Phân hoá giàu nghèo ở nước ta hiện nay

NGHIEN CUU- TRAODOI PIJiN Mill GIAU NGHEO i PGS, NIMG III HIEN NAY TS NGUYEN VAN NAM* '•ft'"-' • N ude ta chuyen sang nen kinh te' thi trubng dinh hubng xa hdi chu nghia tao dieu Men cho nen Mnh tephat trien, dbi sdng cila nhan dan timg budc dup-c cai thien, nhung dong thbi ciing tao sir chenh lech ve thu nhap, muc sdng cang rb net hon, dd phan hda giau ngheo dang la mpt nhiing van de xa hdi hire xiie Men Ndi giau ngheo la de cap den thu nhap va miic sdng vdi nhiing ehi bao khae tiiy thupe vao timg viing dia ly khae nhau, ciing cMnh tir dd ed quan mem ngheo tuyet ddi va ngheo tirong db'i Ngan hang The gibi xem thu nhap db la My/ngay theo sue mua tuong duong cua dia phuong so vdi (db la the gidi) de thda man nhu ciu sdng nhu la chuan td'ng quat cho nan ngheo tuyet ddi va tic dd cd nhiing ehuan khae cho timg dia phuong hay timg vimg dupc xae dinh, tir2 db la eho chau My La Tinh va Carribean de'n db la cho nhiing nude Dbng Au eho den 14,40 db la eho nhiing nubc cdng ngMep Ddi vdi nhiing xa hbi dupc gpi la thinh vupng, ngheo dupc dinh ngMa dua vao hoan eanh xa hbi cila ea nhan, ngheo tuong dd'i cb the dirpc xem nhu la viec cung cap khdng day du eae tiem lire vat chat va pM vat chat eho nhiing ngubi thupe ve mbt sd ting ldp xa hbi nha't dinh so vdi su sung tlie cila xa hbi dd Ngheo tuong db'i ed the la khach quan, tiic la sir Men huu khbng phu thupc vao cam nhan cila nhiing ngubi cube Cbn ngheo tuong db'i chu quan la kM ngubi 'Hoc vien Chinh trj - Hanh chinh khu vwc III cude cam thay ngheo khdng phu thude vao sir xae dinh khach quan Ben canh tMeu su eung cap vat chat (tuong db'i), viee tMe'u thdn tai nguyen pM vat chat cang cb tam quan trpng hon Viec ngheo ve van hda - xa hdi, tMeu tham gia vao cude sdng xa hbi dupe xem nhu mpt thach thiic xa hbi ngMem tipng Ca hai phuong dien tren d nudc ta deu ed va ciing la thach thuc ldn tiong qua trinh cbng ngMep hda Men dai hda dat nudc-^ Nham khae phue tinh trang tren, nhiing nam qua CMnh phu Viet Nam da tap trung nMeu bien phap nham xda ddi giam ngheo va cd nhiing ket qua dang ke Trong nam (2006 - 2007), hb ngheo tiep tuc giam binh quan tren 300.000 hb/nam, nam 2006 ty le hp ngheo ebn 15,5%, nam 2007 ebn 14,8% (giam dup-e 7,2% so vdi cudi nam 2005) Mbt sddia phuong cabin xda het sdhp ngheo theo ehuan qub'c gia^ va ap dung chuan mdi eua dia phuong eao hon tir 1,5 - lan so vdi chuan ngheo qub'c gia nhu phd Hd CM Minh, Da Nang va tinh Binh Duong Chenh lech thu nhap giiia thi va nbng thbn giim tir2,3 lan nam 1999 xudng cbn 2,09 lan Theo sdlieu cua Chuang trlnh Phat trien Lien Hiep Qudc d Viet Nam, vao nam 2004, chi sdphat trien ngwdi cua Viet Nam xep hang 112/177 nudc, chi so phat triin gidi xep 87/144 nudc va chi so ngheo tong hgp xep 41/95 nude Theo Quyet djnh so 170/26o5/QD-TTg ciia Thii tudng Chinh phu 08 thdng nam 2005 ve viec ban hanh chuan ngheo dp dung giai