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•ifi,^T NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG SUf DUNG THI NGHIEM TRUD DIEN TRONG DAY HOC VAT Lt d TROdNG TRUNG HOC PHO THONG Pb^m Tb! Tbu Hdng sdGD& BT TP, HS CM Minh PGS TS Pb̂ m Tbj PbA Tru&ng Bgi hgc Vmh SUMMARY[.]
NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG •ifi,^T- SUf DUNG THI NGHIEM TRUD DIEN TRONG DAY HOC VAT Lt d TROdNG TRUNG HOC PHO THONG Pb^m Tb! Tbu Hdng -sdGD& BT TP, HS CM Minh PGS.TS Pb^m Tbj PbA - Tru&ng Bgi hgc Vmh SUMMARY This paper introduces results of our research on the role of the direct experiment in approaching competence, the reality arui the effective and realizable home remedy of using direct experiment in teaching - learning Physics at high schools in Vietnam recently Keywords: direct experiment; using direct experiment in teaching - learning Physics Ng^ nhpn bdi 30/6/2014; Ngdy duyPt aSng:lB/7/2014 Vai trd cda TNTD dgy hgc V$t 1^ theo tiip c^n ndng lyc Thf nghidm fr^rc di$n (TNTD) li thf nghigm hgc sinh (HS) tiin hinh dudi sy hudng din ciia giio vifln (GV) bii hpc xdy dyng kiin thdc mdi nhdm mdt (hodc nhiiu hon) eic myc dfch sau: phit hidn vdn di, giii quyit vdn di, nghifln ciJru v§n dyng kiin thUc mdi TNTD cd thi dupc thyc hi§n ci nhin hodc theo nhdm theo cung mpt nhi?m vy (TNTD ddng logt) ho$c theo eic nhigm vy khie (TNTD cd tiii) TNTD dua HS din gdn vdi nghifln cuu khoa hpc, phit hi^n vi giii quyit vdn dfl theo phuang phip thyc nghidm khoa hgc, vl viy cd tdc dyng tieh cyc frong vi?e hinh thdnh eho ngudi hpc ning lyc giii quyit vdn di theo phuang phip thyc nghidm khoa hpc Trong nghifln cUu V§t IJ, phuang phip thyc nghidm Id mOt phuang phip phd biin, ddc thd Mdt qui trinh nhdn thiic khoa hpc diy du dien theo so ddi tim cich tri Idi cho eau hdi dd Khi dd xudt hifln vdn di nhgn thUe (cung cd thi vdn di xudt hifln tren ca sd Iy thuyit dd cd, vifc nghifln cUu nhttng hg qui ciia 1;^ thuyit dd cd lim xudt hidn nhChig van di mdi) Dfl tri ldi cho cdu hdi khoa hpc d$t ra, ngudi nghifln curu bdng cic thao tic tu phdn tich, so sinh, tdng hpp, trUu tupng hoi, khii quit hoi vi tryc giic khoa hpc di gia thuyflt Gii thuyit dupc thi hifn bdng mdt ho$c mdt sd phin doin logic mi tfnh chin thye ciia nd mdi d dgng cd thi (tiim ting) Cdn phii chiing minh tinh chdn thyc ciia gii thuyit Ttr gii thuyit, nhi khoa hpc bing suy Iu$n logic vi suy lu$n toin hpc suy h^ qui logic vi kiem fra tinh dung ddn ciia h$ qui Vi^c kiim fra niy tiin hinh bdng eic thl nghidm Mdt gii thuyit di dupc chUng minh thi gii tiiuyit frd thinh chdn IJ khoa hgc (hay kiin thUc) Kiin thUc niy dupc v§n dyng vio frong thyc tien; qui frinh v ^ dyng lgi lim xudt hidn nhttng vdn di tiip theo; chu trinh nghifln cUu mdi lgi bit ddu nhung d mure dd cao hon, hoin thi?n han Ngin gpn ed thi djnh nghTa phucmg phip thyc nghifm 14 phuang phip chiing minh gii thuyit nghifln eiiu bing thl nghidm Nhu v§y thf nghidm ii diflu kifn " q Vindi p ~ ^ OiiUiuytl | ^ HiquilogK cdn eua phuang phip thyc nghidm; nhi nghifln cUu phai lim thf nghigm di kiim tra gii thuyflt nghifln cuu cua minh (hodc ciia mpt nhdm nghifln ciiu khic) Thi nghidm ciing cd thfl sii dyng d khdu tim kiim vdn di nghifln cUu Sir dyng TNTD dgy hpc V$t Iy, HS dupc d$t vio vj frf ciia nhd V^t ly hpc, khim Sa dd