PHAN HOA GIAU NGHEO VIET NAM HIEN NAY VA Sir TAG DONG DOI V6l oOl SONG XA HOI DINH QUANG HAI' J T tt ngdy 15 din ngdy 18 thang 12 nam 1986, Dai hfli Dang Cdng san Viflt Nara Iin thtt VI da diln tai Thii dfl Ha Nfli Vtfi tinh t h i n "Nhin thdng vdo suthdt, ddnh gid dung su that, noi ro su that", Dai hfli khang djnh quylt tdm doi mtfi cflng tac Ianh dao ciia Dang theo tinh thin cdch mang vd khoa fapc Kl ttt sau Dai hfli Dang Iin thtt VI din nay, Viet Nam da trai qua 30 nam thuc hien dudng Ifl'i dtfi mtfi toan difln dit nutfc va da thu dupe nhilu tyu quan trpng trfln nhilu ITnh vue, dtfi stfng cua nhdn ddn da dupc ndng Ien rtf ret Danh gid kit qua cua 30 nam dtfi mdi tf Vidt Nam, Nghj quylt Dai hfli dai bieu Dang toan qutfc Idn thtt XII da khdng djnh: Viet Nam "da dat dupc nhung thdnh tuu to Ion, ctf J nghTa Ijch stt; dtfng thtfi eung ctfn nhilu vd'n dl Itfn, phtte tap, nhieu ban chl, ylu kira edn phai tdp trung giai quyet, khie phuc dl tiep tuc dua dit nutfc phdt triln nhanfa vd bin vihig hon" (1) Nfattng thdnh tuu to Idn, cd J nghTa Ijcfa stt qua 30 nara dtfi radi da "kfaang djnh dutfng Idi ddi mtfi cfla Dang ta Id dung ddn, sdng tao; dudng di Ifln chii nghTa xa htfi cua nutfc ta la phfl hpp vtfi thye tiln eua Viet Nam vd xu t h i phdt triln ciia Iich su Thdnh tyu va ' PGS.TS Vi^n Sit hpc nhihig kinh nghiem, bdi hpe due ktft ttt thuc tiln tao tiln dl, n i n tang quan trpng dl ddt nutfc ta tilp tyc dtfi mtfi vd pfadt triln manh me nhiing ndm toi" (2) Tuy nfaien, ben canfa nhung thdnh tuu da dat duoc, Viet Nam cung phai dtfi mdt vtfi nhilu khtf khan, thdch thttc edn giai quyet tren dudng tiln tdi rauc tieu "ddn gidu, nude mgnh, ddn chu, edng bdng, vdn minh", dtf vdn dl vl giara ngheo bin vttng, vl pfaan bda gidu ngfaeo xa fadi Id radt nhttng vdn dl b i t sttc quan trpng, thu hiit dupc sy quan tdm ciia ca hfl thtfng chfnh trj vd toan xa hfli Trong pfaam vi bai vilt nay, tae gia mong mutfn gtfp pfain Idm ro hon thyc trang phan htfa giau nghlo tf Viet Nam hifln vd su tdc dflng dtfi vtfi dcli sraig xa htfi tbdi ky ddi mtfi, diy manh cdng nghiflp bda, hien dai hda vd hdi nhdp qude tl Di ed thi Idm ro dupc nhflng vin dl tren day, trutfc hit chiing ta ein nhan tfattc ro va ctf nhttng butfc di cflng vdi nhflng giai phdp phfl hpp tren nhttng vaii dl sau day: Thuc trang phan hda giau nghlo d Viet Nam hi€n n a y Vdi Dai thing mfla Xuan nam 1975, cuflc khdng ehiln chtfng My cttu nutfc cua nhdn Phan htfa gi^u ngheo Vi^t Ram hi6n dan Viet Nam k i t thue thing Ipi Da't nude dupe thtfng n h i t nhung nhihig faau qua vd ton that chitfn t r a n h dl Iai eho dit nutfc vd ddn ttfc Viflt Nam hflt sfle ndng nl Khdt vpng ciia toan tfal dan tflc Viflt Nara