doan 2006 - 2010 thi d khu vwc ndng thdn nhiing hd ed miic thu nhap binh quan tii 200.000 d/ngwdi/thang (2.400.000 d/ngudl/nam) trd xud'ng Id hg ngheo, dkhu vuc thj nhu'ng hoed thu nhap binh quan tii 260.000 d/ngudi/ thdng (dudi 3.120.000 d/ngudl/nam) trd xudng la hd ngheo 27 NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI nam 2004 va lan nam 2008, den nam 2010 ty le hb ngheo cbn khoang 10%^ Tuy nMen, nMeu nguyen nhan cb the nhan thay rang chat lupng cube sdng d mpt sdnoi cd phin suy giam, ehuan ngheo ehua phan anh cMnh xae tinh tiang ngheo dieu Men hien Toe dp giam ngheo ed xu hubng eham lai, ty le hb tai ngheo ebn eao; sb huyen, xa eb ty le ngheo cao cbn nhieu (61 huyen cd ty le hb ngheo tren 50%) Su chenh lech ve thu nhap, sir phan hda giau ngheo giiia cae tang ldp dan eu, giiia cac vimg ehua dupe thu hep, cbn eb xu hudng gian Ude tinh de'n cudi nam 2008, ty le hb ngheo cao nhat la vimg Tay Bic tdi 31,5% va Dbng Nam Bb, vimg cd ty le ngheo thap nha't la 3,2%, chenh 9,8 lan Theo tinh toan cila Bb Ke hoach va Diu tu thi chenh lech thu nhap giiia 20% hb giau nha't vbi 20% hb ngheo nhat nam 2004 la 8,34 lin, nam 2006 la 8,37 lan va ude tinh nam 2008 la 8,4 lan (each tfnh chua sat vdi thuc te d nubc ta, nhung ciing da cho thay xu hubng gianralaratrb) Nhu vay, cimg vdi kinh te' thi truang va nhieu nguyen nhan khae, tinh trang phan hda giau ngheo d nude ta dang la mpt nhiing van de xa hpi birc xiic can dupc quan tam, dieu dang Imi y la b nudc ta ty le hb ngheo d khu vuc mien niii van cdn cao, gap 1,7 - lin so vdi ca nudc, ty le hb ngheo ddng bao cac dan tpc thie'u sd tb'ng sdhp ngheo ei nudc tang Chenh lech thu nhap giiia 10% nhdm giau nha't vdi 10% nhdm ngheo nha't d nbng thbn la 13,5 lan; thu nhap cua 53% so hb nbng dan bi thu hdi dat giam; so vdi trude chua thu hdi dat cd 34,5% sb hb ed dieu Men sdng thap hon* Ciing tic dd sir chenh lech giau ngheo diin d khu vuc thi va nbng thbn, tinh binh quan mpt nguM lao dbng d nbng thdn ehi thu nhap bang 47,8% so vdi lao dbng thi Cimg vdi nhiing ngubi ngheo tM vdi kinh tethi trubng ciing da cb nMeu ngubi giau len nhanh chdng^ Theo cac tai lieu cbng bdcMnh thiic, tren san chiing khoan Viet Nam, chua ed dai gia nao dat tam ty phii db la, song sd tiieu phii cung ngdt nget 170 Rieng 100 nhan vat giau nhat, mbi ngubi deu cb tai sin chirng khoan vupt trieu db la, db cd ngubi dat chuan hbi vien cau lac bb 100 trieu db la^ Bb Lao dpng - Thuong binh va Xa hbi cho biet, khoing each giua miic thu nhap eua cac nhdm lao dbng cang cd su chenh lech rd net, dac biet la d 28 cae phd ldn Tai Ha Nbi, chenh lech giiia ngubi cd tien luong eao nhat so vdi trung binh la 42 lan (75,2 trieu ddng/thang vdi muc binh quan 1,8 trieu dbng/ thang) Tai phoHd Chi Minh sd chenh lech cbn len den 109 lan (240 trieu ddng/thang so vdi 2,2 trieu ddng/thang) Nhdm cd thu nhap eao la cac giam db'c dieu hanh, trubng dai dien, trudng