Xây dựng xã hội dân sự ở việt nam nhìn từ kinh nghiệm châu âu

XAY DONG XA HOI DAN S\f VIET NAM: NHIN TUT KINH NGHIEM CHAU AU DINH CONG HOANG''' Xet ve nhieng dieu kien lich sie thi xd hgi ddn sie (XHDS) dMc coi Id mgt thdnh qud ciia sU phdt trien Vi vdy, nhitng ndm gdn ddy, vdn di XHDS ditoc biet den nha mgt nhu cdu co siec thu hut viec nghien ciiu, tim hieu ud tim phuOng thiic xdy dUng a nhieu qudc gia tren the gidi chau Au, XHDS thitdng di tien phong tham gia gidi quyet cdc vdn de vi chinh tri, kinh te, vdn hod, xd hgi, lien quan den cdc vdn di vi gidi, moi tritdng, nd quo'c te, phong cho'ng HIV, gdi md tranh ludn chinh sdch todn cdu, phdn bien xd hgi, bdo ve cdc nhom ye'u the xd hgi, xdy ditng vdn xd hgi, tham gia qudn tri kinh te - xd hgi, tgo lap cdc quy, ndng cao nhdn thitc vd tgo nguon liXc xd hgi, thiic ddy ddn chu, minh bach hod cdc hogt dong xd hgi XHDS, vdy, ciing dang Id de tdi thu hut sU chu y dgc biet ciia gidi nghien ciiu vd cdc nhd hogt dong xd hgi Viet Nam hien Bdi viet gidi thieu khdi quat khung ly thuyet cua chau Au ve XHDS; tren cd sd tdc gid trinh bdy mgt so vdn de noi len xdy ditng XHDS d Viet Nam vd neu mgt so kien nghi I Khung ly thuyet cua ch§u Au ve' xa h6l dan su Khai n i e m tieng Anh "civil society" dfldc dich tieng Viet la "xa hgi dan sfl" Viet N a m lien q u a n den k h a i niem "xa bgi d a n sfl" cdn cd t h u a t ngfl "xa bgi cdng dan", "xa hgi thi dan" "Xa hgi cdng d a n " n g u y e n nghia tieng Anh la "citizen society" T h u a t ngfl "xa hgi cdng d a n " cd x u a t xfl tfl cac tac p h a m kinb dien cua c h u nghia Marx Trong cac tac p h a m cda K M a r x va F Engels, t h u a t ngfl "Die b u g e r hche Gesellscbaft" tieng Dflc, dfldc mieu ta la "xa bgi cdng dan" va cd chd la "xa hgi thi dan" Trong d c t i e p h a m cua cac n h a tfl tfldng triet hgc va chinh tri khac, cd nhieu b a n l u a n v i k b I i niem va ngi h a m cua XHDS Chang ban, nha triet hgc cd dai Aristote cho rang, XHDS dfldc td chflc qua q u a n he cua nhflng ngfldi ban be cflng chung tfl tfldng, qua dd hg k h a m pha va bieu hien bang cac boat ddng vi ldi ich chung, va vi ddi song cdng cdng, ben ngoai n h a nfldc (9) T Hobbes'"^ cho r i n g , XHDS la sfl sang tao cd muc dich, n h a m dam bao sinh tdn cac gia tri nhfl: cong li, dao dflc, nghe t h u a t va van boa ma khdng bi phu thuoc vao n h a nfldc, qua dd cho phep '*' Vien Nghien ciiu chau Au '"' Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), nha triet hoc Anh, tac gia "Leviathan" mgi ngfldi tham gia phat trien kinh doanh hoa binh va an toan ban cha't cua md'i quan he Nha nfldc-Xa bgi va quan be Xa hgi- Thi trfldng Vdi J Locke'*', XHDS cd bam y ve kha nang cua ngfldi song diiu kien tfl hoat dong chinh tri va boat ddng kinh te XHDS dfldc hinh tfl sd hflu san xua't va tich luy, nd ddi hdi phai cd nha nfldc phap quyin de dam bao trat tfl va bao ve tfl Cdn theo quan diem cua K Marx, "XHDS la linh vflc dfldc d u bdi san xuat, giai d p va cac quan he cbinh tri xa hgi lien quan: quan tam cua XHDS la lam the nao de linh vflc canh tranh bdn dgn trd dd'i tfldng cua giam s i t cdng cdng" (1, tr 4) Theo E Kant'"', XHDS la mgt linh vflc phai dfldc bao ve de giup mgi ngfldi tfl quyet dinh diiu kien tfl Theo J Rousseau", XHDS dfldc bieu la cdng ddng ma sfl doan ket cua nd se dung boa gifla tinh chii quan cua cac ldi ich d nhan vdi tinh k h i c h quan cua boat ddng cdng cdng F Hegel*"*' da cbi vi tri cua linh vflc XHDS, theo dng, XHDS dfldc tri bdi "con ngfldi kinh te" - dd la linh vflc cua hanh dong dao dflc, la mang Ifldi quan he xa bgi, n l m gifla gia dinh va nha nfldc, gan ket nhflng ca nhan tfl chd vdi nhau, thdng qua mdi trfldng trung gian la tfl dao dflc F Hegel bay td md'i e ngai v i nang lflc tfl td chflc va tfl diiu tiet cua XHDS va nha'n manh vai trd nha nfldc dieu tiet dd'i vdi XHDS Ong cho ring, Nha nfldc va XHDS phu thudc lan nhau, song mo'i quan he la dly cang thang va ddi hdi cd luat can bang quan he Mgt sd nha tfl tfldng kbIc nhfl Montesquieu'""',Vonltaire'**"*', diu da n h i n manh vai trd cua nha nfldc dd'i vdi XHDS, theo dd nha nfldc p h l p quyen la '•' John Locke (1632-1704), nha triet hpc Anh, ngUdi md dau chu nghia kinh nghiem txl tUdng phUdng Tay ' " ' Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804), nha