62 Xa hoi hoc sd (112), 2010 BIEN DOI XA HOI VIET NAM QUA 20 NAM DOI M I (Qua phdn tich cdc bdi viet tren Tap chi Xd hoi hgc) TRAN MINH CHIEN* Bien ddi xa hoi luon la chu de nghien cflu trung tam cua xa hdi hpc Tfl nhflng bien ddi chinh tri, kinh te Idn den nhflng bien ddi chuan mflc, cac gia tri, hanh vi, y nghia van hda va cac quan he xa hoi deu dfldc cac nha xa hoi hpc quan tam Qua hdn hai thap ky Ddi mdi (1986 - 2008) Viet Nam da dat dfldc nhflng tflu Idn ve kinh te cflng vdi nhflng bien ddi sau sac llnh vflc xa hdi tfl vi md den vl mo Bien ddi xa hoi chinh la mot nhflng chu de da, dang va se thu hut sfl quan tam nghien cflu cua khoa hpc xa hoi va xa hoi hpc Trong xa hoi hpc d Viet Nam, nghien cflu ve 'Taien ddi xa hdi" dfldc b i t dlu tfl nao? Ndi dung cua cae bien ddi xa hoi la gi? Llnh vflc nao cua sfl bien ddi d Viet Nam dfldc tap trung nghien cflu nhieu nha't? Cau tra Idi ro nha't cd the tim tha'y qua phan tich cae bai viet tren Tap chi xa hdi hpc tfl So' nam 1983 den Trong thdi gian dd, mot tap hdp gdm 46 bai viet ma tren tieu de ciia bai ed cum tfl "bien ddi" dfldc Ifla chpn de phan tich Bai viet la khai quat ve thflc te bien ddi xa hoi cl Viet Nam dfldc phan anh qua cae bai viet dd B i e n doi xa hoi: tuf cd cau xa hoi d e n t a m ly xa h o i (giai doan 1986 - 1989) Giai doan ed bai viet dd cd bai ndi ve bien ddi ed ca'u xa hdi, mot bai ve bien ddi tam ly xa hdi Bai viet d l u tien ve bien ddi xa hoi xua't hien tren tap chi vao nam 1986.' Cae bai viet deu ed xu hfldng di sau phan tich sfl bien ddi cd ca'u xa hdi giai ca'p (giai cap ndng dan va tang Idp tri thflc) de tfl dd chi xu hfldng da dang hoa cac p h l n xa hdi, eac nhdm xa hoi cd ca'u xa hdi eua xa hdi Viet Nam nhflng nam dau ddi mdi Phan tich noi dung cac bai viet giai doan cho tha'y xu hfldng bien ddi xa hdi quan trpng Mot Id, sfl bien ddi cd ca'u xa hdi ndng thon^ Cae tac gia da khai quat ve ba qua trinh gde cua sfl bien ddi ed cau xa hoi d nong thdn Viet Nam thdi ky Doi mdi Thd nhdt, sfl thay doi d quan he san xua't dd dien qua trinh phan giai hay hoa giai "tap the hoa ndng nghiep" nhflng quan he de cao vai trd chu dong eua hp Th.S- TrUdng Sy quan Chinh tri, Bp Quo'c phong Do Thanh Hong "Chi bdo bien ddi xd hoi qua nhd cf nong thon" Tap chi Xd hoi hpc So' 1986 Tr 19 - 24 ^ Hong Canh "Cdch Mang xd hoi ehd nghia vd sit bien doi ca cau xd hoi nong thdn Viet Nam" Tap chi Xd hoi hoc So' 1+2 1988 Tr 21-31 ' Trdn Minh Chien 63 gia dinh - quan he khoan hd gia dinh Thd hai, sfl phat trien eua khoa hpc ky thuat va viec chu ddng ap dung cae tien bp ky thuat Thd ba, sfl thay ddi tfl va trinh dp dan tri (xem sd dd 1) Ba qua trinh bien ddi da lam thay doi Ifle Iflc san xua't d ndng thdn va tfl dd lam thay ddi cd cau xa hoi ndng thdn tfl cd ca'u gdm hai tap doan: ndng dan tap the va ndng dan ca the ed ca'u gdm p h l n xa hoi Cd ca'u bao gdm p h l n ndng dan tap the, ndng dan ca the thflc cha't la kinh te hp gia dinh, tieu thu edng nghiep, va phan "can bp ky thuat, dieh