nghien ciifu Trao d6i Tap «hi Cdng sdn TirXU THE LON CUA THOI DAI, KINH NGHIEM CUA CAC NVOC, SUY NGHI VE XAY DUNG XA HOI HOC TAP 0 NUOC TA • • • • NGUYEN MANH CAM'''' Trudc xu the phdt trien cua the gidi[.]
nghien ciifu Trao d6i Tap «hi Cdng sdn TirXU THE LON CUA THOI DAI, KINH NGHIEM CUA CAC NVOC, SUY NGHI VE XAY DUNG XA HOI HOC TAP NUOC TA • • • • NGUYEN MANH CAM' Trudc xu the phdt trien cua the gidi duffng dgi vd cupc cdch mgng con^ nghiep ldn thu tu, cdc quoc gia ngdy cdng y thuc duge rdng, de thuc ddy hgc tap suot ddi can phdi xay dung xd hpi hgc tap vd ngugc lgi, muon xay dung xd hpi hgc tap thi phdi day mgnh hgc tap suot ddi Hgc tap suot doi vd xay dung xd hpi hgc tap gdn bd chat che voi bdng quan hi nhdn qua Hgc tap suot ddi vd xdy dungxd hpi hgc tap Id xu the tdt yiu trudc yeu cdu cua thdi dgi Mpt xd hpi khong the phdt trien ben virng neu khong trd thdnh xd hpi hgc tap Vi vdy, xd hpi hgc tap Id mpt mo hinh xa hpi md cdc qudcgia tren the gidi deu dang phdn ddu hudng tdu Hoc tap su6t,d6i va xay dung xa hoi hoc tap - xu the phat trien tat yeu The gidi bude sang nam thir 17 cua the ky XXI, da va dang ehtog kien "sy bung nd" thdng tin sy phat trien manh me ctia each mang khoa hge va cdng nghe hien dai, dae biet edng nghe thdng tin Day ciing la thdi ky bat dau eua eude caeh mang edng nghiep lan thir tu' hda hen nhieu thay ddi quan trgng va dot bien Do do, vdng ddi ciia cdng nghe eang nit ngan, sy thay the ky thuat lien tiep dien Trong dieu kien do, nhtog kien thirc tiep thu duge nha trudng, ke ca d bae dai hgc va sau dai hge da nhanh ehong lac hau va khdng dii dimg sudt cuge ddi Vi vay, hoc tap thudng xuyen, hgc tap sudt ddi trd nen can thiet ddi vdi tat ea mgi ngudi neu mudn sdng, lam viec, tdn tai va cdng hien thdi dai Nhu eau hge tap suot ddi cang tro nen cap bach ddi sdng vat chat eua ngudi dan duge cai thien, nhu cau tinh than eang eao tudi thg cang tang, va thdi gian nhan rdi cang nhieu De dap irng nhu eau hgc tap sudt ddi eang tang, viee xay dyng xa hgi hgc tap la tat yeu, khdng chi d cac qude gia phat trien, ma ca d cac quoc gia dang phat trien Nhan thurc duge \ai trd cua hge tap sudt ddi ddi vol \ iec nang eao chat lugng \a sire canh tranh ciia luc lugn^ lao ddng xu the toan eau hda, cac qude gia, dae biet la cae quoc gia phat trien da sdm nhan thire duge su can thiet phai day manh hgc tap sudt ddi d qude gia minh Hgi ddng chau Au da keu ggi cac nude tap trung dau tu eho hgc tap sudt ddi, xay dyng chien luge ve hge tap sudt ddi de dat duge cae mue tieu chung la nam 2010 Lien minh ehau Au se co "mgt nen kinh te tri thirc canh tranh va nang dgng nhat the gidi, CO kha nang tang truong kinh te ben vung vdi vice lam nhieu hon tdt hon va gan ket xa hgi hoTi" Thuc day hoc tap sudt ddi duge eoi la qude sach hang dau cua nhieu qude gia nhlm tri va tang cudng lgi the eanh tranh * Nguyen Uy vien Bp Chinh tri, Pho Thii tudng Chinh phu; Chu tich danh dir Hoi KhuySn hoc Viet Nam ^f 89- 11^1 1! s nam 21 33 Nghien ciiu - Trao doi Ti^p chi C^ng s o n khu vuc va tten toan clu Hgc tap sudt ddi frd giio due, thiic dly sy phit triln hai hda cic mot phuong thiic quan