phbng, can bp phu trach Mnh doanh dang lam viee tai cac doanh ngMep eb vdn diu tunudc ngoai, cbng ty hen doanh, cac cbng ty boat dpng linh vuc tai cM'nh, ngan hang, ehung khoan, bae si tai mpt sdbenh vien, phbng kham Ngupc lai, nhdm cd thu nhap thap la cbng nhan lao dpng dang lam viec cae khu cbng ngMep, doanh ngMep nudc ngoai '' Thuc te tren eho tha'y, bat binh dang thu nhap d nubc ta cang rb net va gay gat hon, ty le hp ngheo tap trung chil ye'u b nhiing vimg khd khan, ed nMeu yeu tdbat lpi nhu dieu Men tuiiMen khae ngMet, ket ca'u ting tha'p kem, trinh dp dan tri thap, trinh dp san xua't manh miin, so khai Ngoai ra, ebn xua't Men mbt sd db'i tupng ngheo mdi b nhiing vimg dang qua trinh db thi hda va nhdm lao ddng nhap cu vao db thi, hp thubng gap khb khan nMeu hon va phai chap nhan miic thu nhap tha'p hon lao dbng sd tai Day la nhiing ye'u tdlam gia tang tinh trang tai ngheo va tao sir khbng ddng deu tbe dp giam ngheo giiia cac vimg ea nubc Thu tubng Chlnh phu vira ban hanh chuan hb ngheo, hp can ngheo ap dung cho giai doan 2011 - 2015, theo dd, hb ngheo d nbng thbn la hb ngheo ed muc thu nhap binh quan tir 400.000 ddng/ngubi/thang trb xud'ng (chuan ngheo cii la 200.000 ddng/ngubi/thang), hd can ngheo d ndng thbn la hb ed mue thu nhap binh quan tir 401.000 - 520.000 ddng/ngubi/thang trd xub'ng Hp ngheo d thi la hb cd miic thu nhap binh quan tir 500.000 ddng/ngubi/thang trd xud'ng (chuan ngheo cii Dang Cdng sin Viet Nam: Bdo cdo tong ke't 20 nam thWc hien Cuang ITnh Xdy dung dat nude thdi ky qua len chii nghia xa hgi (1991 -2011), Nxb CTQG, H, 2010,tr 119-120 Ban Tuyen gido Trung uang: Tdi lieu nghien cUu ede nghj quye't Hdi nghj Trung wang 7, khda X, Nxb CTQG, H, 2008, tr 135 d day khdng ban cdch thiic lam giau, vi qua trinh giau len eua mgt so ngwdi thi co Idm gidu hgp phdp (hop thUc) va lam giau khdng hop phdp (khdng hgp thUe) iittp//www.diemtin.com/Thoi-cuoc4/100-nguoi-giau-nhatViet-Nam 424359 tittp://taichinh.saga.vnAinhte/7526.asset, 12-25-2009 NGHIEN CUU- TRAODOI la 260.000 ddng/ngubi/thang), hb can ngheo d thi la hb eb miic thu nhap binh quan tir 501.000 650.000 ddng/ngura/thang Theo Bb Lao dpng - Thuong binh - Xa hbi, ty le hb ngheo ea nube hien dmiie 13% Ne'u theo ehuan ngheo mdi duoe thbng qua, ty le hb ngheo se tuong duong vbi tren 20% De cap den van de ngheo, nMeu nha ngMen eiiu luu y rang ngheo khbng ehi don giin la muc thu nhap thap ma tir db cbn tMe'u thdn viectie'pcan cac dich vu nhu giao due, van hda, y te; khbng ehi la thie'u tien mat, thieu nhiing dieu kien tb't hon cho cube sdng ma cbn thieu the che Mnh te thi trubng Meu qua, db CO cac thi trubng dat dai, vb'n va lao dpng ciing nhu cac the che nha nude dupc cai thien ed trach nhiem giai trinh va van hanh khubn kho phap ly minh bach ciing nhumbt mbi trubng Mnh doanh thuan lpi Ngheo cbn la tinh trang de dpa bi mat pham chat quy gia - dd la long tin va long tu trpng