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TAP c m KHOA HOC SO 9 * 2015 61 KHUNG NANG L^JC NGOAI NGU 6 BAC VA BAI TOAN CHAT LU*ONG GIAO DUG NGOAI NGU 6 VIET NAM TSnNuMyNhat* T6m tat Myc tieu ciia bdi viet Id ddnh gid cdc ngi dung, tie do chi r[.]
TAP c m KHOA HOC SO * 2015 61 KHUNG NANG L^JC NGOAI NGU BAC VA BAI TOAN CHAT LU*ONG GIAO DUG NGOAI NGU VIET NAM TSnNuMyNhat* T6m tat Myc tieu ciia bdi viet Id ddnh gid cdc ngi dung, tie chi nhieng y nghia ly lugn vd thi^c tiin cua Khung ndng luc ngoai ngU bgc diing cho Viet Nam Dua vdo nhieng so sdnh ddi chieu vai Khung tham chieu chung Chau Au (CEFR), vd mgt sd nghiin ciru a cdc nude khac ve viic van dyng CEFR, chung tdi se dua mgt so ggi y ve giai phdp nhdm ndng cao chat lugng gido dye ngogi ngic a nude ta bdi cdnh hien Tir khda: khung tham chieu Chau Au, khung ndng luc ngogi ngir bgc diing cho Viet Nam Khung nang lyc ngoai ngir bac diing cho Vi^t Nam Khung nang lyc ngoai ngii dung eho Viit Nam lan dau tiln duge chinh thiie dl cap Dl an "Day v i hge Ngoai ngu he thdng giio due quoc din giai doan 2008-2020": "Viec dgy vd hgc ngogi ngU he thdng gido due Viet Nam duac thiet ke theo mgt khung trinh nang lifc ngogi ngic thdng nhdt Khung trinh dg ndng hec ngogi ngir Idm nin tdng cho su ddm bao Uin thong giiea cdc cap hgc vi4c dgy vd hgc ngogi ngu, tgo ca sd di phdn bd lugng thdi gian cho tieng cap hgc, xdy dicng chuang trinh vd biin sogn nhiing ngi dung kiim tra ddnh gid cu thi." Sau nam sau Dl an duge phi duyet, Khung ndng luc ngogi ngU bgc dung cho Vi4t Nam (KNLNNVN) chinh thire duge ban hanh kem theo Thdng tu sd 01/2014/TTBGDDT 24/01//2014 eua Bd trudng BO Giao dye va Dio tao Theo nhan dinh cua mgt sd ehuyen gia dio tgo ngogi ngii nude [2, tr 8], viec ban hanh Khung nang luc ngoai ngu li "mgt nhiing thdnh tuu quan trgng cua Be dn 2020" va KNLNNVN eiing la "casd quan trgng cho cdng tdc ddi mdi cdn bdn kiim tra, ddnh gid ngogi ngU" • PGS TS, Trudng Dgi hpc Qui Nhcm KNLNNVN duge xay dyng vdi eae mye dich: (1) Ldm cdn cie thdng nhdt ve yeu cdu ndng li^c cho tdt cd ngogi ngU duge gidng dgy he thdng gido dye quoc ddn; (2) Ldm cdn cuxdy dung chuang trinh, biin sogn hoac lua chgn gido trinh, sdch gido khoa, ke hogch gidng dgy, cdc tdi lieu dgy hgc ngogi ngd- khac vd xdy dimg tiiu chi kiim tra, thi vd ddnh gid d tung cap hgc, trinh ddo tgo, bao ddm sy lien thdng ddo tgo ngogi ngU giiea cdc cap hgc vd trinh ddo tgo; (3) Ldm cdn cho gido vien, gidng vien lifa chgn vd trien khai ndi dung, cdch thicc gidng dgy, kiem tra, ddnh gid di ngudi hgc dgt duge yeu cdu ciia chuang trinh ddo tgo; (4) Giup ngudi hgc hiiu duge ngi dung, yeu cdu ddi vdi timg trinh dg nang lyc ngogi ngii- vd tu ddnh gid nang Igc cua minh; vd (5) Tgo dieu ki^n thuan Igi cho vi$c hgp tdc, trao doi gido due, cdng nhdn vdn bang, chung chi vdi cdc qude gia img dyng Khung tham chieu chung Chau Au (CEFR) KNLNNVN duge ehia lam cip (So cip, Trung cap vi Cao cap) va bae (tir Bac din Bgc va tuang thich vdi cac bae tir AI din C2 CEFR) KNLNNVN gdm 28 trang, cd 45 bing: 01 bang Md td tdng qudt, 01 bing Tu ddnh gid nang luc ngogi ngie, cdn lai li 43 bing bd cue theo 04 ky nang, lin lugt li nghe, ndi dgc, viet 62 Cung theo Thdng tu tren, "KNLNNVN duge phdt trien trin ca sd tham chieu, ung dung CEFR vd mgt sd khung trinh dg Tieng Anh ciia cdc nude, kit hgp vdi tinh hinh