vu" phuc vu san xuat nong nghiep Ndng ddn tap the Tap the hda ndng nghiep (QHSX) \ SM phdt trien Khoa hpc ky thugt ^ \ / -f' Ngudi Idm tieu thu cong nghiep ^ Lye lupng sdn xud't thay doi Trinh dp ddn tri \ \ Bien doi • CO cau xd hdi ndng thdn Cdn bd ky thudt, Nhdn vien quan ly, Tri thuc, dich vg Ngudi Idm dn c d the So 1: Qud trinh bien ddi ca cdu xd hpl nong thon Vlft Nam vd bieu hifn cua no Hai la, Sfl bien ddi cd ca'u xa hoi tang Idp tri thflc.^ Cd the tdm tat nhflng khia canh cua sfl bien ddi CCXH tang Idp tri thflc nhflng nam dau ddi mdi bang mot sd dd dfldi day (sd dd 2) Sd dd eho tha'y CCXH t i n g Idp tri thflc Viet Nam da dinh hinh hai nhdm (nhdm tri thflc khoa hpc tfl nhien, khoa hpc ky thuat va nhdm tri thflc khoa hpc xa hdi) va da bien ddi mot Iflc Ifldng Idn manh ve so' Ifldng va da dang ve p h l n dan toe ddng thdi binh dang hdn ve p h l n gidi tinh So lupng Co cdu xd hdi Tdng Idp tri thOc Tri thuc Khoa hpc ty nhien, ky thudt Tri thuc Khoa hpc xd hdi Co c d u gidi Bien doi co cdu xd hdi tdng Idp tri thQc Co cdu thdnh phdn ddn tdc So dd 2: NhQng Ichia cqnh cua si/ bien ddi co cdu xd hoi tdng idp tri thuc Viet Nam nhung ndm ddu ddi mdi ' Nguyen Duy Quy "Ve qud trinh van dong va bien ddi ccf cau xd hoi tdng Idp tri thUc Viet Nam' Tap chi Xd hoi hgc So 1989 Tr 11-18 64 Bien ddi xd hoi d Viet Nam qua 20 ndm ddi mdi Dang chu y la bien ddi ed ca'u xa hdi giai doan 1986 - 1989 khdng chi dflng lai d cac giai ca'p xa hdi va cac nhdm xa hdi ma md rong va di sau ddi sdng tam ly xa hdi nhfl la mot he qua ta't yeu cua qua trinh bien ddi ed ca'u xa hoi dang dien het sflc manh me nhflng nam dau ddi mdi d Viet Nam.'' B i e n d o i cd c a u x a h o i t h o n g q u a b i e n d d i g i a d i n h ( g i a i d o a n 1990 - 1999) Giai doan Tap ehi Xa hoi hpc cd 23 bai viet de cap den sfl bien ddi xa hoi Cac bai viet ve bien ddi xa hdi phong phu, da dang hdn ca ve chu de, noi dung, cap dp nghien cflu va each tiep can nghien cflu Nhin chung bien ddi xa hdi dfldc phan anh chu yeu la sfl bien ddi ed cau xa hdi Cac bai viet tap trung lam ro sfl bien ddi eua eac qua trinh xa hdi rieng le, vi du nhfl: q u i trinh bien ddi nhan thflc va hanh vi dan so; qua trinh bien ddi mflc sinh; qua trinh di chuyen lao ddng ndng thdn - thi; qua trinh bien ddi cd ca'u xa hoi nghe nghiep; qua trinh phan hoa giau ngheo, phan t i n g mflc sd'ng Dae biet, sfl bien ddi cd ca'u xa hdi dfldc cac bai viet phan anh nhieu nha't thdng qua nghien cflu sfl bien ddi gia dinh (cd 10/23 bai viet giai doan nghien cflu sfl bien ddi gia dinh) Cac bai viet g i n nhfl co mot diem chung tfldng dd'i thdng nhat luan giai ve nguyen nhan sau xa eua sfl bien ddi eac qua trinh xa hdi, bien ddi gia dinh Dd chinh la sfl chuyen ddi cd che kinh te tfl tap trung quan lieu bao ca'p sang kinh te thi trfldng dinh hfldng XHCN Bien ddi ed ca'u xa hoi ma cac bai viet giai doan 1990 - 1999 de cap tren khia canh Thd nhdt, sfl bien ddi cd cau xa hdi thdng qua cac qua trinh xa hoi cd tinh nha't day chuyen: tfl bien ddi ed che kinh te d i n tdi bien ddi ed ca'u xa hoi nghe nghiep vdi sfl hinh nhdm nghe nghiep chu yeu d ndng thdn Viet Nam: t h u I n ndng, hdn hdp va phi ndng.