Khi ban ve nguyen nhan cua tinh trang phan hda giau ngheo, ma nhat la ngheo d nube ta eiing da cd nhieu quan niem va each tie'p can khae nhau, nhung tuu trung lai ed miy nguyen nhan sau: - Thii nhdt, nude ta la nudc nbng nghiep cham phat trien, vica trai qua eudc khang chien lau dai va gian khd, ca sd ting bi tan pha, ngudn nhan lire chinh eila nhieu hb gia dinh hi giam siit chie'n tranh Cbng vdi thM ky tri qua lau co che tap trung quan heu bao cap lam eho sin xuat nbng nghiep don dieu, cbng nghiep thie'u hieu qua, thuong nghiep cham phat trien - Thuhai, kM ehuyen sang cache Mnh te thi trubng dinh hudng xa hpi ehii nghia, lao dbng du thira d nong thdn ehua dupc khuye'n khich thi de lao dpng, ehua dupe dao tao de ehuyen sang khu vue cong ngMep Trinh dp hpe van va ehuyen mbn ky thuat dang la thach thue doi vdi lire lupng lao dbng d nbng thbn, td'ng sd 16,5 trieu Men d nbng thbn chi cb 12% tb't nghiep thbng trung hpc, 3,11% ed chuyen mbn ky thuat^ Cimg vbi sir ban che ve trinh dp eae mat, thi dien tfch dat nbng nghiep eiing dang eb xu hubng giam dan qua trinh cbng nghiep hda Men dai hba Trong nhiing nam qua, binh quan mdi nam ed khoing 70.000 dat trdng liia ehuyen sang muc dich khae - Thu ba, nguoi dan cbn chiu nhieu rui ro eudc sdng, sin xuat ma ehua cd thiet che phbng ngica hiiru hieu va de tai ngheo trd lai nhu thien tai, dieh benh, sau hai, tai nan lao dpng, that nghiep hoac cd viec lam nhung khbng on dinh; sir rui ro ve gia sin pham dau vao, diu bie'n ddng thi trudng the gidi va khu vuc Ben canh nhihig rui ro tren cdn cd sir "rui ro" viee thay db'i ehinh sach, sir khbng minh bach va nhieu thu tue eiia he thd'ng hanh chinh, tinh trang quan heu, tham nhiing eua can bb va bb may hanh chinh - Thii tu, nen kinh te da't nude ed tang trubng kha nhung thieu ben viing, np cbng d ngudng cho phep nhung van tiem an nguy co Theo each tinh eua Ngan hang The gidi (WB), np cbng cila Viet Nam tinh de'n cudi nam 2009 da len de'n mire 47,5% GDP; dd each tinh np cUa Viet Nam, Bb Tai ehinh eung cap la 44,7% Hai each tinh eb khae dua tren CO sd tham hut ngan sach, Tb'ng cue Thb'ng ke thbng bao, tham hut ngan sach cila Viet Nam nam 2009 la 6,9%, ebn WB lai dua sdla 8,4% Theo Cue Quan ly np va tai chinh db'i ngoai, no nubc ngoai eua Viet Nam tfnh de'n thang nam 2009 la 29,8tiUSD, tuong duong 30,5% GDP va eb xu hudng giam, on dinh, nghia la dang tim Mem soat an toan The nhung no nude lai cd xu hudng tang, ne'u tfnh ci sd np trai phieu cua cae cbng trinh xay dung de ngoai ngan sach, thi ty le no da vupt qua 50% GDP^ Dieu dd da ban che phan nao viee thire hien cac chfnh sach xa hbi va an sinh xa hbi Phan hda giau ngheo cho dii la hpp thire hay khbng hpp thire (hpp phap hay khbng hpp phap) da va dang diin d nube ta Tuy nhien, tir sir phan hda giau ngheo nhuhien ed the dan de'n phan hda giai cap nen kinh te thi trubng dinh hudng xa hpi chu nghia vbi phan kinh te tu