frgng ttong qui hinh thiic giio dye d mgi d p , thinh Igp va trinh triln khai nen kitih tl tri thiic, mOt cdng hoan thifn hf thdng hgc tgp sudt ddi", Trting cu thilt ylu dl thiic dly sy phit hiln xa hOi K I hoach "Ldm sdng lgi nin gido due a thi ky tii thiic Uy ban chau Au, OECD (Td chiic XXI" duge ban hinh nam 1999, Trung Qude Hgp tic vi Phat triln kinh tl) va UNESCO da dua mgt sd chinh sach va bifn phap xay (Td chiic Giio due, Khoa hgc va Van hda cua dyng hf thdng hgc tgp sudt ddi va xa hfi hgc Lien hgp qude) da coi hgc tap sudt ddi la nen tap Mdi diy, Ki hogch Cdi cdch vd Phdt triin tang khimg ciia mgi cuOc cii cich giio dye d Gido due trung vd ddi hgn giai dogn 2010 cac qude gia 2020 cim Trung Qude da neu bat yeu clu xay Nam 1983, d Hoa ky cd mOt bio cio vdi dyng mOt xa hOi^hgc tap vao nam 2020, frong dd mgi ngudi diu hgc tap vi cac co hOi hoc tieu de "Mpt ddn tpc bi hiem nguy: Menh lenh cdi cdch gido dgc" Bio cao khang dinh tap duge ctmg cap d mgi noi, mgi Iiic Khii nifm "hge tap sudt ddi" da duge du ring, trudc mOt thl^idi canhttanhngay eang khdc lift va thay ddi nhanh chdng, manh me nhap vao Thai Lan tu miy thap nien qua Tim thl "cii cich giio dye can tap trung vio myc nhm vl mft xa hOi hge tap da duge Chfnh phu tieu tgo mft xa hOi hgc tgp" vi cdng chtog nude niy tilp nhan rOng khip Nhat Bin khdng chi chii truong xiy dyng vi da duge dua vao "Chien lupc phdt trien xa hOi hgc tap, mi cdn nhin manh xiy dyng qude gia" Nam 2008, Thai Lan da thdng qua mOt xd hpi hgc tap sudt ddi vdi nhin dinh: chu truang thiic day giao dye khdng chfnh quy "De xay dyng mdt xa hOi nang dOng va thinh va giio due phi chfnh quy dk xay dyng xa hoi vugng, van de cdt ldi Ii phii tao duge mOt hgc tap nham dip tog nhu ciu hgc tap sudt xd hpi hgc tap sudt ddi, ttong dd ngudi dan ddi ciia cac ting Idp nhan dan Sau dd giio dye cd the ty lya chgn ca hOi hgc tap vao bit khdng chfnh quy vi jgiio dye phi ehinh quy d ky thdi gian nao ttong cuOc ddi miiih" Nani Thai Lan da duge the che hdafrongLuit Giao 1990, Nhat Ban da thdng qua Luat Khuyin dye Dieu 15, Chuang ciia Luit Giio due khich hgc tip sudt ddi nham thyc hifn myc (tiam 2002) da khang dinh, he thdng giao dye tieu phin dau xiy dyng ca nude mft xa gdm bO phin: Giao dye chfnh quy, giao dye hdi hgc tap sudt ddi khdng chinh quy va giao due phi chinh quy Han (Jude, hgc tap suot ddi da chfnh Viec hgc khdng chmh quy vi phi chfnh quy toi thiic duge the chi hdattongDiiu 13 cua Hiln nai lam vifc deu duge cdng nhin Bing dp phap sua ddi nam 1980: "Nhi nude chiu frich ddi vdi hgc vien bat cii tir ca sd nao va thufc nhiem thiic dly hgc tap sudt ddi" Nam 1999, bO phin nao: chinh quy, khdng chinh quy hay Han Qude da thdng qua Luat Giao dye suot phi chfnh quy deu hf thdng giio due dp ddi tren co sd Luat Giao due xa hOi nam 1982 De thiic day hgc tap sudt ddi va xiy dyng xi va tilp tyc duge sua ddi vao nam 2007 cho hdi hgc tap, ngoai vifc xay dyng va hoan thien phil hgp hon vdi thyc tl Ctog gidng nhu Nhit ca sd phap ly, cic qude giafrenthl gidi da ya Ban, Hin Qude khdng chi xiy dyng xa hOi dang cd rihieu co gang xiy dyng co chi phdi, hgc tap, ma chu