^ Di lien vdi sfl bien ddi ed ca'u xa hdi nghe nghiep la sfl phan t i n g ve mflc sd'ng vdi mflc g i n lien vdi nhdm hp: giau c6, kha gia, ngheo ddi.^ Trong xa hoi ddng thdi cung ed sfl bien ddi he gia tri, ehuin mflc va tinh nang ddng xa hdi cac nhdm dan cfl^(xem sd dd 3) •* Dilc Uy "Mot so bien doi tdm ly xd hoi ta nhiing nam gdn ddy qua viec chuyen doi he gid tri" Tap chi Xd hoi hgc So 1989 Tr 22-27 ' To Duy Hop "Thitc trgng vd xu hUdng bien doi ccf cdu xd hoi nong thon thdi ky doi mdi hien nay" Tap chi Xd hoi hgc So 1993 Tr 18-24 * Do Thien Kinh "Sit bien ddi cua cd cdu nghe nghiep vd phdn tdng mile sdng d nong thon dong bdng song Hong Tap chiZd hoi hgc So 1995 Tr 68-74 ' TUcJng Lai "Nhitng vdn de cua sit bien ddi xd hdi sau 10 ndm doi mdi cf Viet Nam" Tap chi Xd hoi hgc S o l 1997 Tr 3-12 Trdn Minh Chien 65 Tinh nflng dong XH Thudn nang BIgn ddi Bien ddi CO > cdu xa h6l nghe nghiep Bl^n ddi > kinh t^ gia dinh CO chg kinh t§' / Bien ddi thu nhdp Hon hop Phi nfing / Trgng gidu V \ Kha, tnjng binh / \ > Ngheo, doi ^ \ \ Giau c6 / Bien ddi he gid trj, chudn muc xd hpl Nhu cdu tu chu / Nhu cdu dan chu So 3: SI/ bien do! co cdu xd hpl thdng quo su bien ddi c6 tinh chdt ddy chuyen cua cdc qud trinh xd hoi (gioi doqn 1990 - 1999) Thd hai, bien ddi ed ca'u xa hdi thong qua bien ddi gia dinh Bien ddi gia dinh cung la he qua ta't yeu eua nhflng bien ddi cd che kinh te, bien ddi cac qua trinh xa hdi (da md hinh hda sd dd 3) Cd khia canh dang chu y eua sfl bien ddi gia dinh (xem sd dd 4) Mot la, sfl bien ddi hon nhan (bao gdm sfl bien ddi vai trd eua gia dinh, ca nhan, nha nfldc viee Ifla chpn ban ddi, quyet dinh hdn nhan va sfl bien ddi tieu chuan eua ngfldi ban ddi.* Hai la, sfl bien ddi quan he ddi sd'ng gia dinh (xu hfldng binh dang, dan chu cang tang, vi the, vai trd eua ngfldi phu nfl cang nang cao).* Ba la, bien ddi nhan thflc va hanh vi sinh san (ed sfl bien ddi nhan thflc ve chuan mflc so' con, md hinh gia dinh it cang dfldc cha'p nhan, cac bien phap ke hoach hda gia dinh cang dfldc ap dung rong rai).^° Hdn nhdn Bien Co che kinh te nndl Bien d d i CO d d i CO cdu gia dinh cdu xd hpl (Vai trd gia dinh, c d nhdn, nhd nude vd tieu chudn cua ngudi ban ddi) Quan he ddi song gia dinh (Binh ddng, ddn chu tdng; vai trd phg nu ngtiy edng dupe de cao ) Nhdn thuc, hdnh vi sinh sdn (Bien doi nhdn thCie ve chudn muc so con, nnd hinh gia dinh, bien phdp KHHGD) So 4: s\f bien ddi co cdu xd hpl thdng qua bien ddi gia dinh (glal doqn 1990-1999) Daniele Belanger, Khua't Thu Hong "Mot sd bien ddi hon nhdn vd gia dinh d Hd Noi nh,iing nam 1965 - 1992" Tap chi Xd hoi hgc So 1995 Tr 27 - 42 TUcJngLai "Van de gia dinh sU bim ddi vd phdi trim cua xd hot' Tap c h i A a M Ape S6'3.1998 Tr 13 - 27 Nguyen Minh Thang, Charlies Hischeman, Nguyen Hiiu Minh "Nhdn thitc ve so'con cua phu nvC ndng thdn: xu hUdng bien ddi vd cdc yeu tduic dong' Tap chi Xd hoi hgc So' 1996 Tr - 16 66 Bien doi xd hoi d Viet Nam qua 20 ndm ddi mdi Cflng giai doan 1990 - 1999, da cd bai viet cua eac tac gia nfldc ngoai ve bien ddi xa hoi Trong dd, dang chfl y la sfl xua't hien each nhin mdi, each tiep can van hda ve sfl bien ddi cd ca'u xa hoi d dd thi^^ va sfl bien doi cac hinh thflc gia chnh tren the gidi.