triet hoc khcli diu triet hoc co dien Diic, tac gia "phe phan ly tri t h u i n tuy", "phe phan ly tri thUc tiin" '""' Fnedrich Hegel (1770-1831), nha triet hoc ngUdi Diic, ngUdi sang lap phep bien chiing '"'*' Montesquieu (1689-1755), nha tii tUdng noi tieng ngiidi Phap, tac gia "Nhflng ngfldi Ba Tfl", "Tinh than luat phap" I ' Voltaire (1694-1778), nha tfl tflcing, nha van, nha triet hoc noi tieng ngfldi Phap Alexander De Tocqueville*"* lai chu y va nha'n manh nhflng mat trai cda XHDS nhfl tinh dia phfldng chu nghia va d c chuan mflc lien ket tfl nguyen, kbdng cbinh thflc; nhflng mat trai cd the se ban che kha nang cua nha nfldc dan chu, ban che kha nang dat tdi sfl binh dang kinh te va tfl chinh tri Cd the ndi, khai niem XHDS x u l t hien chu yeu la san pham tri tue cua chau Au the ki XVIII, d c cdng dan tim kiem cicb thflc de xlc dinh vi tri cua b i n than xa hgi, dgc lap vdi nha nfldc quan chu, va d vao giai doan ma nen tang ciia mgt trat tfl xa bgi dfla tren vi the, b i t dau bi lung lay, suy giam va theo cbieu hfldng khdng the dao ngfldc Mgt sd nha tfl tfldng ve XHDS da len tieng iing hg xu the p h I t trien (6, 7, 8) Theo dd, d c nha tfl tfldng da ban luan v i cac dac diem, chiiu canh, md'i quan he gifla XHDS- Nha nfldc- Thi '*' Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), nha triet hoc Khai sang Phap '"* Alexander de Tocqueville (1805-1859), chinh khach Phap, nha ly luftn noi tieng, tac gia "ve nen dan chu d My" trfldng C h l n g han tac gia Adam Smith'*' cho ring, thfldng mai ndi chung va viec budn ban gifla cac cdng dan ndi rieng da kbdng nhflng tao cua cai, ma cdn tao ca nhflng moi lien he vd hinh gifla ngfldi vdi ngfldi - cdi ngudn de tao long tin- "vd'n xa hgi"noi theo ngon ngfl kinh te, xa hgi hien dai Mgt so' t i e gia nhfl John Locke, Alexander De Tocqueville it chu y den mdi quan he gifla XHDS vdi thi trfldng, ma chu yeu chi quan tam den van de XHDS dfldc xem xet tfl gdc chinh tri va dan chu boa Mac dfl d c khai niem XHDS cd lich sd phat trien lau dai va phong phu, song cbi vao khoang thap ki gin day, nd mdi trd trgng tam chfl y tren cac dien dan cong luan qudc te Tuy nhien, cflng cd quan diem e ngai v i nguy cd coi XHDS la "vien dan ma thuat" dd'i vdi mgi van d i phat trien d qudc gia hoac toan d u Vi du nhfl quan diem cho r i n g , van d i lap ke hoach nha nfldc va tfl thi trfldng dfldc cdi la t h l t bai, va ddi hdi d n cd "cai gi dd" mdi me hdn? va cho ring, khau quan trgng cbinh la XHDS dang hi "thieu vlng", song thflc sfl cd phai nhfl vay kbdng, vln la van de d n tiep tuc tranh luan Tuy nhien, cd quan diem cho r i n g XHDS khdng nen cbi gidi ban nhfl la mgi bieu bien ddi sdng xa bgi ben ngoai be thdng nha nfldc va d c qua trinh kinh te ma XHDS d i xua't d c yeu d u cua minh thdng qua viec tham gia cac to chflc xa bgi cbinh tri (dang phii va td chflc xa bdi, kinh te bao gdm td chflc san '•' Adam Smith (1723-1790), n h i kinh te hoc chinh tri noi tieng ngfldi Scotland xuat va tai san xuat cac hang va ddi tac, xa bgi, van boa va truyin thdng) Muc tieu chinh cua XHDS la lam ndi bat cac yeu d u ddi vdi nha nfldc va thi trfldng, khdng trflc tiep gin vdi giam sat hoac chinh phat quyen lflc, ma nhlm tao sfl anh hfldng thong qua boat dong lien ket, thao luan dan chu d linh vflc cong cong Cho den nay, d chau Au, c6 nhieu nghien cflu ve cac van ban ban ve khai niem XHDS nhfl mgt y tfldng va khai niem chinh ke tfl thdi Khai sang cua Scotland den cugc each mang d Ddng Au vao cuo'i nhflng nam 1990 Cac ngudn tfl lieu lich sd dat nhieu cau hdi va cflng cd nhieu quan diem lap luan mau thuan hoac tfldng phan Vi du, nhflng tranh luan ban ve cac ngudn goc cua khai niem XHDS, tim hieu cac thuat ngfl dfldc sfl dung dong nghia hoac tfldng dfldng vdi khai niem XHDS, nhflng thay ddi va truyin tho'ng tac ddng den viec sfl dung thuat ngfl theo thdi gian, nhflng diem manh va ban chd kbi sd dung mgt thuat ngfl mang tinb mau thuan va de dang gay tranh cai de phan tich xa hgi, chinh tri va van boa, v.v Theo quan diem xuat phdt tit cdc chuyen ngdnh kinh te-xd hgi, ve khai niem XHDS, cd hai khia canh thfldng dfldc chu y Thit nhdt, vi mat thiic nghiem, dd la khai niem chi linh vflc xa hgi Thd hai, vi mat chudn miic, khai niem