truang xay dung xa hOi hgc ket hgp giua cic nginh, cic ITnh vye froiig tap sudt ddi ctog mOt dia phuang, ddng thdi trao quyin d Trung Qude, chi ttr nhtog nam 90 cua mgnh me han nira cho edc cdp chinh quyin thl ky XX, khai niem "hgc tap suot ddi" mdi dia phuang viic to chiec vd gidm sdt bat diu xult hien ttong cic van ban chfnh hpc tap Kinh nghifm ciia cac nude cho thiy, sach ciia Chfnh phii Nam 1995, Luat Giao khdng the xay dyng he thdng hoc tgp sudt ddi dye Trung Quoc da quy dinh: "Dl thfch tog hoac xiy dyng xa hfi hgc tip nlu chi bing nd vdi kinh te thi trutog xa hdi chii nghia va tiln lyc ciia chfnh phu, ma cin cd sy tham gia lim bO xa hOi, Trung Qude dly manh cai each chu cua ttog dia phuang Vi vay, tu nhtog 34 S6 895 (thing nSm 2017) N g h i e n ciiu - Trao doi Tpp chi Cdng s a n nam 70 cac nude da tap trung xay dyng "viing vilt tit la UIL) da tinh den viec lap mdt hoc tap " vdi pham vi rdng hep khae nbau, tiiy mang ludi eae phd hge tap toan cau (The dieu kien eiia qude gia vdi tu each la td LWESCO Global Learning Cities Network, cudi ctog va trye tiep cua xa hdi hgc tap Theo vilt tit la UNESCO-GLCN) dl tao dien dan UNESCO, khai niem "vimg hgc tap" cd the ttao ddi, chia se kinh nghiem xay dyng "thanh duge ap dyng eho cac khu vyc dia ly hoac dia phd hgc tap" phuang khae nhu tinh hoac phd Hien tai, ttong viec xay dyng "thanh phd Trong mdt sd trutog hgp, "vung hgc tap" cdn giao due", "thanh phd hgc tap" cdn nhieu each CO the duge hieu la mdt dia phuong rdng Ito tiep can khae tiiy theo quan niem va tinh gdm nhieu thi xa, thi ttan hgc tap, hoac nhieu hinh thyc te cua mdi qude gia Din Y-ang (Jin "cdng ddng hgc tap" Tuy nhien, cac nude Yang), chuyen gia eao cap cua UIL da khai phat trien d phuang Tay hien tap trung quat mdt sd yeu cau ddi vdi viee xay dyng chu yeu vao xay dyng "thanh phd hgc tap", "thanh phd hge tap" nhu sau: xem phd la "viing hgc tap" - don vi hgc - Cd sy quyet tam va cam ket ehinh trj ciia tap cudi ctog, td trye tiep cua xa hdi hgc nha nude, cua chinh quyen; tap bdi dan sd cua cae nude chu yeu sdng 2- Co sy lien ket, phdi hgp giiia cac nganh d phd va cac bd phan lien quan; Khdi ngudn eua nd chinh la "thanh phd 3- Nam chac duge nhu eau hgc tap ciia giao dye" xuat hien tir sau Chien tranh ngudi dan; the gidi lan thir II nham giai quyet nan that 4- Cac CO hdi hgc tap phai da dang; hgc chien tranh Dau nhtog nam 70, 5- Tat ca cae eo quan/td ehiic/doanh nghiep/ OECD da chgn phd cua bay nude trutog hge, deu la nhtog "cgng ddng hgc vien: Et-mdn-ton (Ca-na-da), Gdt- tap", "dan vj hgc tap"; te-bo (Thuy Dien), Vien (Ao) va E-din-bdt 6- Khdng cd sy phan biet ddi xir; (Xedt-len), Ka-ke-ga-oa (Nhat Ban), A-de7- Kinh te phat trien, co nhieu viec lam; lai-da (0-xtray-li-a) va Pit-xb6l (My) de thi 8- Cac trutog dai hge tham gia tich cyc; diem xay dyng "thanh phd hgc tap" Hien nay, 9- Co sy tdn vinh va khen thutog "thanh phd hge tap" dang duge xay dyng d De khae phuc eae rao can ve dia ly, kinh nhieu nude ehau Au va mgt sd nude a Bae te, thdi gian, ddi vdi yeu cau xay dyng My (J khu vyc ehau A Thai Binh Duong, "xa hdi hgc tap" cac qude gia da va dang ed Han