sau 21 ndra cfailn tranfa Id duoe stfng hoi binh Iau dai dl xdy dyng Iai dd't nutfc vd xdy dung euflc stfng mdi ira no hanh phuc, nhung chi sau nam hod binh, til nam 1977, nhan dan Viet Nara da Iai phai dtfi phtf vtfi cudc ehiln tranh bien gidi Tdy Nara the lUc phan dflng Pfln-Ptft, dupc Trung Qutfc giiip dtf gay va tiep dtf, din thdng nam 1979 Trung Qudc da huy dtfng 60 van qudn gay cuflc chiln tranfa quy mfl Itfn xara phara trfln toan tuyen bifln gidi phia Bic Viflt Nam, buflc nhdn ddn Viflt Nam viia phai xdy dung vtta da'u tranh bao vfl To qutfc Thyc ttf tinh hinh chie'n tranh tf hai diu bien gidi thdi gian vd dSc biet la nhiing faau qua nang nl cua cudc ehiln tranh chtfng My trutfc dtf la bit sttc trdm trpng, vtfi 1,1 triflu era ede dan tflc da chien diu hy sinh; 600 nghin thuang binh; 300 nghin ngutfi bi rait tfeh cfailn difu; triflu nguoi ddn bj gifl't hai; trieu ngudi bj t i n tat; trieu ngutfi bj nhiira chdt dfle hda hpe; 500 nghin tre em bj di dang anh hutfng eiJa chit dflc htfa hpc (3) Theo tai hflu thtfng kfl cua Btf Ngoai giao, hifln ctf khoang 4,8 trieu ngutfi Viet Nam bj nhilm chit dflc da cara/dioxin, stfng tap trung tai cac tinh dpc dutfng Trutfng Scm va bifln gitfi Campuchia Hang trdra ngutfi stf da qua dtfi Hang triflu ngutfi va chiu cfla hp dang phai stfng bflnh tat, nghlo khtf di chttng cua chdt dtfc da cam (4) Cd thi ntfi, nhttng bau qua va di ehflng eiia chitfn tranh dtfi vdi nhan dan Viet Nam Id fait sttc ndng nl Sau 10 ndra titfn hdnh xdy dung lai dit nudc sau chiln tranh (1975-1986), vdi khtfng it nhung vd'p vap, sai Idm, da Idra cho Viflt Nam rai vdo tinh trang kfaung hoang kinfa tl, xa hfli nghiflra trpng, Iam phit tang Ifln dtfn stf Tinh ehung ttt ndra 1976 dtfn ndra 1985, thu nhdp qutfc ddn ehi tdng 38,8%, binh qudn radi nara tdng 3,7% (5) Ndng nghiflp Id ngdnh kinfa ttf then ehtft eua dit nutfc, thutfng tao tren dudi 50% thu nhap qutfc dan, nhung nhiing nara (1976-1985) binh qudn rafli ndm gid trj ttfng san Iupng ndng nghiflp chi tdng 3,8% (6) Luong tfayc tfailu but rd't lon Trong ndra (1976-1980), rattc tiflu dung Iuong thyc thufle khu vyc nba nudc Id 11.8 triflu tin, quy gao, nhung huy dflng nudc chi dupe 5,8 triflu tdn, bdng 49% mttc tieu dung (7) Den diu tfadp nien 90 cua tbtf ky XX, Viet Nam vin Id mdt stf nbihig nutfc nghlo nha't t h i gitfi, la mflt nutfc nflng nghiflp nhung hdng ndra vin phai nhap khiu luong thuc dl cun ddi cfao nfaan dan Chi tiflu kinb te diu ngutfi r i t thip Ty le dan stf bi ddi gay git kinh nien ca nutfc vdo kfaoang 6% 8% Nhflng nam ctf tbien tai va gap cde rui ro khac, d nfaiing vflng ndng thdn, ngutfi ddn bi dtfi gay git chilm tdi 27%, dtfi gay gdt edp tfnh ien ttfi 