dfldc bieu va am chi "met loai Hen ket de nang cao phflc ldi cdn ngfldi" Theo hghla hep, khai niem XHDS xac dinh va phan dinh ro ranh gidi, mgt ben la nha nfldc, n i n kinh te, va ben la XHDS CIcb phan dinh cd phln cflng nhIc, khong phan anh linh boat thflc tien phat triin da dang Theo nghia rgng, k h I i niem XHDS cong nhan sfl trflng l i p gifla linh vflc nha nfldc n i n kinh te va XHDS va ndi long yeu d u chuan mflc de bao gdm ca cac td chflc cd the lam viec vi muc dich cong, thich flng vdi hoan d n h cu the, linh boat, song cflng de tao "sfl mfl md", khd hieu, v.v Khai niem XHDS dfldc sd dung theo nghia cua dan chu phfldng Tay kinh dien, dd d cac nfldc Ddng Au, My Latinh hay cac nfldc dang p h I t trien, theo quan diem cd the Ip dung nhieu dinh nghia vdi pham vi (rgng hay hep), dd cd the loai bd khu vflc kinh te hay bao gdp d nha nfldc, hoac ngfldc lai dfla khu vflc kinh te vao va thu hep cac tac nhan nha nfldc Mgt so' tie'p cdn li thuyet vi niem XHDS: khdi Hieu theo nghia ddn gian nha't, XHDS la linh vflc ndi ma mgi ngfldi cflng tim kiem ldi ich, ma hg cho la cflng chia se chung- song kbdng phai ve ldi nhuan hay quyen lflc chinh tri, ma chu yeu mgi ngfldi cd quan tam dac biet v i van de nao dd de dan tdi cac hanh ddng tap the Dd la "Khdng gian hanh ddng ma ngfldi khong bi ep huge"; la "dong cd, qua mgi ngfldi tien hanh hanh ddng nhfl nhflng nhan td, chu the dao dflc"; la "mgi td chflc va hiep hgi dflng tren d p gia dinh va t h l p hdn d p nha nfldc" Va se chlng cd gi la ben vflng, neu nd khdng dfldc b i t r i nen mdng tfl cugc sdng ddi thfldng hang cua ngfldi dan Dd chinh la XHDS, ndi tao chat lieu "keo dinh", tren cd sd dd mgi sfl viec dfldc dien Tuy nhien, vfldt len tren khai niem ddn gian nay, van cd n h i i u bat ddng, tranh cai dien Thfl nhat, d nghia chung nhlt, XHDS thfldng dfldc hieu la khoang khdng gian xa hgi nam gifla ca nhan, cac nhdm huyet thd'ng trflc tiep (gia dinh) va chinh quyen (nha nfldc) (8) XHDS ham y la khdng gian tfldng t i c xa hgi phi kinh te va phi nha nfldc, n h l m the hien cac gia tri va cac ldi ich cua hg (7) Td chflc Civicus, nam 2005, dinh nghia XHDS la "Diin dan n l m treng khoang khdng gian xa hgi gifla gia dinh, nha nfldc va thi trfldng, ndi mgi ngfldi b i t tay de thflc day quyen ldi chung" Dinh nghia n h l m muc tieu md rgng va bao q u i t hdn, bao gdm ca ba mat: cbinh tri - xa hgi - kinb te, va tap trung vao d c chflc nang (chu the hanh ddng) chfl khdng chi hinb thflc (cd d u ) Mo hinh XHDS NhS nfldc XHDS \ Thi trfldng , Gia dinh ) Tac gia Anheier (8) dinh nghia: "XHDS la linh vflc cua d c thiet che, td chflc, nhdm ca nhan nam khoang khdng gian d gifla gia dinh, nha nfldc, thi trfldng, dd mgi ngfldi hen ket tfl nguyen de thuc day cac ldi ich chung", Xay dung xa hdi dan su qua dd, tac gia neu cu the cac chi bao, cIc cbieu canh cua "mo hinh XHDS binh thoi": d u true (cd sd ting), mdi trfldng (kbdng gian p h l p ly, chinh tri van d i quan tri), gia tri (be thd'ng gia tri) tac dong (anh hfldng) dd nay, cd t h i danh gia hien trang va tao khdi diem de dien giai va thao luan phac thao ve sfl hien dien XHDS qudc gia hoac so sanh vdi cac quoc gia khac Nhin chung theo quan diem cac tiep can tren XHDS cd cac td Mo hinh "XHDS hinh thoi" cbinh gdm linh vflc n l m gifla ca nhan (gia dinh) va nha Cdu true nfldc, nin kinh te dfla tren tfl hflu va thi trfldng va tap hdp cac gia tri, chuan mflc, bao gdm ca cac khai niem Moi trird'ng Gid tri (Khdng gian) phap li ve tfl va dan chu Cd tac gia bao gdp cac the che kinb te vao XHDS Tac Tie gia khac lai tap trung chfl y dong den cac hinh thflc lien ket xa bgi va xem xet cac the che thi trfldng cflng nhfl nha Ve cdu true, dd la pham vi cua nfldc tach biet vdi XHDS XHDS (cac the che, td chflc, mang Ifldi Ve lich sit, XHDS la khai niem lien va d c ca n h i n , d c to' va ngudn quan den lich sfl va triet hgc cbinh tri lflc de boat dong) Vi cdc gid tri: gdm d c phfldng Tay (7) Trong nhiiu the ki qua, gia tri nin tang cua XHDS, cac loai gia dfldi lang kinh cua nhieu nganh khoa tri, chuan miJc va thai ma XHDS dai hgc nhfl lich sfl, triet hgc, chinh tri, van dien va tuyen truyin (ke d ngi bg boa cd nhiiu phan tich ban luan ve td chflc va mdi quan be vdi ben ngoai khai niem XHDS Mdi thdi dai, chuyen