• 9{ghien cdu - Trao doi 26 Cd sot CUA Y THlfC CONG DONG VIET NAM Iran Van PhongO Ngd Thj Nu YTCD Viet Nam the hien dam net d eP ciu lang, xd Viet Nam vd phUdng thftc canh tdc kilu lang, xa Lang, xa dUdc hinh trgn cP sd san xuat ndng nghigp, chu yeu la trdng lua nUdc Lang, xa la mdt ddn vi tu cU gdm nhieu gia dinh ed td chftc de cung cU tru, lam an, sinh sdng "Lang, neu xet thuin la mdt dom vi hanh chinh thi tU nd khong tao YTCD Chinh dilu kien dia ly, lich sft, dilu kien xa hdi va phUdng thdc san xuat da tao YTCD Idng xa, qua cdc thdi ki lich sft da trd thdnh truyen thd'ng vd dao ly ciia ngUdi Viet Nam"'^' Lang, xa tdn tai mdt each ed lap, biet lap, thu ddng, it thay ddi, keo dai ttr thdi xa xUa cho den g i n ddy Xa hoi Viet Nam trUdc dUpc phdn thdnh cac lang, xd ddng nhat nhU vi diu san xuit nhftng san pham hiu nhft gidng (trdng Ifta nUdc), ndn mdi lang deu td chftc theo Id'i gia dinh tU cip tft tuc, bi trdi bude bdi nhftng quy t i e cd truyen (le lang), cdc vidn cua lang gan bo vdi bdi quan he huyet thd'ng, dong hp, quan he lang gilng vd ca quan he san xuat Cdch thftc sdn xuat ciing nho le, manh mun; san xuit phu thude chu yg'u vao tu nhign, ddc canh, khep kin The nhung, cung nhd tinh chit quin cd kieu Idng, xa ay da tao cho ngftdi co mpt y thftc trdch nhiem chung ddi vdi lang, xa; cung giai quyg't cdc cdng viec chung cua Idng, xd (cdc cdng viec ddi hoi sftc manh cua tap the, su doan k i t nhat Khoa hoc chfnh tri - So 5/2011 9(ghien cdu - Trao doi tri eua t a p t h e ) l a m cho YTCD lang, xa dftpc h i n h t h a n h C h a n g h a n , sft lign k i t cdng cudc khai phd, chinh phuc nhftng vung d a t hoang dai, d i m liy, hoac l i n bien t h a n h nhftng viing dat trdng trpt; m a t khac, n l n s a n xuat ndng nghiep trdng lua nUde ddi hdi mpi ngUdi lang, xd phai dodn k e t lam thuy lpi phuc vu canh tac D i l u ddi hdi sftc lUc, y thftc chung cung hiep sftc ciia ca lang, xd hay lign lang, xa "Khi nghien eftu v l phUPng thftc s a n xuat chau A, C.Mdc da cho r a n g : O phUdng Ddng, viec tudi nUdc n h a n tao da ddi hdi mdt sir hpp sftc hpp q u i n t r e n mdt quy md Idn N h i l u l a n g t a p hpp t h a n h mdt vung, nhieu viing hpp t h a n h mdt qudc gia dUdi sU ehl dao cua mdt N h a nUde Trung UPng tap quyln Lang, xa Viet N a m da vUpt khdi the biet lap, k h e p kin vdn la ddc diem eua mdt n l n k i n h te t i l u ndng de gan bd m a t t h i e t vdi nUdc va la mdt bd phan cua nudc Van m e n h lang gan bd vdi van m e n h eua nUdc YTCD lang, xa da dupe phdt t r i l n d mdt mftc dp cao hdn dd la y thftc qud'c gia d a n tdc"'" Tinh t h i n t a p t h e , YTCD dUpc gdi lai chft "cdng" va dUpc md hai ve: cdng cdng va cdng leh Tft dd, todt len YTCD ngUdi Viet N a m la tinh t h i n trdch nhiem Lang, xa la ddn vi cua xd hdi vdi ngudn nUdc chung, khu vUc sinh sdng chung, canh tde chung, ndi