Phuang phdp thyc nghipm Vgt l^ phi Igi, phit minh lgi kien thUc khoa hpc, nghTa li Thyc tiln 14 diim xudt phit vi eung 14 myc dich ngudi hpc chiim ITnh kiin thurc d dgng "bio thai hgc" cudi Cling eiia nh^n thiic khoa hpe di h4nh ddng cua kiin thUc, ngudi hpc vtta ndm dupc kiin thurc thyc tifln diing quy lu^t Tu thyc tiln xudt hi§n nhQng vua hgc dupc cich thUc, dudng tim kiin thiic hidn tupng, sy vdt mi Iy hi ngudi ehua giii thfeh dd bdng phuang phip quan frpng vi phd biin ciia dupe vdi fri thuc vi kinh nghidm da ed Con ngudi ^ 38 • TAP CHf THlfTBTGlAO DMC-stf 107-7/2014 IIEN CUU & UNG DUNG v§t Iy hpc li phuang ph&p thyc nghifm; dd li mdt bifn phip hifu qui di hhih thinh ndng lyc phit hifn vi gidi quyit vdn dk theo phucmg phdp thyc nghifm khoa hpc cho HS Thyc trgng siir d^ng TNTD dgy hpc v|t IJ fr trufrng THPT Dfl dgt dupe vai trd chttc ndng nhu trfln, TNTD edn dim bio cic yflu cdu sau: - Thiit bi till nghifm du nhieu: 01 bd/01 nhdm HS (thi nghifm theo nhdm), 01 bg/01 HS (thi nghifm ei nhdn); - Thinh cdng ngay, dam bio dd chinh xic ein thiit: sai sd khdi^ vupt qud 5%; - Lifln hf httu co vdi bdi giing: ddy li diim khic biflt di nhin thiy eua TNTD so vdi thi nghifm thyc hinh; thf nghifm thye hinh dupe HS thye hifn sau mdi chuong, moi phdn hodc thgm chi cu6i hpc kj, md HS di tfeh luy dupc nhttng kiin thUc vd kj ndng cdn thiit tuong Ung nhdm vdn dyng kiin thdc kj ning d mUc dd tdng hpp, thudng Ii thf nghifm di minh hpa Igi kiin thUc da biit; TNTD hpe din diu lim thf nghifm din dd, hgc tip theo phong cich nghifln cUu khoa hpc NhQng yflu edu niy li nguyfln nhin chu yiu khiin cho TNTD hdu nhu hiim dupe sU dyng thyc tiln dgy hpe vjt Iy dtiordngTHPT Chung tdi da khio sit vi thye trgng stt dyng TNTD dgy hgc vit IJ d trudng THPTfrflnddi tupng li hpc vifln eiia khda dio tgo eao hpc ehuyfln nginh LJ lu§n vi phuang phip dgy bd mdn V^t ly trudng Dgi hgc Vinh ttt nim 2009 - 2014, vdi tdng sd 283 GV VJt IJ THPT din tu du cie vttng miin T.p, th| xi, ndng thdn, miin mil, vttng sdu vCmg xa cua cic tinh khu vyc Bde Trung bd, T.p Hd Chf Minh v4 cie tinh lin ein, Ddng Thip vi eic tinh lin c$n; cie hpe vifln niy hogt ddng ehuyfln mdn d 236 td Vdt IJ thudc 236 trudng THPT cic dja bin ndi trfln Trong phgm vi khio sit niy, vdi ddi tupng trudng khio sit nglu nhifln dS cho phflp kit lu$n: TNTD hdu nhu khdng dupc stt dyng frong thyc tiin dgy hpc d cic trudng THPT d cic nudc phit triin, phdng hpc bp mdn Ii mdt phuang thUc dgy hpc phd biin; Phdng hpe bg mdn V&t IJ dupc bd tri di thiit bj thi nghifm frong tdm tay; hdu )^t cic kiin thuc chuong frinh Vdt IJ diu dupc HS chiim ITnh bdng cie TNTD c4 nhin ho(ic Uieo nhdm trudng THPT nudc ta, frong phgm vi khio sdt di nflu trfln, phdng hgc bd mdn vit IJ hdu nhu chua cd, thi nghifm sir dyng frong mdn v$t IJ cdn rdt hgn chi, vi chi d hinh tiiuc tiif nghifm biiu diln (GV biiu diln tiif nghifm d ldp hpc tniyin thdng, HS quan sit) v4 thf nghifm thyc hinh (HS tiin hinh thf nghifm frong khudn khd cic bii thf nghifm thye hinh bit buOc cua chuong trinh tgi phdng thyc hinh tiif nghifm) Thyc ti niy cdn phai dupc khic phyc, phdi trd Im eho TNTD vj tri cua nd frong thyc tifln dgy hpe, di phit huy eic chUc ning IJ ludn dgy hpc cua TNTD, die bift Ii chttc ndng hhih thinh ning lyc phdt hifn v i giii quyet van di theo