nhfl tinh dan chd, tinh than khoan nganh khoa hgc khac deu co each dung hoac bao ve moi trfldng ) va cac hieu va nhin nhan khac ve khai linh vflc cd sfl ddng thuan nhat tri hoac niem, ngi ham, khia canh, ban chat cua bat ddng gia tri, v.v Ve khong gian XHDS Tuy nhien, hau bet cac phan phdp li/chinh tri gdm mdi trfldng diiu tich tap trung vao khia canh chinh tiet xa hgi vi md, d c loai luat le va cua khai niem: thfl nhat XHDS nhfl mgt cbinh sach, can cfl vao dd XHDS tien "xd hgi tdt dep, vi ldi ich chung", thfl hai hanh hoat dong, cac dac diem thuc day XHDS nhfl mgt "ddi sdng hiep hgi, lien hoac ban che phat trien XHDS d qudc ket", va thfl ba XHDS nhfl mgt 'Tinh viic gia Vi dnh hitdng: Chfl y xem xet cong cong" nhflng ddng gdp hoac ban chd cua Vi cdc trUdng phdi, li ludn td tddng XHDS giai quyet d c van de kinh XHDS, tac gia M Edward phan biet ba te, xa hgi, chinh tri (nhfl t i e ddng cbinh sach nha nfldc, quyen ngfldi, thoa tritdng phdi td tiidng chinh ban luan ve man d c nhu d u xa bgi v.v ) Theo sd XHDS (nhfl tren da dfla ra) gdm (9): inong rin Khoa hoc xa hdi s6 8.2009 Thd nhdt, XHDS ditdc hieu nhit mgt "xd hgi tdt dep" (good society) Theo thuat ngfl mang tinh chuan mflc, d c quan diem ban luan ve nhflng muc tieu, y tfldng, quan diem, t i m nhin ve mgt xa hgi li tfldng ma ngfldi mong fldc vfldn tdi XHDS cd the tang cfldng dan chu va cai thien phuc ldi cua cac cdng ddng ngheo khd, thong qua viec d i thien quyin ngfldi va chdng lai nhflng quan niem, hanh vi bat khoan dung, nan bao lflc v.v Sflc manh cua XHDS d chd nd la phfldng tien, qua dd binh va nuoi dfldng cac gia tri va ket qua xa hgi nhfl tinh chat phi bao lflc, khong phan biet dd'i xd, dan chu, tinb t h i n tfldng hd, cdng b l n g xa bgi va muc tieu ciia nd - qua dd, d c chinh sach xa hgi nan giai se dfldc giai quyet theo bfldng cdng blng, bieu qua va dan chd Thdng thfldng ngfldi ta coi XHDS la mgt diiu "td't dep" song thflc te, cd the khdng hoan toan nhfl vay Chlng ban, XHDS cd the cd mgt so' ban che, kbdng nen qua de cao, cu the, tdn tai mgt so' nhdm cd cd d u ngi bg thieu dan chu va minh bach (vi du, nhdm nha thd, tdn giao kieu cflc doan ), gay sfl cang thang hoac do'i d l u t h i i q u i gifla dai dien dfldc dan bau va mgt bg phan cua XHDS; mgt so' nhdm XHDS cd kha nang va kinh nghiem song khdng tao clu nd'i, doan ket ma cd khuynb hfldng tri ddi d l u vdi xa hgi gay ap lflc hoac anh hfldng de'n nha nfldc, dac biet d d c qudc gia dang chuyin ddi, de tao d c khung hoang, sfl b i t dn xa hgi v.v Nhin chung, XHDS "tdt thuoc rat nhieu vao ket qua, he gifla chinh phu, d c cd phap, khu vflc doanh nghiep thdng xa hgi dep" phu mdi quan quan lap va truyen Thd hai, XHDS nhd "ddi sdng hiep hgi" (associational life), la "khoang khdng gian" ciia d c boat ddng cd td chflc, ma khdng phai chinh phu hoac doanh nghiep vi ldi nhuan tham gia thflc hien, gdm boat dong cac hiep hgi (chinh thflc va khdng chinh thflc) nhfl td chflc tfl nguyen cdng ddng, cong doan, td chflc tdn giao, hdp tac xa, nhdm tfldng hd, d c dang chinh tri, hgi nghe nghiep, hgi kinh doanh, td chflc thien nguyen, d c nhdm cdng dan phi chinh thflc va d c phong trao xa hgi (moi trfldng, boa binh, v.v ) Quan diem khang dinh tam quan trgng ciia d c hiep hgi dd'i vdi ddi sdng tap the, ndi cho phep mgi ngfldi the bien "cai tdi", tiim nang, mong mud'n cua minh va cua mgi ngfldi qua hanh ddng tap the Viec tham gia vien d c hiep hgi la tfl nguyen, khong ep huge Sfl tfl hgi hgp se thuc day van boa tham dfl dan sfl, bat ngudn va chiu anh hfldng y tfldng cda nha xa hgi hgc Phap la Alexander De Tocqueville va nha cbinh tri hgc Putnam ve "vdn xa hgi" - XHDS cd dac diem cua td chflc xa hgi nhfl mang Ifldi, chuan mflc va niem tin xa hgi, thuc day sfl dieu phdi, hdp t i c vi nhflng ldi ich tfldng hd (5) Quan diem ve "vdn xa hgi"- mgt nhflng cdng cu mdi nhat phan tich phat trien, trflc tiep gin vdi sfl tien boa cda XHDS Khai niem vdn khdng de dang n l m bit, song cd the ndi, "vd'n xa hgi" la nhflng tinh cam rat quan trgng nhfl long tin gifla cdng dan vdi cdng dan, sfl chia se nhflng gia tri chung v i tinh doan ket, l i hflu, thflc hien bdn phan ddi vdi xa hgi, thuc day sfl dieu phdi va hdp tac lln Xay duTig xa hdi dan sir Nghien cflu Ifldng "vdn xa hdi" dfldc