hpi hpp chung l a m cho tinh cpng ddng trd len r i t m a n h me Ngoai ra, lang cdng xa ndng t h d n kieu chau A ma dac trimg hdng d i u la sd hftu cdng cpng ve rudng dat Rudng cdng d Viet N a m dUdc chia dinh ki theo cae s u i t dinh Chinh vi cdi t h l thftc rudng cdng ay ma mdi ca nhdn n h a n t h i y sft c i n t h i e t phai lign '"Nguyen Thi Ngan, Sdd, tr.52 Khoa hoc chfnh trj - So 5/2011 29 kg't vdi toan the cdng ddng Trdn cd sd i y , tinh t h i n , YTCD, cung vdi thdi gian, d i n "an sau" vao t i l m thftc ngftdi Viet Nam N h u vay, cdng xa ndng thdn la cd sd cho viec h i n h t h a n h n e n YTCD d cap dp lang, xa va cdng cudc tri thuy, phdt trien kinh te, chdng ngoai xam la nhftng n h a n td quan trpng h i n h t h a n h n e n YTCD d cap dp qudc gia Dieu kien lich sd: Do vi the' dia chinh tri dac biet quan trpng n e n Viet Nam thudng xuyen bi ede the lUc ngoai xam de dpa Mdt dat nUdc d i t khdng rdng, ngUdi k h d n g ddng, mudn danh t h i n g nhftng dpi quan xam lUde hiing m a n h n h a t the' gidi thi trUdc he't phai ed tinh t h i n doan k i t , YTCD dan tde cao Y thftc ed k e t cdng ddng, tinh t h i n dodn kg't d a n tde d Viet Nam dupe hinh t h a n h tft r a t sdm Trong qud t r i n h tie'p bien ciia lich sft, y thftc dd cang dupc p h a t t r i l n , cung cd vftng chac, tao ndn truyen thd'ng b i n vftng t h a m sau vao t i n h cam, t a m hdn mdi eon ngUdi Viet Nam Tinh thin, y thftc ay da tao nen sftc manh vd dich cua dan tdc de chien t h i n g mpi thien ted, dich hoa Dieu da dftpc due k i t va the liien triet ly: "Mgt cay lam chdng len non Ba edy chum lai nen hon ndi cao'' Cd sd t r u y l n thd'ng doan k i t , YTCD chdng giac ngoai xam la d chd: nude m a t thi n h a tan Bdi vay, mpi ngUdi dan phai cd y thftc doan k i t lai d l bao ve dat nUde, chdng lai nhftng cudc xdm lang cua ke thii ben ngoai (5 Viet Nam, ed giac ngoai xam, t a t ca mpi t i n g Idp, mpi giai cap ludn neu cao y thftc chung vi dan tpc, doan k i t thd'ng n h a t vdi vi mdt mue tieu chung la d a n h dudi quan xam lupc, bao ve bd cdi d i t nUde Cdc giai cap, t i n g Idp dii khde nhau, t h a m chi dii ed mau 30 thuin, nhimg cd giac ngoai xam thi hp lai cd ket vdi nhau, dat lpi Ich cua Td qudc, dan tpc len tren het NhU vay, tft thdi xa xUa, tren manh dat da hinh thdnh mdt triet ly vi lpi ich chung ma tam gdc lpi ich rieng Dd la mpt nhftng eP sd cua YTCD Viet Nam YTCD the hien sau sac lich sft lap qudc eua dan tdc Viet Nam, "sU hpp nhat mpt each tU nguyen cua 15 bd lac anh em mdt Nha nUdc Van Lang thdng nha't la mdt minh chftng hdn ve sU dodn ket cua cdng ddng dan tdc"'^' Giang sdn chinh la Idng dan, thd'ng nha't giang Sdn bang thd'ng nha't long ngUdi la dieu hiem thay tft xUa de'n Dd cung la dieu kien de hinh nen mdt tam ly chung, mdt tinh cdch dan tpc chung, mpt ban sac van hda chung, mdt YTCD chung Dftng