Qude la nude sdm quan tam tdi viee td nhieu ehinh sach va giai phap thiet thyc, eu chirc hgc tap sudt ddi va viee xay dyng "thanh the nhu: phd hge tap" de tien tdi xay dyng "xa hgi hge - Day manh hgc tap true tuyen (E-Learning), tap" Nam 2008, d Han Qude da cd 76 thi hge tap qua mang (Online Learning), hgc tap va phd duge chgn de xay dyng di dgng (M-Learaing/Mobile Learning); "thanh phd hgc tap", chiem khoang mgt phan Khuyen khich hge tap tai noi lam viee ba tdng sd 234 thi va eae phd (Learning at Workplace); ttong ca nude Tmng Qude, tinh den nam - Cd chinh saeh uu dai ddi vdi hgc vien nhu 2009 da ed hon 200 phd de muc tieu mien giam hgc phi; xay dyng "thanh phd hgc tap" Nam Phi cQng - Mien, giam thue ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep da va dang trien khai thi diem md hinh "thanh C O to chiie Idp hgc bdi dutog, nang cao tay phd hgc tap" Den da cd hon 1.000 nghe theo hudng hgc tap sudt ddi eho ngudi phd tren the gidi dang phan dau trd hoae cam ket se trd "thanh giao due" lao dgng; - Cdng nhan ket qua hoc tap phi chinh quy, hoae "thanii phd hgc tap" khdng ehinh quy va cap bang chtog nhan; Vien Hgc tap sudt ddi ciia UNESCO - Xay dung, khuyen khich van hoa hgc tap (UNESCO Instimte for Lifelong Learning, sudt ddi 35 Nghien ctiu - Trao doi Ttgip chf C ^ n g s A n "Diy manh xiy dung xi hOi hge tgp, tao co hOi vi diiu kifn eho mgi edng dan duge hgc tap sudt ddi"'"' Ba Id, thyc hien tu tutog chi dgo ciia Ding, Chfnh phu da tiiln khai Dd an "Xdy dung xd hoi hoc tap giai dogn 2005 2010" (Quykt dinh sd il2/2005/(3D-TTg ciia Thu hitog Chinh phu) va D I an "Xdy difn^ xd hpi hpe tap giai dogn 2012 - 2020 " (C^yet dinh sd 89/ (^-TTg) Can cir nhifm vu duge giao ttong Chi thi so 11-CT/TW, 13-4-2007, eua BO Chinh tri "Ve khuyin hpc, khuyin tdi tdng ciedng sif lanh dgo cua Ddng ddi vdi cdng tdc, xdy dung xd hpi hpc tgp" HOi khuyin hgc Vift Nam da vi dang phat huy vai ttd ndng cot ttong viec lien ket, phdi hgp vdi eic td chiic, cic lyc lugng xa hOi day manh cdng tac khuyin hgc, khuyen tai theo hutog xiy dyng xa hOi hgc tip HOi khuyin bgc da phoi hgp vdi nginh giio due - dao tao xay dung mOt mang ludi rOng Ito eic tnmg tam hgc tap cOng ddng d CO sd (mdi xa, phutog mOt Trung tam) vdi tu cich la thiet che giao due cho ngudi Ito, nhtog ngudi dang lao dOng, vira lam, vira hge, cin gi hgc de bdi dutog kiln thiic, ning cao tay nghe, hoin thifn ky nang nghe Hai Id, tham nhuan tu tutog hgc tap sudt nghifp, tiep thu va tog dung tiln bf khoa ddi vi nhgn thtic duge tim quanfrgngva sy hgc - cdng nghf, thiic day sin xult phat hiln can thiet cua viec xay dyng xa hdi hgc tap, Dai Viec xiy dyng trung tdm hpc tap cpng ddng hgi dai bieu toin qude lin thii IX ciia Ding duge trien khai Idii nhanh, nhtmg di vao (nam 2001) da chu truong: "Diy manh phong hogt dfng cho din mdi cd khoang 30% ttio hgc tgp ttong nhan dan bing nhtog hmh sd trung tim hogt ddng tuong ddi thutog thiic giio dye chinh quy va khdng chfnh quy, xuyen, mOt so dua lgi ket qua tMet thye ttong thyc hien "giio dye cho mgi ngudi", "ca nude sin xult nen duac nhan dan, nhit la ndng dan frd thinh mft xa hOi hgc tap"