tiep can da nganh, tfl nhiiu gdc nhfl kinb te hgc chinh tri hgc, xa bgi hgc va nhan hgc, sfl hgc, v.v , dd, tap trung vao nhflng gia tri van boa, thai do, tao tam the cho ngfldi hdp tac, tin tfldng, bieu biet va thau d m dd'i vdi nhau, giup g i n ket xa hgi thdng qua thu but cdng dan trd thanh vien tham gia cdng ddng chung, chia se d c ldi ich, cac gia dinh ve cac quan he xa hgi va cam nhan ldi ich chung Mdt p h l n quan trgng cua "vo'n xa hgi", la long tin (Trust)- md'i quan tam cd ban va la to' gin ket phat trien xa bgi, va diiu kien cd ban de tri boat ddng kinh te, va mong mudn hdp tac Cac t h i i dd, gia tri, long tin, tinb tfldng bd la nen tang cd ban, quan trgng de dn dinh cbinh tri xa bgi va hdp tac CIc td chflc XHDS chinh la ndi tri cac kenh giao tiep, tiep xflc quan trgng gifla cac cdng dan, tao dieu kien tich luy ki nang va phat trien ngudn "vd'n xa bgi" Mgt so'ca'u true xa bgi, thiet chd xa bgi (truyin thdng hoac bien dai) ddng vai trd quan trgng viec tao "vd'n xa bgi" Cdi ngudn nuoi dfldng "vd'n xa bgi" b i t ngudn tfl gia dinh (nin tang quan trgng nha't), ndi lam viec, giao due va khu dan cfl sinh sd'ng Tinb chat van hoi -xa bdi cua "vdn xa hgi" the bien, phu thuoc vao bd'i canh, nhfl tinb dai dien, mflc gin ket cdng ddng, sfl tham gia dan cfl vao boat ddng cda td chflc v.v Ngoai ra, "vd'n xa bgi" cd mdi quan he gin ket vdi quan tri dan chu Vi du, cd the coi sfl tbieu but hoac hien dien "vdn xa bgi" la chi bao v i ket qua boat dong cda cbinh quyin dia phfldng, long tin cua dan cfl dd'i vdi boat ddng cbinh quyen va gin vdi nhiiu chi bao phat trien xa hgi lien quan khac v.v Thd ba, XHDS nhu "khu viic cong" (public area) XHDS dfldc hieu nhfl "mgt kbdng gian" (vat the va phi vat thi), dd cac khac biet xa hgi, cac van d i xa hgi, cbinh sach cdng, hanh ddng cbinh phu, van d i cdng ddng, ban sic van boa, v.v dfldc binh thanh, tranh luan, thfldng Ifldng Thong qua dd, tao md'i lien ket, hdp tac gifla cac ca nhan va nhdm xa hgi, chia se t i m nhin, dinh hfldng chung v i mgt xa hgi "tdt dep" Khdng gian cdng cdng cd the la kbdng gian vat the nhfl trung tam cdng ddng, phdng hgp hoac qua mang xa bgi, the gidi ao (blog) Y tfldng v i "khu vflc cdng" gin vdi tac gia J Haberma Theo quan diem cua Habemas (6), khu vflc cdng la khu vflc, dd nhflng va'n d i cd y nghia cdng cdng, cd the dfldc mgi ca nhan thao luan tfl gdc nang lflc ca nhan cua hg, va ve nguyen tac, ket qua thao luan dfldc quyet dinh chi blng chit Ifldng cda cac luan cfl ma thdi Theo dd, d n tich cflc tao nhflng diiu kien xa hgi de cd the thuc day hoac tao lap "mgt khong gian" thu hflt mgi ngfldi tham gia tfldng ddi binh ding cac thao luan mang tinh li tri va quan trgng O khu vflc cdng, cac nhdm ca nhan phi the che, phi cbinh thflc, se tim kiem each thflc tham gia, the bien va tranh luan mdi (vi du, qua mang xa bgi, blog) Cac boat ddng cd the khdng nham bao ve XHDS dd'i lap vdi nha nfldc hoac nang cao chit Ifldng dan chd Va nhfl vay, khu vflc cdng se tao XHDS: nd khong bi "nud't chdng" bdi nha nfldc, ma dap flng cac va'n d i cua nha nfldc, va'n de cdng cdng, tren cd sd dd, cd the xay dving va hoan thien cac chinh sach nha nfldc 10 iiiung nn njioa noc xa noi so o.ziuus Tdm lai, XHDS cd the dfldc hieu la muc tieu de hfldng tdi (mgt "xa hgi td't dep"), la phfldng tien d i dat muc dich (thdng qua "ddi so'ng hiep hgi") va la khung khd chung d i mgi ngfldi cung tham gia thd'ng n h l t ve muc dich va phfldng tien ("khu vflc cdng"- linh vflc tranh luan)(8) II Mot SO van de ve xay dung xa hdi dan sa d Viet Nam Vi ten ggi XHDS d Viet Nam O chau Au, theo each tiep can khac ma nd dfldc ggi b l n g nhflng ten ggi khac nhfl: XHDS, khu vflc thfl ba, khu vflc tfl nguyen, khu vflc phi ldi nhuan, n i n kinb td mang tinh xa bgi Cdn d Viet ngfl dfldc sd Nam", "XHDS "XHDS dinh Nam" Nam, da cd mgt so' thuat dung nhfl "XHDS Viet ban sic Viet Nam", hoac bfldng XHCN d Viet Nhflng du dfldc ggi bang thuat ngfl gi di chang nfla, thi XHDS Viet Nam d n phai mang nhflng dac diem chung vd'n cd cua nd la: Nd la "Linh vflc, la khoang khdng gian, la diin dan gifla gia dinh, Nha nfldc va thi trfldng, dd cac ca nhan lien ket tfl nguyen (bit tay nhau) de thflc dly quyin ldi chung" (8) Muc tieu cua XHDS Viet Nam, n h l m bfldng tdi, n h