trUde van menh dan tdc, mdi ca nhan dUdng nhu quen di lpi Ich rieng tu ciia minh de ed ket lai tao nen sftc manh ciia toan dan tdc Sft cd k i t dd cd ca sU ket tinh xUdng mdu cua bilt bao the he Trdi qua hang ngan nam, sU cd' ket ay da an sau vao ngp nghi, phuong each ftng xft cua mpi vien xa hdi, trd mdt gia tri thieng lidng, le sdng cua mdi ngUdi Viet Nam va cua ca dan tde cdng cudc dung nUdc va gift nudc Ngay tft thdi Hung VUdng, ngUdi Viet da ed YTCD dan tpc va chu quyln dat nude Dung nhU mdt nha nghien eftu da viet: "Thdi Bie thude, YTCD dan tdc cang trd ndn rd net, nha't la bdi canh nUdc ta ed nguy cd bi ddng hda mdt each vinh vign Khdng phai ngau nhien ma truyln thuyet tram bpc tram '"Nguyin Thi Ngan, Sdd, tr.55 '^' NguySn Hung Hau, TiX chd nghia yen nUdc truyen thong den chu nghia yeu nUdc Ho Chi Minh, Nxb CTQG, HN 2008, tr.44 9{ghien cdu - Trao doi trftng, cdc dan tdc Viet deu tft ciing mdt bpc ma (ddng bao) luc xuat hien"'^' Dd chinh la nhd ngUdi Viet Nam da sdm cd long tU hdo dan tdc, cd y thftc vl chu quyln dan tdc, y thftc tU cudng dan tdc, cd long ygu nUdc, cd y thftc ve lanh thd, vl van hda, truyln thdng Td't ca da hpp thdnh y thftc dan tdc va cd y thftc chung vl cdng ddng ddn tdc Nhftng yg'u td ndy da tham sdu vao tftng ngUdi, gdp p h i n hinh ndn ban llnh dan tdc Viet Nam YTCD Viet Nam cdn dUdc the hien d y chi thdng nha't todn ven lanh thd cua dan tdc Bdi thd'ng nha't To qudc trd nhu ciu cua dao ly, tinh cam, la dilu kien cua sft tdn tai dpc lap va hanh phuc cua toan the nhdn dan ta Con ngUdi Viet Nam dd sdm y thftc dUdc rang, chi cd the giai phdng todn ven dat nUdc toan the cdng ddng ngUdi sdng tren lanh thd dd dUpc giai phdng Vi vay, toan t h l ddng bao da lidn kit lai d l dau tranh vi ddc lap dan tdc YTCD dan tdc cua nhan dan Viet Nam cdn dUpc bieu hien manh me sudt ehilu ddi lich sft ddn tdc, khdng chi g i n 1.000 nam Bac thude, ma cdn den cdc trilu dai phong kien vl sau, dac biet hdn ca cudc khdng chien chdng thuc dan Phdp vd de qud'c My gidnh lai n l n ddc lap dan tdc Sudt 4.000 nam lich sft, da cd the ky ndo dan tdc Viet Nam lai ngftng dau tranh vi n l n ddc lap? Co the ky nao vang bdng nhftng anh hung? Dan tde Viet Nam chUa bao gid khuat phuc trUde ngoai bang, chfta bao gid quy gdi trUde ke thft Bdi d dd, cd nhftng ngudi ludn y thftc ve chu quyln dat nftdc, vl toan ven lanh thd; cd nhufng ngftdi ludn tu hdo vl gidng ndi, vl nln van hda, vl truyln thd'ng lich sft bao hiing cua dan tdc; cd nhftng eon ngftdi ludn ygu qug hftdng tha thiet, ygu ngftdi, ygu lang xdm, ydu "cay tre, ben nftdc, Khoa hoc chfnh trj - So 5/2011 9{£hien cdu - Trao doi san dinh"; cd nhftng ngUdi cd y thftc trdch nhiem vdi cdng ddng, cd y thftc cd kit, dodn kg't lai dl bao ve n l n ddc lap dan tdc, d l gift gin cudc sdng binh ygn cua minh Hp hieu rang, chi ed k i t hpp y chi, sftc lufc