19% - 21%, stf tuyet dtfi Id 3,7 trieu ngutfi Ld mdt nudc ndng nghiep truyin tfad'ng, nfaimg tong stf dan ndng ngfaiep bj dtfi tf 36 dia phuong Ien tdi 4,81 trieu ngutfi, dtfi gay gdt la 1,9 triflu ngutfi (8) Nfattng eon stf thtfng ke "bifl't ndi" dd that dang budn Hifln tupng ddi ngheo xlt theo bilu bifln true tilp la ddi an, thilu an va khdng cd luong thyc dl an, la chua xlt din cae tieu chf khdc nhu tlnh trang nfaa tf vd dtf dflng sinh boat cua cdcfadgia dinh cd tfal ntfi Id r i t thdp kim Tfnh cfaung vtfi mttc thu nhdp mfli ngutfi ttt - 15kg gao/thdng dupc eoi la fad ddi, ttt - 22 kg gao/tfaang dupe coi Id hd nghlo o viing dtfng bing, trung du; 15 kg gao/thdng Id bfl ngheo tf miln mii, nflng thfln va ttt 20 - 25 kg gao/thdng Id bfl ngheo d dd tfai, tfai stf htf ngfaeo tf Viflt Nara nam 1986 la 45%, nam 1992 Id 26% - 28% (9) 62 Tinh trang ddi nghlo tf Viflt Nara trd nen tfautfng xuyen, trira trpng Trudc thye ttf dtf ddt yeu cdu t i t ylu pfaai tfayc hien cdng cudc xda ddi giam nghlo trfln difln rtfng, Thyc hien dutfng Itfi ddi mdi, xdy dyng dd't nude theo djnh hudng XHCN ttt sau Dai hdi Dang Iin thtt VI (nam 1986), vdi phuong chdm tang trutfng vd pfadt triln kinfa t l phai di ddi vdi vide giai quylt cdc vd'n dl xa btfi, tttng bude tbuc hidn eflng bdng xa hfli dilu kifln kinh t l cbo pfalp; van dl xda ddi giara ngfaeo dupe xem Id ctf tfnh ehiln luoc nim ehiln lupc phdt triln kinh ttf-xa hdi cua ddt nude Trong Chiln lupc dn dinh vd phdt triln kinb t l - x a hdi den ndm 2000, dupe thflng qua tai Dai hfli Dang todn qutfc lin tfatt VTI (ndra 1991), Viflt Nam dua rauc tiflu hdng ddu Id "pfad'n ddu vupt qua tinh trang nudc ngheo vd kem phdt triln, eai thien ddi stfng eiia nfaan dan" Trong btfn nfaiflm vu dl dat dupc muc tiflu dtf tfai nhiflm vu thtt faai Id "pfain diu xtfa nan dtfi, giam stf ngutfi ngheo khtf, giai quylt viec Iam, bao dam cdc nhu ciu CO ban, eai thien dtfi sfl'ng vat cha't, vdn htfa vd tinh thin eua nhdn ddn" (10) Trai qua cde ky Dai htfi Dang todn quflc lin thtt VII (nam 1991), Idn thtt VIII (ndm 1996), Idn thtt IX (ndm 2001), Iin tfatt X (ndra 2006), lin thtt XI (ndm 2011), Idn thtt XII (2016), quan dilra xuyfln sudt cua Dang vd Nhd nudc Viet Nam Iudn kfadng djnb: vdn dl xda ddi, giam ngheo vtta Id rauc tidu, vtta Id yeu ciu vd Id ddng lye dl phat triln kinh t l - xa htfi, gtfp phin bao dam an sinh va eflng bdng xa bfli Trfln CO stf ehii truang, dutfng Itfi cua Dang; Chfnh pfau Viet Nara da ban faanh nhilu cbfnh sdch vl xda ddi, giam ngfaeo; tbi hifln quylt tdm cua Chfnh pbu cuflc chiln efatfng dtfi nghlo Nhiflra vu xtfa dtfi, giam ngheo da tttng budc dupe thi chl hda thdng qua viec xdy dung phap Iudt, k l hoach pfadt