l m xay dflng mgt xa hgi tdt dep (9) Thdng qua phfldng tien la "Ddi sd'ng hiep hgi" (9) XHDS Viet Nam d n phai cd mdi trfldng la "Linh vflc cdng cong" hoac "Khu vflc cong cong", hoac "Mgt khoang kbdng gian vat the va phi vat the", hoac "Diin dan" (9) Thdng qua diin dan khu vflc cdng cdng dd, mgi ngfldi cflng tham gia ban bac, tranh luan, thfldng Ifldng, binh dang n h l m chia xe t i m nhin, cac quyet dinh kip thdi n h l m xay dflng mgt xa hgi td't dep XHDS Viet Nam dfldc tiep can, dac, danh gia qua md hinh ca'u trflc "XHDS hinh thoi", bao gdm cbieu canh: - Ca'u trflc (cd sd chflc XHDS) tang cua td - Mdi trfldng (khdng gian phap ly, chinh tri, kinh te, van hda, xa hgi, va'n d i quan tri ) - Gil tri (dan sfl, minh bach, binh dang, khoan dung, phi bao lflc, bao ve ngfldi, mdi trfldng ) - Tac ddng (den Nha nfldc, den ngfldi, den cac van de kinh te, cbinh tri, xa hgi ) Nguyen t i c (dac diem) cua XHDS Viet Nam la: Tfl nguyen, tfl td chflc, tfl chu, da dang, phi ldi nhuan, phi thfldng mai, phi bao lflc, hanh dong tinb tap the, dac biet phai cd c0 sd phap ly ro rang Dinh nghia vi XHDS Viet Nam Tfl nhflng phan tich tren, chung tdi bfldc dau dfla mgt so dinh nghia vi XHDS Viet Nam nhfl sau: XHDS Viet Nam la d c td chflc xa hgi n l m ngoai xa hgi, n l m ngoai doanh nghiep (thi trfldng), n l m ngoai gia dinh, de lien ket ngfldi dan lai, boat dong tfl nguyen vi muc dich chung xay dflng mgt xa hgi td't dep XHDS Viet Nam la diin dan tap hdp d c td chflc va d c nhdm XHDS n l m ngoai Nha nfldc, thi trfldng, gia dinh, X&Y dung xa h6i dan su lien ket vdi mgt each tfl nguyen, boat dong dfla tren cac nguyen tac tfl td chflc, tfl giai tan phi ldi nhuan, phi thfldng mai, tdn trgng phap luat, tdn trgng quyin tfl chu cua mdi vien, cflng tham gia cac cong viec vi quyen ldi chung cda xa hgi va ca nhan, thflc day sfl phat trien nbam xay dflng mgt xa bgi tot dep XHDS Viet Nam la xa hgi bao gdm tdng the d c td chflc xa hgi cua ngfldi dan, dfldc hinb mgt each tfl nguyen, tfl trang trai kinb phi, boat ddng dgc lap tfldng dd'i vdi Nha nfldc, thi trfldng, gia dinh, dfldc gan bd vdi blng trat tfl phap ly r5 rang, n h l m muc tieu thuc day quyin ldi chung, xay dflng mgt xa hgi td't dep 11 chau Au, kbi ndi den XHDS ngfldi ta diu thdng n h l t each nhin nhan ve nhflng dac diem cua no Dd la: tfl nguyen, tfl td chflc (tfl giai tan), tfl chu, tfl trang trai kinh phi boat ddng, phi ldi nhuan, phi thfldng mai, phi bao lflc, hanh dong mang tinh tap the, cd trach nhiem giai trinh, cam ket minh bach, mang tinb dan sfl va dan sfl hda, muc tieu n h l m xay dflng mgt xa hgi tot dep, tao cac gia tri nin tang vi xa hgi, vi ngfldi, nhan ban, nhan van cao ca, binh ding, dan chu, tfl do, bac Cdn d Viet Nam, dfl nhflng dac diem cua XHDS cflng nhfl d chau Au, nhflng Viet Nam mang nhflng dac thu rieng nhfl: la nfldc di theo dfldng XHCN, nhat mgt Dang Cdng san lanh dad, vi vay XHDS Viet Nam cd nhflng XHDS Viet Nam la diin dan cda dac diem, dac thfl khac: Cac td chflc cac tap the, cac phong trao xa hgi, cac td XHDS Viet Nam phai chiu sfl lanh dao chflc, cac mang Ifldi xa hgi cua ngfldi cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam, va nhan dan, boat ddng phi ldi nhuan, tfl td dfldc sfl hd trd to Idn cua Nha nfldc vi chflc, tfl trang trai kinh phi dgc lap vdi kinb phi Cac td chflc XHDS Viet Nam thi trfldng, khdng pbu thudc vao Nha dac biet la cac td chflc chinh tri - xa hgi nfldc, gia dinh, n h l m theo dudi cac muc nhfl mat tran, cdng doan, pbu nfl, tieu chung ciia mgi ngfldi dan, xay dflng nien, hgi ndng dan, hgi cflu chien binh mgt xa hgi tdt dep, tren cac linh vflc kbf'sig ddn thuan la cac phong trao tfl chinh tri, kinb te, van hda, xa hgi dam nguyen, tap hdp cac nhdm cfl dan n h l t dinh, ma la td chflc rgng k h l p theo cac bao ton trgng luat phap Viet Nam d p hanh chinh tfl trung fldng den cd sd, XHDS Viet Nam la nhflng td chflc phat trien, trfldng tiianh qua cua ngfldi dan mang tinh cdng ddng, trinh each mang cua dan dfldc xay dflng tren nguyen tac dan sfl Vi du, vien cua Mat tran td tfl nguyen tfl thda thuan, tfl trang trai qudc Viet Nam bao gdm ca Dang Cong kinh phi, nd lam nhflng viec Nha nfldc san Viet Nam, cac td chflc cbinh tri - xa khdng lam dfldc, thi trfldng cflng kbdng hgi, cac td