nhan phat trie'n nhanh? Trong nhiing nam vira qua, kinh te tu nhan tie'p tuc phat trie'n nhanh Men da chiem 46% GDP; cae doanh nghiep vira va nhb thu hiit cang nhieu lao dbng, ddng gdp tieh cue vao giai quye't viee lam va phat trien kinh te Trong nam (2006 - 2008), cd 173.314 doanh nghiep tunhan mdi dupe lap vdi tb'ng sdvb'n dang ky 1.186.387 ty ddng, dua tb'ng sd Ban Tuyen gido Trung Udng: Tdi lieu nghien cUu cdc nghj quye't Hpi nghj lan thU Ban Chap hdnh Trung uang khda X, Nxb CTQG, H, 2008, tr 136 Ho saswklen (chuyen san ciia Tap ehi Cdng sin), so 126, ngdy 30-7-2010 29 NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI doanh ngMep boat dbng nen Mnh te len 381.621 doanh nghiep (ehi tieu Dai hbi X de'n nam 2010 la 500.000 doanh ngMep)io Ve mat ly thuye't tM thbi ky qua dp, nen Mnh te nhieu phan tat ye'u dua tdi mbt co eau xa hbi - giai cap^^ da dang va phirc tap, vi nhan td Mnh te lubn lubn cd vai trb quyet dinh db'i vdi eae van de xa hbi Mat khae, sir phat trien cua cac nhan tb'xa hpi lubn dan xen, anh hudng va tac dbng lin Dieu dd din de'n mbt ca cau xa hbi mdi da hinh lai cd tae dpng true tiep tdi sir phat trien va sir cilng cb co eau kinh te, tao cho nb di diing dinh hubng Vdi each tie'p can cb the xem xet thM ky qua dp len ch-a nghia xa hdi se eb mbt co cau xa hbi - giai cap se hinh db ed the cd tang ldp mdi xua't Men, ve ten gpi ehae la cbn nMeu y Men khae va nhiing ban khoan nhat dinh, song eiing cd the gpi dd la "tang ldp tu sin mdi", nd dbi dieu Men cila thbi ky qua dp len ehu nghia xa hbi Nhung, CO eau xa hpi - giai cap phat trien mbi quan he bien ehung cHa cae nhan td khach quan va chu quan Dang, Nha nudc xa hbi chu nghia vdi tfnh each la nhiing nhan to ehu quan manh nhat, tac dbng ehi phbi de'n su bie'n dbng eua co eau xa hbi giai cap, phat trien theo tfnh chat xa hpi chu nghia thbng qua cac chfnh sach kinh te - xa hbi phu hop vdi cac dieu Men kinh te - xa hbi va lieh su - ehfnh tri khach quan cila dat nudc Vdi each tie'p can nay, ed the nhan tha'y qua trinh bie'n db'i co eau xa hpi - giai cap eii sang co ca'u xa hpi - giai cap mdi la mpt qua trinh lien tue thbi ky qua dp, nhieu phin Mnh tera dM se lam sdng dpng nen kinh te nhung se dan din on dinh d giai doan sau - nen kinh te'b'n dinh, lire lupng san xuat da phat trie'n va qua trinh cong nghiep hba, hien dai hba ed ke't qua kha quan ay se dien suxfeh lai gan giiia eae giai tang xa hbi, se dien sir ehuyen dd'i bp phan giiia cac nhdm xa hpi, tu chb khbng cbn ca che dp ap hue bde lot de'n ebb khbng edn ci nhiing quan he bde lot giira ngubi vdi ngubi; dat de'n giai doan thi se khbng cd sir phan hda giai cap mdi Duong nhien, dat de'n giai doan dd can phai ed mbt thai ky dai hon ca thbi ky qua dp len chu nghia xa hpi Phan tang xa hbi, phan hda giai cap cd the dupc xem la mbt nhirng van de xa hpi can dupc quan tam, cho dii la bat ngudn tic nguyen nhan nao ciing deu de lai