^" Bien doi cd cau xa hoi giai doan tfl 2000 den nay: bd sung va nang tam nghien ctfu Giai doan Tap chi Xa hoi hpc ed 18 bai viet theo xu hfldng di sau lam ro va bd sung them nhflng bien ddi cd ca'u xa hoi thdng qua sfl bien ddi cua cac qua trinh bd phan, rieng le da dflcic de cap den giai doan trfldc nhfl: bien ddi dan so', bien ddi cd ca'u xa hdi nghe nghiep, bien ddi hdn nhan Dac biet, dd cd bai mang tinh chat tdng h(3p, khai quat cac ket qua nghien cflu ve bien ddi xa hoi qua hdn 10 nam ddi mdi tren khia canh ed ban Mot la, vi cd cdu xd hdi Qua hdn 15 nam thflc hien ddi mdi, cd cau xa hdi nfldc ta da cd sfl bien ddi manh me, dfldc the hien mot each dien hinh hien tfldng phan tang xa hoi nhfl mot loai hinh bien ddi xa hoi ma sfl tfl hoa thfldng mai, chuyen sang kinh te thi trfldng, day manh edng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, dd la nhflng tac nhan quan trpng thuc day nhflng thay ddi ca'u true xa hpi.*^ He qua la, da lam cho ed ca'u xa hoi d niidc ta ma trpng tam la cd ca'u xa hdi - giai cap luon gan lien vdi cd ca'u xa hoi - nghe nghiep va cang trd nen da dang, phfle tap hdn, "tfl ed ca'u xa hoi giai cap "thuan nha't' chuyen sang ed cau xa hdi - giai cap da dang'V' bao gdm." giai cap edng nhan; giai cap ndng dan; ting Idp tri thflc; tang Idp tieu thfldng, tieu chu; tang Idp chu doanh nghiep tfl nhan; mot so'nhdm xa hdi lam giau phi phap Trong moi giai ca'p, ting Idp xa hoi lai tiep tuc cd sfl phan hda, bien ddi ro ret (xem sd 5) Hai la, vi cd cdu ngdnh nghi vd mdc sdng (thu nhap) Qua hdn 10 nam ddi mdi, nong thdn ddng blng chau thd sdng Hdng xua't hien xu the da dang hda nganh nghe va viec lam theo hfldng tang viec lam phi ndng nghiep Day ed the coi viia la nguyen nhan, vfla la ket qua cua qua trinh phan ting xa hdi ma trfldc het la ve thu nhap va mflc song dang dien kha ro net ciing tai khu vflc Nhin chung mflc sd'ng (thu nhap) cua ngfldi dan vCmg ddng blng chau thd sdng Hdng da dfl(3c nang len rd ret, vi the chat Ifldng cupe song cung dfldc cai thien dang ke, keo theo d6 la sfl gia tang tieu diing van hoa va sfl bien ddi cua he tho'ng gia tri, chuan mflc Vi du, thu nhap binh quan dau ngfldi mot nam cua ngfldi dan xa Ninh Hiep, Gia Lam, Ha Noi nam 1996 la 8.000.000 ddng Trong dd neu tinh thdi gia 1996 thi thu nhap binh quan dlu ngfldi mot nam ciing tai dia phfldng nam 1986 ehi la 2.000.000 ddng.'