vd dieu kiin thue ti dgy, hgc vd sir dung ngogi ngU a Viit Nam Tuy nhiln, ehung tdi da nghiin ciiu, ddi chiiu thi thiy ring diy la bdn dich tuong ddi trung thdnh cie thang tuong ling CEFR; danh gia ciing da duge khang dinh d mdt sd cdng trinh khac [6, 7, 8] Duy cd mgt dieu khac bilt ed the nhin thiy ngay: nlu nhu cic thang CEFR, vdi y nghia bilu trung li "chile thang" ma ngudi hgc se bude qua tir thip len eao, thi cac bac cac bang eiia KNLNNVN duge dgt ngugc lai Vi vay, ngi dung tiep theo ciia ehung tdi li tdm tat mue dieh, ngi dung cua CEFR va sau dd li mgt sd so sinh giiia KNLNNVN va CEFR CEFR va mot so so sanh, thao lu|n 2.L CEFR Khung tham chiiu chung chau Au co tin ggi diy dii theo ban Tieng Anh la "Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment" [5], thudng duge viit tat li CEFR Diy la mdt cdng trinh "mieu td todn dien nguoi hgc ngdn ngU phdi ldm gi su dyng mdt ngdn ngie ndo dd de giao tiep, vd hg cdn cdc kiin thue, ky ndng gi di cd the giao tiep hieu qud." [5, tr.l] Tinh thin vi nln ting eiia CEFR la trilt ly co bin - vl ngudi hge ngdn ngii va ve viec hgc ngdn ngu Ve ngudi hgc, "dudng hudng duge sir dung a ddy ndi chung, Id dudng hudng thien ve hdnh ddng, [action-oriented approach] xem ngudi sie dung ngdn ngic vd ngudi hgc ngdn ngic ca bdn la 'nhimg tdc nhdn xd hgi' [social agent], cd nghia Id nhimg thdnh vien xd hgi cd nhung nhiem vy (khdng nhdt thiet phdi lien quan din ngon ngic) phdi hodn thdnh nhieng dieu kien ndo TRU'dNG DAI HOC PHU YEN hodn cdnh ndo mdt linh vye hogt ddng ndo do." [5, tr.9] Va xuat phat tir khai niem vl ngudi hge, viec hgc ngdn ngic duge dinh nghTa: "^li- dung ngdn ngU, gdm cd hgc ngdn ngie, bao gdm cdc hdnh ddng duge thue hi^n bdi nhiing ngicai, Id nhimg cd nhdn vd nhieng tdc nhdn xa hgi, cd nhieu nang luc khac nhau, cd cdc ndng lire chung vd dgc biet Id cde ndng lire ngon ngir giao tiip Trong nhieng ngir cdnh khac nhau, vdi nhieng dieu kien vd rdng bugc khac nhau, ngudi su dyn^ngudi hgc se dua vdo ngudn nhung ndng lyc ciia minh de tham gia vdo cdc hogt dgng ngon ngir bao gdm cdc qud trinh ngon ngu di tgo vd/hay nhdn cdc van bdn, vdi nhung chu de nhdt dinh nhiing tinh vuc nhdt dinh, van dyng cdc chien luge thich hgp nhdt de hodn thdnh cdc nhiem vu md hodn cdnh ddt Qud trinh dieu khien, thue hien nhimg hdnh dgng Igi gdp phdn cung co hay phdt triin cdc nang luc cua hg." [5, tr 9; cac khii niem duge cae tic gii nhin manh] Cac tham sd, pham tni ehinh duge cac tie gii nhin mgnh dinh nghia trin lan lugt duge dinh nghTa, giii thich, chi tilt hoa vdi cac tieu loai, va trinh bay kit hgp vdi cic thang Nhu viy, ve bd cue tii lieu bao gim phin ehinh: (i) Phin mieu ta (Descriptive scheme) la edng cu dl ngudi sii dung chiem nghiem sir dyng ngdn ngU ed nghia Id ldm gi Cac pham trii hg thdng mieu ti bao gdm ^ndng lyc' (^ndng luc chung' vi ^nang lyc ngdn ngU giao tiep'), 'cdc dieu kiin-rdng bugc', 'hogt dgng nggn ngu', 'qua trinh ngdn ngU', 'vdn ban', 'chit de', 'linh vuc', 'chien luge', va 'nhiem vy'; (ii) He thdng cae thang bac tham chiiu ehung (common reference level scales) bao gdm eae thang nang luc ngdn ngir; gdm eie dae ti cac bac nang lyc cho cie thdng sd eua phan milu ti TAP CHi KHOA HOC SO * 2015 (i) Hi thong mieu td, tip trung d ehuang va chuong 5, su dung ca nhiing khii niem quen thugc ly luin phuong phap day hgc truyen thdng