nhirng he qua xa hbi nhat dinh, tren mbt phuong dien khae cd the tao nen tam ly bat an Viec khae phue nhiing van de tren la ca mpt qua trinh va ke't hpp nhieu bien phap nham hudng tdi cbng bang vatie'nbb xa hpi, tinh he thbng va nhiing van de hen quan, thi nen hudng vao eae nbi dung sau; - Z)MOT ^bc (fp xd/ipi, khie phue va han che eae khuyet tat cila Mnh tethi trubng ve phan tang xa hpi va phan hda giau ngheo, tao dieu Men cho nhirng ngubi bi tMet thbi ed dieu Men vuon len de hba nhap vdi epng ddng Thuc Men cbng bang phan phdi va thu nhap theo nguyen tac lao dpng -Dudigoc kinh te, thuc day sir tang trudng Mnh te, rang sir tang trudng Mnh te'tir nd se khbng bao ham va giai quye't duoe tat ea cae van de xa hbi, mac dil cac chuong trinh phat trie'n kinh te se la ea sd de long ghep giai quye't eae van de xa hbi nhu viec lam, xda ddi giam ngheo Vi the, cimg vdi sir phat trien Mnh te phai ke't hpp vdi cae chuong trinh xa hbi d timg vimg, mien va timg dan tpc eho phii hpp - Dudi goc ludt phdp, timg budc hoan ehinh he thb'ng phap luat va thue Men diing luat dinh, phai kien quye't va khbng ne tranh nhu nhiing nam vira qua Tdi lieu tham khio: Ding Cpng sin Viet Nam: Van kien Hpi nghj ian thii Ban Chap hdnh Trung Udng khda X, Nxb CTQG, H, 2009 Ding Cpng sin Viet Nam: Bao cdo tdng ke't 20 nam thgc hien Cudng ITnh Xay dung dat nudc thdi ky qud dp len chu nghTa xa hpi (1991 -2011), Nxb CTQH, H, 2010 Ban Tuyen gido Trung wang: Tai lieu hgc tap cdc nghi quyet Hdi nghj lan thU Ban Chap hdnh Trung uang khda X, Nxb CTQG, H, 2008 Gido trinh Chu nghTa xa hpi khoa hge (Hpi dong Trung uang ehl dao bien soan gido trinh qud'c gia), Nxb CTQG, H, 2002 10 Ding Cdng sin Viet Nam: Van kien Hdi nghj lan thii Ban Ho sasu kien (chuyen san cua Tap chi Cdng san), sd126, Chap hdnh Trung uang khda X, Nxb CTQG, H, 2009, tr 19 30-7-2010 11 Cdcau xa hdl - giai cap la he thdng cae giai cap va tang Idp http://vl.wiklpedia.org/wiki/Ngh%C3%A8o(12/13/2009) http://my.opera.eom/xahoihoe/blog/show.dml/1188491 , xd hpi ton tai khdch quan, hoat ddng hgp phdp mpt che dp xa hpi nhat djnh, thdng qua nhiing mdl quan he ve sd hiiu, 8-16-2010 ve quin ly, ve dja vj chinh trj -xa hpi giUa cdc giai cap va ting 8.http://my.opera.com/xahoihoc/blog/mot-so-van-de-ve-phantang-xa-hoi-hop-thwc-o-vi , -16-2010 Idp 30 ... khan nMeu hon va phai chap nhan miic thu nhap tha'p hon lao dbng sd tai Day la nhiing ye'u tdlam gia tang tinh trang tai ngheo va tao sir khbng ddng deu tbe dp giam ngheo giiia cac vimg ea nubc Thu... phdi va thu nhap theo nguyen tac lao dpng -Dudigoc kinh te, thuc day sir tang trudng Mnh te, rang sir tang trudng Mnh te'tir nd se khbng bao ham va giai quye't duoe tat ea cae van de xa hbi, mac... nghTa xa hpi (1991 -2011), Nxb CTQH, H, 2010 Ban Tuyen gido Trung wang: Tai lieu hgc tap cdc nghi quyet Hdi nghj lan thU Ban Chap hdnh Trung uang khda X, Nxb CTQG, H, 2008 Gido trinh Chu nghTa