chflc xa hgi, cac td chflc nghe lam dfldc, boat ddng khudn khd nghiep, cac ca nhan tieu bieu cac luat phap quy dinh, n h l m muc tieu dan tdc, tdn giao, nhan si va cac t i n g thflc day quyen ldi chung, xay dflng mgt Idp xa hgi khac xa hgi tot dep Dgi ngfl can bg cua cac td chflc chinh tri-xa bgi kha da dang, phong Ddc thu cua XHDS Viet Nam 12 phu, vfla cd can bd kiem nhiem, vfla cd d n bg chuyen trach, dgi ngu can bg chuyen trach dfldc bfldng Ifldng ngan sicb Nha nfldc, dfldc xep vao ngach bac cdng chflc Nha nfldc Vi vay Mat tran td qudc Viet Nam la td chflc tap hdp 44 td chflc vien va nhiiu c l nhan tieu bieu, dai dien cho khdi dai doan ket toan dan tgc, la lflc Ifldng nong cd't cua cac td chflc XHDS rgng rai d Viet Nam Mgt mat nd vfla chiu sfl lanh dao cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam, nhflng mat khac, nd lai vfla la td chflc cd nhiem vu giam sat, phan bien xa bgi dd'i vdi nhflng hoat dong cua Dang, Nha nfldc va be tho'ng chinh tri Viet Nam Nd tap hdp cac y kien cua quIn chflng nhan dan de phan anh, phan bien, kien nghi vdi Dang Cdng san va Nha nfldc Cac y kien ddng gdp xay dflng vdi Dang Cdng san, Nha nfldc tren tinh t h i n ddng thuan vdi dfldng ldi, cbinh sach, chu trfldng cua Dang va Nha nfldc Nhiiu khi, cac td chflc XHDS Viet Nam hi ddng, chiu sfl chi phdi qua Idn, td thu ddng, dan den mac d c can benh "Nha nfldc hda", "Hanh chinh hda" Nhieng hgn che cua cdc to chdc XHDS d Viet Nam Nhfl phan tich d tren, ban che cua cac td chflc XHDS d Viet Nam, trfldc bet b i t ngudn tfl cd ca'u td chflc cua cac XHDS khdng rd rang Khong gidng cac td chflc XHDS d chau Au, neu xet tfl dinh nghia, khai niem, d c td chflc XHDS Viet Nam phu thudc vao sfl lanh dao cua Dang, cua Nha nfldc; dfldc kinh phi cua Nha nfldc d p , tham cbi dfldc Dang, Nha nfldc coi nhfl la mgt ddn vi hanh chinh cd bien che, xep ngach bac cdng chflc Vi the chflc nang ciia d c td chflc XHDS khdng ro rang, nhiem vu cflng khdng ro rang, vi d c td chflc XHDS Viet Nam vfla chiu sfl lanh dao, quan ly cua Dang, cua Nha nfldc, vfla cd nhiem vu giam sat, phan bien vai trd cda Dang va Nha nfldc Trong qua trinh hoat ddng, dinh nghia, khai niem, chflc nang, nhiem vu khdng ro rang, nen XHDS Viet Nam boat dong rat thu dong, khdng cd hieu qua Mat khac cd sd phap ly, ma cu the la luat v i Hgi, Hiep hgi chfla dfldc ban hanh, nen sfl boat dong khdng cd sfl dam bao b l n g phap luat Vi chflc nang, nhiem vu, cd sd phap ly khdng ro rang, cho nen d c to chflc XHDS d Viet Nam da boat ddng thu dong, la "canh tay nd'i dai cua Nha nfldc", vi the ma nd khdng chu dong chflc nang, nhiem vu giam sat, phan bien vai trd lanh dao, boat ddng cda Dang va Nha nfldc Nhflng vi du cu the nhfl: Khdng cd vai tro cdng tac phdng cho'ng tham nhflng, it cd tieng ndi cac vu viec ndi com cua dat nfldc nhfl vu buy boai mdi trfldng cda Nha may Vedan tren sdng Thi Vai (Ddng Nai); Vu xay dflng khach san d Cdng vien Thd'ng N h l t (Ha Ngi); Vu xay dflng sieu thi chd 19-12 (Chd Am Phd) d Ha Ngi; Mgt sd td chflc XHDS d Viet Nam ldi dung danh nghia la td chflc phi Nha nfldc, da thflc hien nhflng y dd thu ldi cho cl nhan, cho d c nhdm ldi ich rieng, mdc tiin tfl kinh phi cua Nha nfldc, tfl cac td chflc quo'c te nbam phuc vu vi muc tieu ldi nhuan rieng, kbdng vi muc tieu chung cua xa bgi Dac biet cd mgt sd td chflc XHDS da cau ket vdi nhflng p h l n td phan dong qudc te, am muu chdng ddi lai dfldng ldi, chinh sach dung d i n cua Dang va Nha nfldc Viet Nam, di ngfldc Xay dimg xa hoi dan su 13 lai ldi ich chung cua cdng ddng, dan tgc Hg da tuyen truyen, keu ggi kich ddng dan chd, hoac td chflc cac boat dong chdng ddi lai chu trfldng, cbinh sach cua Nha nfldc nhfl vu ddi dat cua giad xfl Nha chung Thai Ha (Ha Ngi); Vu ddi lap cac td chflc dan chd tfl do; Vu Nguyin Van Dai, Nguyen Thi Cdng Nhan Mo hinh xd hgi ddn sit Viet Nam Idgi? Trfldc bet, d n khang dinh r i n g cac td chflc XHDS d chau Au dfldc binh va phat trien bd'i canh khong gidng vdi Viet Nam, vi vay md hinh XHDS Viet Nam cung mang nhflng net dac thfl rieng cua minh XHDS Viet Nam phai la mgt "Xa hgi tdt dep", la "Ddi sd'ng hiep hgi", la "Khu vflc cdng cdng" Nd la khoang khdng gian xa hdi n l m gifla Nha nfldc, thi trfldng, gia dinh, ndi tat ca cac vien xa hgi tfl nguyen