle HD tranh luan, phIn bien hon chi phdt trien tuduy cho hge sinh vdi stf ddo sdu cdc cdu I I tap trung vao nhQng d u t r i Idi cho nhQng d u hdi Cdi trd Idi hoc sinh dUa gi? id gi? Cy t h i , GV DH theo li thuylt KTXH se thudng Ngudi GV DH theo lithuylt KTXH ludn cd gIng thQc hdi HS: Lam t h i nlo em b i l t dugc dieu dd?Tai em lai day nhQng HD tuong t i c hai chilu giQa GV - HS va giQa nghi nhu vay? DUa vao dIu em lai nghT nhQ vly? Cac ban HS - HS d l HS cd the hoe tU mdt elch tU nhien, hilu khlc cd nhan xet gi? Cd ddng y vdi ban khdng? Ai cd the qui Neu GV truyen thdng, thudng dUa nhQng d u hdi bd sung? Ban nlo cd clu hdi gi cho phan trinh bay vQa don II, tich rdi thi GV DH theo If thuylt KTXH thQdng b i t rdi? Ban nao cd d u hdi mudn trao ddi them vdi Idp ve dau bIng nhQng d u hdi Idn ( d u hdi cdt loi) v l dao sau van de nly khdng? Nlu thi sao? GV DH theo lithuylt nhQng eau tri Idi cua HS, Bing d c h dd, GV cd the nlm KTXH ludn danh g i l cao vile HS ed the dUa nhQng Ic^ duoc elch thQc HS tuduy va ddng thdi biet dupc HS nlm giai thich hop licho nhQng nhln dinh cCia minh de nhSm kien thQc eua bli hpe d i n dIu, phat trien tU bien chQng d HS - gia tri cdt Idi eua HB Vidu f.Mdn Khoa hpe: HO dIo sau, khai thac eau t r i hpe Idi cua HS cua GV DH theo li thuylt KTXH - Bli "R§ d y " Vidu2:M6n MT thult (dinh eho HS Lc^D 4-5) GV y l u d u HS ve dng mat trdi v l td bQc hinh cOa HI GV Vay cly xoli nly cd bao nhieu cli re to? minh Mdt HS ve xong v l td dng mat trdi cua minh bIng mlu xanh Trong trUdng hpp nly, n l u II ngUdl GV truyen T2 Clldp Mdt cai thdng, ed se phe binh em HS vi khdng td dng mat trbi H2 GV vay xung quanh cai re to la gi? (Lay tay mlu dd ma lai mau xanh (dUa tren quan diem dOng-sai) chi cho H5 xem) Tuy nhien, ngUdi GV DH theo li thuyet KTXH khdng phi binh HS Cd khdng danh gia, nhan xet dua vao sin pham T3 Clldp NhQng cai re nhd a ma hdi HS: Tgi eon lai vi dng mat trdi mdu xanh? Chap H3 GV Vly cai re to duoc goi II qi? nhan HS dua clu t r i Idi: Vi thdy mdu xanh rSt T4 Clldp La re chinh a dep vd nghimduxanh Id mdu cua hda binh Con muon vi mdt dng mat trdi eCia hda binh H4 GV Vay, bp re 11 loai re gi?, Ai biet? Vi du 3: Monloan T5 HS Re epc al Oe todn (Idp 1): Vilt mdt sd cd hai chQ sd cho chQ sd hIng chye nhd hon chQ sd hIng don vi H5 GV Tai lai gpi la re coc? HS: Cd Pi, bai llm nhQthI nao a? T6 HS No duoc goi la re coc bdi vi bo re cua nd cd GV: Em hieu d l b l i nhu t h i nao? it re va cac re khong xoe sum sue HS: Em hieu lade bai yeu cauchQsd hang chuc viet li cdn chQ sd hang don vi viet li, phli vly khdng co? H6 GV Ban nao c6 the ndi ro hon dUoc khdnq? Trude tinh hudng nay, ngUdi GV truyen thdng T7 HS Dd la bd re cd mdt re chinh dii va idn duoc thudng cd each hinh xQ nhu che bai, phe binh HS hole bao quanh bdi nhieu re nhd ndi: "Em hieu sai rdi!" hole se dua ludn phuong In tri H7 GV Cac em cd dong y vdi ban khdnq' Idi Ngudi GV DH theo li thuylt KTXH cd t h i "khen" HS \i thdng minh rdi dUa nhilu cau hdi d l HStifng bQdctiJ 44*KflOAHqCGlA0DllC NBHlENCaULiLUANlQ Ket luan tim d u t r i Idi phCi hop nhu: Em edn ed thi hieu de bdi Oe thyc hien dupe mdt gid day theo Idi KTXH hap theo edeh ndo khde nda khdng? Cd bgn ndo ed cdch hieu bdi khde khdng? Em hay thit viit mpt sd bdt ki rdi so sdnh dan, edng, vai trd cCia ngudi GV rat Idn cd t h i trd thinh GV DH theo lithuylt KTXH thinh cdng, ngUdi sdhdng chuc vd so hdng dan vixem ndo! 4.4 Gido vien kiin tgo xa hpi chu trgng sddung GV d n cd mdt t r l i tim bilt y l u thUdng HS, bilt vi HS ma ede phuang phdp dgy hge "dpng" vd td ehde edc hogt thilt k l , td ehQc d c HO hpe hop li, cd tinh xly dung va phIt triln ben vQng cho HS Ngudi GV canned su nd lue ddng dgy hge cd he thong Neu ngudi GV truyen thdng thudng thien ve truyen t u phIt trien chuyen mdn khdng ngQng de l l m cho b l i thy, I p dat kiln thQc d i n HS thi ngodi GV DH theo li day thIm slu, d c HO hoc them thu vj vdi HS Vdi nhQng thuylt KTXH ludn eung d p thdi gian, khdng gian v l die diem cda ngudi GV DH theo II thuyet KTXH dQpe md thilt k l ele HO hoc phQc hop, giau tinh t r l i nghiim t l nhQ trIn Bli vilt da khae hpa tUPng ddi rd net chin d l HS thuc hien