phirong phip thyc nghifm khoa hpe Dudi diy gidi thifu kit qui nghifln ettu vfl mdt bifn phip thi stt dyng TNTDfrongdgy hpc vit IJ d trudng THPT mi chdng tdi da thye nghifm Si^ dyng thiit bj thf nghifm thyc hinh dirdi hinh thiic TNTD cho myc dfch nghifln ciru xay dyng kiin thih; mdi tbeo phuang phdp thyc nghifm Vgt IJ d eic trudng THPT, nhiiu trudng dupc trang bj bd thi nghiim thyc hdnh gia tdc roi ty di thyc hifn bii thf nghifm thye hinh bit budc eua chuang trinh vit IJ 10 Chiing tdi su dyng bd thf nghifm niy dudi hinh thdc TNTD ddng logt di dgy mye II, bii "Roi ty do" (bii SGK Vdt ly 10) theo phuang phip thye nghifm Vgt IJ di HS ty tay lim thf nghifm theo nhdm chttng minh chuyin ddng rai ty Ii chuyin dpng nhanh ddn diu; khic vdi gpi J giing dgy frong SGK li xu IJ inh hogt nghifm bdng thudc (mdt hinh thtte dupe gpi Id "thf nghifm vdi gidy vd bUt") Tiin frinh dgy hpc phdng theo chufrinhsing tgo khoa hpc thyc nghifm da neu d so dd (xem trang 40) Kit lu$n Bii hpc tiin hinh frong tiit, tich hpp cic myc tiflu dgy hpc tiit bii 4, bii 7, bii SGK Vit IJ 10; Ngoii vifc thyc hifn dupe myc tieu theo chudn, HS cdn dupc lim quen v4 thyc hinh nghifln cttu theo phuang phdp thyc nghifm V?lt IJ Ii nhim din myc dfch hinh thinh ning lye giii quyit vdn di theo phuang phip thyc nghifm khoa hpc Chung tdi dgy tiiyc nghifm tgi trudng THPT Trdn Hung Dgo, qudn Gd vdp T.p Hd Chi Minh frong hpc ky I ndm hpc 2013-2014 Kit qui budc ddu cho tiidy HS hUng thu hpe tgp, tich eye ty lyc tham gia eic hogt ddng: (3 nhi ty limtiiifltbj thf nghifm (cho myc dich kiim tra phuang CD roi); CJ Idp: nflu dy doin khoa hpe, nflu hf qui logic eCia dy doin, nflu phuong in thf nghifm kiim tra, tiin hinh thi nghifm theo nhdm, quan sit, dgc, ghi chdp s6 lifu thi nghifm, tfnh toin xu IJ sd lifu till nghifm, khdi quit hda, so sinh vdi dy doin, ty lye rdt kit lu$n, chiim ITnh kiin thirc vi chuyin TAPCHlTHlfTBIGlAODMC-Stf 107-7/2014 • 39 NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG Hir6iig dSn cua GV Uoft d$ng G Neu van de 1: Chuyen d$ng roi t^ co nhihig d^c diim gi vi phuong, chilu? Neu gid thuyit (dy doin): Rai ty c6 phirong thing dihig, chiiu tii tren xu6ng ducn Gpi S n£ii phuong in thi nghi|m Idem tra di; doan: Lim thi nio de chiing minh chuyen dgng rai ty co phuong thing diing (phuang diy dgi) bing thi n ^ $ m ? Neu phuang dn 7: Treo day dpi, tha vgt roi cgnh diy d^i, quan sdi v ^ va so sanh n6u v$t roi song song vdi diy dgi thi khing djnh dupc d^ doin Ggi J HS dinh gii tinh kha thi cua phuang in thi nghidm: v ^ roi rat nhanh (chi khoang phan trSm giay), cd thl quan s ^ dupc khdng? C6 cich nio kha thi hon khong? Neu phucmg dn 2: Buge qua cin SOgam vio diy dgi cho qua eao viia v$n chgm vdo in$t mgt chiu cit dm, dinh ddu vi trf qua n$ng tren c ^ (In nhf de t^o vit lOm) Cdt d§y dgi d l v$t rot N6u v{U roi ding vj trf da dinh ddu thl dy doin dupc khing djnh Yeu cau HS thyc hi^n thi nghidm theo phuang in vdi thilt b) tf lim theo nhdm (dia cit am, qua can, s^i day) Thfc hiin thi nghiim, khing djnh d^ doin; chilm linh kiln thuc vl phuong ehilu cua CD rcrf ty NSu van de Chuyin dgng roi ty thugc lo^i chuyen dgng n ^ si cic logi chuyin ddng da bilt? Neu dv dodn: chuyin d$ng thing, tha vin tic bing khdng, chgm dat v$n toe Idn, diy 14 chuyin dgng nhanh ddn Ggi