^ Ba la, vi nhiing bien doi gia dinh Da cd sfl chuyen ddi y nghia cua hdn nhan va gia dinh theo hfldng chu y den ca nhan Bieu hien, giam vai trd cua cha me, hp hang va tang vai trd cua ea nhan tix)ng viec tim hieu va quyet dinh hdn nhan Ve hanh vi cua gia dinh, da ed sfl bien ddi hanh vi theo xu hfldng phuc hdi nhflng dac trflng truyen thdng va bi tien te hpa Ve cd ca'u gia Penny Gustein "SU bien ddi vd tinh lien tuc moi triCdng xay diCng thi: cdc cdch ti-ip can bdo ton di sdn vd sU ddp itng vdn hoa" Tap chiXd hoi hgc So 1993 Tr 41-77 Lan Phiidng (dich) "SU bien ddi co cdu gia dinh" Tap chi xd hoi hgc So 1994 Tr 97-102 Trinh Duy Luan "Nghien cUu nhitng vdn de bien ddi xd hoi a nUdc ta giai doan hien nay" Tap chi Xd hoi hgc Sd 2003 Tr Pham Xuan Nam "Mdy net sa bg ve sit bien ddi ccf cdu xd hoi- giai cdp cf niCdc ta chuyen sang ca che thi trUdng dinh hUdng xd hoi chu nghia" Tap chi.rY(2 hoi hgc So 2001 Tr Triicing Xuan TnWng "Mot so'bien ddi kinh te - xd hoi nong thon vitng chau thd sdng Hong hien nay" Tap chi Xd hoi hgc So 2003 Tr 30 Trdn Minh Chien 67 dinh, ed sfl bien ddi theo xu hfldng nhd ve quy md va da dang Vi du, d khu vflc ddng blng Blc Bp cd 83,2% la gia dinh hat nhan, 16,8% la gia dinh md rong (chu yeu la borne sdng cung vdi trai da ket hdn) Ty le hp gia dinh md rong d dd thi cao hdn so vdi khu vflc d ndng thdn (20,8% va 16,8%) Xua't hien loai hinh gia dinh hat nhan khuyet thieu Dae biet, khdng cd sfl thay ddi dang ke ve sfl phan edng lao ddng gia dinh gifla vd va chdng Ngfldi vd chu yeu dam nhan cae edng viec gia dinh, eon ngfldi chdng dai dien cho gia dinh cac hoat ddng ben ngoai gia dinh Trfldc mot van de cdn chfla tho'ng nha't, thfldng ngfldi phu nfl phai thay ddi thdi quen de lam hai long chdng nhieu hdn Tuy nhien, sfl tham gia cua phu nfl Ifle Ifldng lao ddng xa hoi cang tang len Ket qua eua eac nghien cflu ciing cho tha'y, kha nang sinh bat ddng gifla vd va chdng ed the xay h l u nhfl d mpi linh vile gia dinh Dac biet, dd'i vdi nhflng hp gia drnh ed thu nhap thap, mau thuan quan ly chi tieu ed xu hfldng tang len Ve quan he gifla cac the he, tam ly sd'ng chung vdi cai tudi gia cdn phd bien nhflng dieu kien ve an sinh xa hoi va eac dich vu xa hdi chfla dap flng dfldc nhu cau eua ngfldi cao tudi cd xu hfldng cang tang.'® Bo'n la, vi xu hiidng phdn tdng xd hdi Xu hiidng phan tang xa hoi ve mat kinh te, ve mat van hda, giao due cang gia tang gifla cac nhdm xa hdi, eac vung, mien va gifla ndng thdn Jo thi Vi du, thu nhap cua cac nhdm xa hoi deu tang len khoang gap ddi vdng 10 nam qua, tfl 227 nghin ddng nam 1996 len 636 nghin ddng nam 2006 Xu hfldng chung la mflc thu nhap binh quan eua nhdm giau luon cao hdn - lln so vdi nhdm ngheo va mflc chenh lech ve thu nhap dang tang len tfl 7,3 lan nam 1996 len 8,4 lln nam 2006 Dieu dang chu y la, xua't hien xu hfldng hinh "phan ting xa hdi hdp thflc" va "phan tang xa hdi khdng hdp thflc" va gan hen vdi nd la xu hfldng hinh tang Idp xa hdi "flu trdi" va nhdm xa hoi "yeu the"." Glal c d p c o n g nhan Glal c d p n6ng d a n Co c h e kinh te mdi (kinh te thi trudng)va qua trinh c o n g nghiep hPahlen dq\ h6a ddt nu6c T(3ng I6p tri thuc Bien ddi c o c d u glal c a p - xa hpl Viet Nam T