va nhiing khai niem ngdn ngii hgc ling dyng mdi me hien dai Tuy nhien, cic khai nigm CEFR cd eie ndi ham vi ngoai diln khdng hoin toan trimg khdp vdi eae khai niem truyin thdng hay eae khai niem phd biin cac tai ligu ve phuong phip dgy hgc ngoai ngii Vi dy nhu thuat ngu "Ay ndng" (skill) thudng duge diing cho loai nghe ndi, dgc, viit, thi CEFR duge dimg de chi "ky nang thyc fe" (practical skills), "ky nang hgc" (study skills), "ky nang tim hieu" (heuristic skills) v.v., edn khii niem "nang lyc" (competence) thi bao gdm logi Idn li cic ''nang luc chung' (*kien thicc chung', 'cdc Ap nang thue hdnh', 'khd ndng hgc") va ^cdc ndng luc ngdn ngU giao tiep'' (bao gdm ^ndng lyc ngdn ngie', 'ndng luc ngdn ngU xd hgi', 'ndng lyc dung hgc") Nghe, Noi, Dgc, Viet duge thio luan nhu nhiing 'hogt dgng' (activities), duge md ta song song ket hgp vdi khai nilm 'chiin luge' (strategies) 'Hagt dgng'gom cac loai: 'sdn sinh' (ndi va viet), 'tiep nhdn' (nghe vi dgc), 'tuang tdc' (ndi va viet), 'trung gian' (tom tat, ehuyen ddi, phien dich vi biin dich) (ii) He thdng cdc thang bgc tham chieu chung ed tit ea 57 thang, dd li 34 thang minh hga eho cae hoat dgng giao tiep ngdn ngu khac (khdng cd thang eho hoat dgng trung gian) va thang minh hga cac chien luge di kem; cdn 13 thang minh hga cac khia canh chit lugng, va thang tdm tat Mdi thang cd bac, ed y nghTa bieu tumg nhu "chile thang hge" (learning ladder), "chile thang CEFR" (CEFR ladder) mi ngudi hgc se bude timg bude mgt tii thip len cao qua trinh hgc ngoai ngii Trong cac tai lieu chuyen nginh Phuang phap giing day ngoai ngii hay Tim ly-ngdn ngii hgc, 63 dudng phit trien thudng duge minh hga vdi mgt hinh ehdp nguge, vdi mgt miii ten di tir dudi len Trong mdi thang nhu vay, moi bac duge dae ti bang cac eau "ed thi lim duge" (can-do statements/ descriptors), nang lye ngdn ngii duge milu ta d phuong diln sd lugng (nhilm vy, ngir canh, chu di, ITnh vuc ) va chit lugng (miic dat hieu qua) 2.2 Mdt so so sanh, thao luan a Ben egnh 02 bang Md td tdng qudt vi Tu ddnh gid, KNLNNVN gdm 43 bing Diy ehi li nhirng bang minh hga (illustrative scales), phin bilt vdi bang tdm tit 1, 2, CEFR [5,ti".24-29] Theo B North [8], m^t cic tic gia cua CEFR, "54 thang phy (sub-seales) khdng nham muc dieh de duge sir dyng Mye dieh cua nhiing thang niy li giiip ngudi sii dung xem xet pham vi ciia chuong trinh hge hay ky thi cy the ma hg quan tam: cac khia canh nio ein uu tien v i bac nang lyc nao la phu hgp ddi vdi khia canh dd." Ciing theo B North, nhiing phien ban diu, eae thang phy chi duge dua vao phin phy lye (vi viy ma ehiing van cdn duge lilt ke Phu lye B [5, h-.222-223] Nhung, that bit ngd, ehinh cie thang Igi nhin duge sy quan tim nhilu hon tir nhirng ngudi tham khao CEFR, nen sau dd da duge dua vao chucmg vi ciia philn bin chinh thue Dgc CEFR, chiing ta se thiy ddi vdi mdi khia eanh/pham tru/thdng sd, sau phan dinh nghTa, giii thich khai nilm, eie tic gii liet ke nhiiu trudng hop, vi du, va chi cd -4 bang duge soan dl minh hga cho vin dl dang ban (cae tie gii viet: "Illustrative scales are provided for: ") Va vi the, eudi moi phan thi ngudi dge duge nhae nhd "Ngudi sic dyng Khung tham chiiu co the mudn xem xet vd xdc dinh neu co thich hgp: " Vay, phii ehang, "tinh hinh vd dieu kien thue te dgy, hgc vd sir dung ngogi ngu a Viet Nam" TRUdNG DAI HOC PHU