cua mdt tap the, cua cdng ddng, phai "ddng long gdp sftc" mdi dem lai dftpc sftc manh de chiln diu vd chien t h i n g ke thu Tinh t h i n iy, y chi iy dftpc truyln tft the he ndy sang the he khde, "tft khd khan vd thft thdeh khac nghiet, YTCD dupe hinh va qua thdi gian nd phdt triln y thftc dai dodn k i t dan tdc"'"Ca sd van hoa: Viet Nam la mdt dan tdc cd bl ddy vdn hda vd Cling phong phu Day la mdt cd sd vftng chac ciia YTCD dan tdc Viet Nam: "YTCD ddn tdc dftpc ddt trdn ed sd chac chan sft tich "Con rdng chdu tien'', sft tich vl bpc tram trftng, nham Nhiing goi hang khang dinh mpt td tien chung, mdt ngudn gdc chung cua ngftdi dan Viet Nam Truyln thuylt vl bpc trdm trftng Id bang chftng chftng minh hdn nhat vl YTCD ddn tdc, du biu hay bi diu chung mdt gian "''^) Nhu vay, td't ca ngUdi Viet dii d miln ngUpc hay miln xudi, du d niii '" Nguyen Thi Ngan, Sdd, tr.30 "*' Nguyen Hung Hau, Sdd, tr.9 Khoa hoc chfnh trj - So 5/2011 31 rftng hay biln ed diu la eon chdu Lac Hdng, diu cd chung td tien, diu Id anh em mdt nha, cung la dan cua nUde Viet Nam Dilu dd da an sdu vao nip nghi, tu tudng eua mdi ngUdi Viet Nam, hinh ngn sftc manh ndi Iftc cua dan tde Viet Nam, ed sftc quy tu, doan k i t rat Idn, ndng cao YTCD va tinh t h i n yeu nUdc va cd y nghia to Idn khdng chi thdi biy gid ma cho den tan ngdy Chinh nhd ed y thftc sau sac vl cdi ngudn dan tdc, ma nhan dan Viet Nam tft t h l he qua the he khac ludn ed ciJu tror ddng bao bao lu midn Trung Anh ST y thftc cd gang, bao vd, tri vd phat huy ban sac vdn hda dan tde Dac biet la sft bdo tdn n l n van hda ddn tdc trUde sU ddng hda ciia vdn hda nUdc ngodi TrUde hi phong kiln phUdng Bac dd hd, td tidn ngUdi Viet da ed hang chue van ndm van hda tiln sft, cd hdng ngdn nam van minh sdng Hdng dinh hinh nip sdng vdn hda, cP cau vdn minh, the ehl chinh tri - xd hpi, Id'i sdng, tinh cdch vd truyln • 9(£hien cdu - Trao doi 32 thdng van hda rieng Sftc manh cua YTCD dan tdc bat ngudn tft dd, khien cho ke thii khdng the ddng hda ndi ngdn ngft, van hda dan tdc Viet Nam Ylu td vdn hda ban dia tham sau vao y thftc mdi ngftdi Viet Nam, hinh nen long tft hdo vl truyln thd'ng van hda, y thftc tU cftdng dan tdc Tft dd sinh YTCD dan tde, y thftc phai gift gin ban sac van hda ciia minh Bao ve nhftng phong tuc cd truyln cd tft thdi xa xUa ciia cdng ddng ngUdi Viet cd nhU: an triu, nhudm rang, dau vat, trpi trau, danh du ; each ftng xft trpng ngUdi gia, phu nft, kinh thiy, yeu ban, tinh lang nghia xdm, tdn vinh cac anh dan tde Nhftng phong tuc dep de dd dftpc luu gift din Van hda cd truyln Viet Nam ed ban la vdn hda ndng nghiep, vdn hda xdm lang, van hda dan gian Dd la n l n vdn hda gan chat vdi gia dinh, ddng hp, lang, xa va tft dd md rdng ca cdng ddng qudc gia, dan tdc Van hda Idng la mdt md thftc t h l hien van hda dan tdc mang tinh ddc thii, g i n liln vdi