cflng nam tay xay dflng, thflc day quyin ldi chung cho xa bgi, dd cd quyin ldi cda tflng ca nhan XHDS Viet Nam hoat ddng tuan theo bien phap, phap luat cua Nha nfldc, ddng thuan, dd'i trgng, giam sat, phan bien, chfl khdng chdng dd'i, dd'i lap vdi Nha nfldc, vi muc tieu xay dflng "Dan giau, nfldc manh, xa bgi cdng bang, dan chd, van minh" Vi vay, tam giac phat trien: Nha nfldc phap quyen, kinh te thi trfldng va XHDS, chung ta phai khuyen khich phIt trien ca mat mdt each bien chflng, ben vflng, xd ly dung d i n md'i quan he gifla Dang lanh dao, Nha nfldc quan ly vdi hgi nhap, md cfla, xay dflng kinh te thi trfldng, vdi truyin thdng dan chu Viet Nam (XHDS Viet Nam) Phat huy truyen thdng dan chu, cdng khai minh bach, tinh chu ddng cua XHDS Viet Nam Tao mgi dieu kien phat trien XHDS Viet Nam, cho phep XHDS Viet Nam chu ddng cac chflc nang nhiem vu cua nd, n h l m tao cac ngudn lflc chinh tri, kinh te, xa hgi, van hda, dao dflc vfla de kiem soat quyin luc Nha nfldc vfla phat huy sflc manh hieu qua cua Nha nfldc, khudn khd quy dinh cua phap luat Viet Nam Trfldc bet, cd sd phap ly cda XHDS Viet Nam phai rd rang, cd bg luat ve Hgi, Hiep hgi Mgt mat tim tdi md hinh phat triin cua XHDS Viet Nam, mat khac d n hgc bdi nhflng kinh nghiem phat trien bin vflng cua XHDS tren the gidi, dac biet la md hinb XHDS d cac nfldc Blc Au, dd cd md hinh XHDS Thuy Diin Trong lich sd khoang 100 nam qua, cac td chflc XHDS Thuy Dien cd diem dgc dao la thdng qua quan diem cda Cbinh phu, XHDS dfldc xem nhfl cac trfldng hgc cho dan chu va quyen cdng dan, nhfl cdng cu de huy dong cbf'ih tri va dfldc tri de chia xe trach nhiem ve ph it trien, thflc bien cac chinh sach lao ddng cflng vdi Nha nfldc Nha nfldc Thuy Dien cd quan he ddng thuan, gan bd ra't chat che vdi cac td chflc XHDS Hien nay, N nfldc da gia tang cdng nhan vai tro cbinh tri, xa hgi cua XHDS, dac biet la ve vai tro van ddng (thflc day cac ldi ich vien, van ddng hanh lang, tuyen truyin, tao dflng he tfl tfldng va ddng gdp vao cung cap d c dich vu, phflc ldi ) Ca hai Dang canh ta, canh hflu d Thuy Dien diu cei cac td chflc XHDS (khu vflc thfl ba) la giai phap thay the hdp phap dd'i vdi cung ca'p dich vu cdng va tfl, cung cd cac 14 cdng viec tinh nguyen Md hinb rat pbu hdp vdi chung ta, dac biet vfla gifl vflng vai trd lanh dao cua Dang Cong san vfla p h I t buy manh me sfl phat trien cua XHDS K H Anheir va L Carlson, et all Global civil society: Dimensions of non -profits sector Baltimore: 1999 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO K H Anheir, Glasius Marlie, Kaldor Mary Global civil society Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001 Dinh Cong Tuan Mgt so' van de ly luan va thflc tien ve xa hgi dan sfl (XHDS) d Lien minh chau Au (EU) De tai d p Bg nam 2008, Vien Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam K H Anheir va L Carlson, et all Global civil society: Dimensions of non profits sector Baltimore: Vol 2, 2004 L Diamond Toward Democratics Consolidations Journal of democracy Vol 4, N3, 1994 M Edwards Nailing the jelly to the wall: Edwards associates London: 1998 Dfl an CIVICUS CSI-SAT Danh gia ban d l u ve xa hgi dan sfl tai Viet Nam H.: 2006 Thomat Meyer va Nicole Breyer The Future of Social democracy Friedrich Ebbert Stiftung Germany: 2007 D.R Putnam Democracies in Flux Evolution of Social Capital Oxford Univer Press: 2002 10 Dd Van Quan Vai trd cua phan bien xa hgi d Viet Nam hien Tap chi Ly ludn chinh tri, so'2/2009 11 Thang Van Phuc, Nguyin Minh Phfldng (ddng chii bien) Ddi mdi td chflc va boat ddng cua Mat tran td qudc va d c td chflc cbinh tri - xa hgi d nfldc ta hien H.: Chinh tri Qudc gia, 2007  ... sd Nam" , "XHDS "XHDS dinh Nam" Nam, da cd mgt so' thuat dung nhfl "XHDS Viet ban sic Viet Nam" , hoac bfldng XHCN d Viet Nhflng du dfldc ggi bang thuat ngfl gi di chang nfla, thi XHDS Viet Nam. .. nhap, md cfla, xay dflng kinh te thi trfldng, vdi truyin thdng dan chu Viet Nam (XHDS Viet Nam) Phat huy truyen thdng dan chu, cdng khai minh bach, tinh chu ddng cua XHDS Viet Nam Tao mgi dieu kien... luat Viet Nam Trfldc bet, cd sd phap ly cda XHDS Viet Nam phai rd rang, cd bg luat ve Hgi, Hiep hgi Mgt mat tim tdi md hinh phat triin cua XHDS Viet Nam, mat khac d n hgc bdi nhflng kinh nghiem