YEN 64 la hoan toin triing khdp vdi cac nude d Lien minh Chiu Au? v i thue tl, dilu kign sii dyng eua ngudi hgc d Viet Nam ciing chi gidi han vdi nhiing trudng hgp minh hga dd mi thdi? b v l sd lugng, KNLNNVN it hmi so lugng bang CEFR li 12 Xem qua, cic bang khdng ed KNLNNVN la cac thang minh hga cho cac chien luge giao tilp, ma B.North eho ring "cde chien luge Id mgt logi bdn le giiia cdc ndng lyc vd nhu cdu truac mdt cua nhi^m vy mdi hogt dgng ngdn ngu" KNLNNVN eung bd qua cac thang cdc nang lyc dyng hgc (pragmatic competences), vdi cac thang minh hga nhu Do linh ddng (Flexibility), Ludn phien - lugt lai (Tumtaking), Phdt triin chu di (Thematic development), Mgch Igc - Uin kit (Coherence and cohesion), Dg trdi chdy (Fluency), Dg chinh xdc ve ngi dung (Propositional precision) Day la nliirng khai nigm ngdn ngii hgc quen tiiugc nhiing tyu nghien cim cua eae trudng phai ngdn ngii hgc hien dgi, gdp phan hoan hien biic tranh ngdn ngir truyen thdng vdn tap trung nhieu vao ciu triie, ngii phip Nhu vay, nlu duge dung lam ein cir vl ylu eiu nang lyc, can cii xay dyng ehuong trinh, bien soan, lya chgn giao trinh v.v., can cu eho giao vien, giing viin lua chgn va triln khai ngi dung v.v,; giiip ngudi hgc hilu duge ngi dung, yeu cau ddi vdi timg trinh dg nang lue eua minh , thi phii chang ylu ciu nang r Bac -^^X /'- lyc ngogi ngu d Viit Nam Ii d chuin ciia nhiing thgp nien 60-70 ciia thi ky trudc? c v l ndi dung, BCNLNNVN duge bd eye theo ky nang, thay vi "cdc hogt dgng" va "cdc ndng luc" Vi the, ddi vdi eie nang lyc ngdn ngu (linguistic competences), cac thang minh hga 'Tieu chi ngon ngu chung', 'Pham vi tic vung', 'Kiem sodt tie vyng', 'Dg chinh xdc vi ngU phdp' da duge xep vao 'Mo td ky ndng viit' ma thdi Phai chang dinh gii ky nang NOI, chiing ta K H G N G tinh den nhiing tieu chi nay? Tuong ty, 'Do phu hgp vi mat ngon ngU xd hgi' Igi duge dua vio 'Md td ky ndng ndi' Neu chiu khd dge chi ddng dau tiln cua loi nhic rdid sau phan niy, chiing ta diu bilt ring, ndi den nang lyc ngdn ngii xa hdi thi khdng chi ndi den hogt dgng sin sinh, ma ea d hoat dgng tilp nhgn: "Ngudi su dyng Khung tham chieu cd the mudn xem xet vd xdc dinh niu cd thieh hgp: [ ]de a) nhgn b) ddnh gid vi logic-xa hgi c) su dung chung" [5, tr 122] d Cung rit dang ban la KNLNNVN cdn cd bing 2.2.11 Muc dg hodn thdnh nhiim vy (tr.l4) Theo nghien ciiu cua chung tdi thi khdng cd mgt bang tuong ty nhu the CEFR Phai chang, bit chip cie nhiem vu/ ciu hdi eua dl thi la gi, thi ngudi hgc deu duge danh gia dua vio miic dg hoan tir thip lin eao, tuong duong vol cae bac tit I den Chiing tdi xin din nguyen bing 2.2.11 d day Dae ta - Cd the ehi hoan mgt sd it phin don gian nhat cua nhigm vu bai thi (tra Idi cic ggi y don giin) d muc rit hgn chi; phin Idn cac ciu tri loi ed the khdng phd hgp, ma hd hoac bj bd qua (ed thi khdng hilu van bin) - Chi hoin phan don gian nhit ciia nhiem vy bai thi (tri Idi cie ggi y dan gian) d miic rat hgn chi; phin Idn cae cau tra idi cd the khdng phii hgp, mo ho hoac hi hd qua (ed the khdng hilu vin bin) - Hoin phin Idn nhiem vy bii thi d mire han chi; m$t sd eau tri Idi cd the khdng phu hgp, mo ho hoae bi bd qua (cd thi khdng hilu van ban) TAP CHi KHOA HQC SO * 2015 - Hoan vira du nhilm vu bii thi; phin Idn eae cau tra Idi phii hgp nhung mgt sd it ed the khdng phii hgp hoae mo hd (cd thi ]