mdi trUdng sinh thai eua lang, dan cU va truyln thdng lich sft, tft dd hinh ndn he thdng cdc dac trUng vl n i p sdng va tam ly, ve tin ngUdng, vl phong tuc va 1§ hdi, cac sinh boat an, mac, d, di lai, cae hoat ddng van hda nghe thuat Dac biet, hdi lang la hien tUdng van hda tidu bieu, the hien sftc manh cd ket ciia cdng ddng lang, xa YTCD dupc cung cd b i n chat nhftng phong tuc tap qudn keo dai tft ddi qua ddi khac Nhftng t h l le vl canh tdc rudng dat chung, nhftng giao \i(Sc viec giup dd xay dUng nhd efta, nhftng quy tac sinh boat gia dinh, lang xdm, nhftng chuan mUc dao Nguyin Thi Ngan, Sdd, tr.56 dftc xa hdi vfta la san phim cua YTCD Viet Nam, vfta la nhan td cau kit nd Trong van hda ftng xft gifta ngUdi vdi ngudi, YTCD Viet Nam cung dirpc bieu hien rd net Dd la tinh ydu thUdng cpng ddng "nhiiu dieu phu lay gid guangi ngudi mqt nUdc phdi thuong cung", "thuang ngudi nhU thi thUong than''; long nhdn di, bao dung "Id ldnh ddm Id rdch"; tinh t h i n doan kit, tUdng than tUdng di "mqt ngUa dau, cd tdu bd co", dd'i vdi ddng bdo minh Mat khac, "du luan xa hdi cd mdt vai trd quan trpng viec cung cd YTCD dan tdc Hanh vi cua cac ca nhdn cdng ddng dupe dilu chinh thdng qua dU luan, vdi nhftng Idi ddn dai, thdi dp khich le hoac chd cUdi cua dan lang NgUdi ta che trdch, xa lanh nhftng ke di ngudc lpi Ich cdng ddng, dan tdc Bi khai trft khdi Idng Id hinh phat ndng nha't ddi vdi ngUdi ndng dan xa hdi truyen thd'ng Tinh t h i n cdng ddng kich thich tinh nang ddng tham gia cua mpi ngUdi vao cdc hoat ddng tap the xem dd la bdn phdn, trdch nhiem cua minh"'" O day, chung ta khdng chi t h i y trinh dp van hda giao tie'p, tinh nhdn van cupe sdng ma cdn thay todt len ve dep va sU sau sac cua YTCD Viet Nam quan he gifta ngUdi vdi ngUdi Tinh cam sau sac dd'i vdi cdng ddng di liln vdi nghia vu Mpi ngUdi ddn cdng sftc vao lao dpng, chig'n dau vd hpc tap de phuc vu cho qug hftpng, d i t nftdc Sftc manh cua cd nhan ket tu lai trOng sftc manh cdng ddng va sftc manh cpng ddng tham nhap vao sftc manh cua ed nhan, dem lai cho cdc cd nhdn y chi va nilm tin Nhftng cd sd trdn tdc ddng, anh hudng, chi phd'i l i n nhau, ciing sudt ehilu dai lich sft dan tdc tao nen cd sd vftng chac cho YTCD Viet Nam.Q Khoa hoc chfnh tri - So 5/2011 ... ddc lap dan tdc Sudt 4.000 nam lich sft, da cd the ky ndo dan tdc Viet Nam lai ngftng dau tranh vi n l n ddc lap? Co the ky nao vang bdng nhftng anh hung? Dan tde Viet Nam chUa bao gid khuat phuc... em mdt nha, cung la dan cua nUde Viet Nam Dilu dd da an sdu vao nip nghi, tu tudng eua mdi ngUdi Viet Nam, hinh ngn sftc manh ndi Iftc cua dan tde Viet Nam, ed sftc quy tu, doan k i t rat Idn,... kien tu nhien: Viet Nam trdi ddi trgn bdn ddo Ddng DftPng, phia Bac gidp Trung Qudc rdng Idn, phia Ddng Id biln Thai Binh Duong, phia Tdy nui non hilm trd Do vay, ngUdi Viet Nam tft md nUdc da