ddng thdi cd t h i t i l n hinh HO hpe ty dung mdt ngQdi GV DH theo li thuyet KTXH tQ dd the dieu khiln (self-regulated learning) de chlem linh kien hiln dupe mdt phan tinh thin cQa gid hoc theo Idi KTXH cung nhu sU doi mdi HO DH va van dung nhQng thQc, kT nlng d i n tQ b l i hpe GV DH theo li thuyet KTXH cd khuynh hudng td phQOng phIp DH tich cQc nhl trQdng phd thdng ehQc Idp hoc nhQ mdt "xQdng hpe" d dd, HS dupc hoc Qua dd, nlng cao chat iQpng giao dye, hQdng tdi sU hda nghi "hoc" Vile hpe nghi thudng dupc td chQc thdng nhIp va phat triln theo yeu clu eua thdi dai qua d c HO thQc hinh VI the, nhQng phQOng phIp DH cd tinh "tTnh" nhu thuyet trinh hole van d i p gilng gili TAlLieUTHAMKHAO si (t dupe GV DH theo li thuylt KTXH sQ dung hOn so vdi [1 ] GIng TU An, (2015), Md hinh trudng hoc mdi Viet nhQng phuong phap"ddng"nhQkhlm p h i , t r l i nghiem, Nam-Nhin ttf gde dp thtfc tien vd li ludn NXB Giao dye thyc hinh, hop tic, sIm vai, neu v l gili quyet van de Vilt Nam GV DH theo Ji thuylt KTXH thudng dat nhQng tinh [21 Coll, R K., & Taylor, N., (2012), An international hudng g i l tudng de HS phli lien he, tUdng tQpng, dy perspective on science curriculum development and doln, suy luan, gili thich, chQng minh BIng each do, implementation, In B J Fraser, K G Tobin, & C J GV DH theo li thuylt KTXH hudng d i n quy trinh hoe ed McRobbie (Eds), Second international handbook of d u true chat ehe thay cho viec chi tap trung vIo kit q u i science education (Vol II, pp 771-782), Dordrecht, hoe vdi nhQng kiln thQc d n ghi nhd vdi nhQng HO chu Netherlands: Springer [3] Beck, C, & Kosnik, C, (2006), Innovations in dao II t l i hien kiln thQc (da biet hoac da cung d p teacher education - A social constructivist approach New sleh gilo khoa hoac da ndi bdi GV) Vidu: Mdn Khoa hpe dinh cho HS Id^ 4, - Bli "Re York, NY: State University of New York Press [4] Pitsoe, V J., (2007), A conceptual analysis of dy' constructivist classroom management, University of GV truyen thong thQdng cho HS dpc d c thdng tin v l Pretoria re d y hole quan sat tranh ve cay cd bd re epc va re chum [5] Vygotsky, L,, (1978), Mind in society: The (thudng dQpe trinh bay sin sach giao khoa), t r i Idi development ofhigher psychological pr(Kesses,Cam.b\\dge, eae clu hdi nhIm tai hien kiln thQc ve re cay, Sau dd, GV MA: Harvard University Press yeu d u HS ghi nhd, hoe thudc Idng d c kien thQc co bin [6] Ngd Vu Thu Hing, (2014), Design of a social Dly la d c h DH vdi d c phuong phIp "tTnh" Vdi ngUdi GV constructivism - based curriculum for primary science DH theo lithuylt KTXH, GV cd the td ehQc eho HS vQdn education in Confucian heritage culture Doctoral thesis, trQdng d l quan sit d y that v l cd nhQng HO "dpng" nhQ Utrecht University dQ doln, sau dd tien hinh thyc hinh, kiem chQng (vdi [7) Dekkers, P., (2006), Reconstructing the creature nhQng d y that - ed the la nhQng d y ed dai vQdn - Exploring design criteria for teaching NOS, In E V Den trQdng) de tim hieu v l re coc, re chum DQa vIo ele HD Berg, T Ellermeijer, & Stooten (Eds.), Proceedings of quan sat v l qua trinh thIo luan, tranh luan, cQng vdi sQ the GIREP Conference Modelling in Physics and Physic dan dIt hd trp eua GV, HS ed the tCmg budc kiln tao nen Education (pp 459-464), Amsterdam, Netheriands: cho minh nhQng kiln thQc v l re epc, r l chum University of Amsterdam TEACHERS'CHARACTERISTICS TO CONSTRUCT SOCIETY Ngo Vu Thu Hang Hanoi National University of Education Emaih hangnvt@hnue.edu.vn Abstract: Social constructivist theory was introduced in documents associated with activity to renew education curriculum in Vietnam and around the world Teaching towards social constructivist theory meant teaching how to lear or learning skills The development of social constructivist theory has led to research and application into life of teachin activities, change perceptions about role and activity of teachers during class time This article focuses on describin teachers' characteristics to construct society, contribute to promoting activity of renewing teaching methods at schools Keywords: Teachers; social constructivist; teaching activity sd 136-THANG 1/2017'45