Rghjgn cihi Ljeh sit, so 7.2016 triln kinh ttf-xa fadi, muc tiflu vd cbfnh sdch cy tfal vtfi phuong chdm mang tfnh nguyen tdc Id "kit hpp hdi fada gitta tdng trudng kinh ttf vd thye hifln cdng bing, tiln bfl xa bfli", "thu hep dan kfaoang cdcfa vl trinh dd phdt triln, vl mttc stfng gifla cac vflng, gifla ede ddn tdc, gifla cdc ting Idp dan eu" (II) Trong 30 ndm (ttt nam 1986 din nam 2016), Dang va Nhd nudc Iudn nhit qudn vl ehfnh sach giam nghlo bin vung di dfli vdi khuyin khfch Idra gidu hpp phdp Ddy manh viflc triln khai tfaue faien cic nghj quylt ciia Chfnh phu va Chuang trinh muc tiflu qutfc gia vl giara nghlo, dd cbu trpng chi'nh sdch giara nghlo da cfailu vd khde phue nguy eo tdi nghlo, nha't Id dtfi vtfi cac huyfln ngfaeo, uu tien ngutfi ngheo Id ddng bao ddn tdc tbilu stf tfautfc huyfln ngfalo, xa bidn gidi, xa an toan khu, xa, thtfn ban dac biflt khd khan, vflng bai ngang ven biln, hai dao; thu hep chenh lech vl rattc stfng vd an sinh xa hfli so vdi binh qudn ca nutfc (12) Tuy nhifln, trfln thyc ttf, bfln eanh nhflng tfaanfa tyu to Idn vl kinfa tl, chi'nh trj, van htfa va xa fadi da dat dupc tfai su phdn hda gidu - ngfalo, "cdi true trung tdm cua phan ting xa faoi" (13) da btfc Itf radt edeh rd net vd ngdy cdng trtf ndn gay gdt, din din phdn cue gidu - nghlo Phdn cye gidu nghlo d Viet Nara nhttng ndm qua diln vdi nhilu hinh thttc, mttc dtf vd hit sttc phttc tap Phdn cyc gidu nghlo gitta tfadnh thj vd nflng tfafln, gitta cac vflng miln, cde nhtfm Itta tudi, cdc nhdm nganh nghl, gitta cdc ddn tflc, cdc vi trf ddn eu Cd tfal neu lfln nhttng bilu hifln rd nit nhd't vl phdn cye gidu ngheo tren cdc khfa canh sau ddy: Phdn cue gidu - ngheo ve thu nhdp Kit qua Dilu tra mttc stfng ddn cu vd Hfl gia dinb Viet Nam ttt ndra 1992 din ndm 2012 Ttfng eye Thtfng ke cho tfaiy khoang cdeb cfaenh lech thu nhdp gitta nfatfra 20% sl htf cd tfau nhdp cao n h i t so vdi nhdm 20% sd Phfln htfa giau ngheo Vi^ Ram liien btf cd thu nhap thip nfait tf Viet Nam hifln cd xu hutfng doang rflng, ttt 4,9 Idn ndm 1992 tdng len 9,4 Iin ndm 2012 (14); Dtfng tfatfi, vtfng 10 nara (2002 - 2012), dtfi vdi nhdm hd nghlo thu nhap chi ehitfra khoang 3,8% - 5,3% (trung binh la 4,7%) ttfng stf cua todn xa hfli Trong kfai dd, tf cye Id nhtfm gidu thu nhap chilm phdn ldn hon r i t nhilu, khoang 50,8% - 65,4% (trung blnh Id 54,4%), mac dfl mtfi nhtfm htf giau ngheo diu ctf 20% dan stf bang Dilu ndy cho thiy b Viflt Nam, nhttng ngutfi gidu ngdy edng ctf xu hudng giau thflm hp cd nhilu dilu kifln thudn Ipi, edn nhttng ngufli nghlo cd t b i khtfng nghlo hon, nhung rit khd ctf sy cai thifln thu nhdp han chl vl vtfn, vl trinh dp hoc vdn hode tay nghl Mat khdc, dya trfln ngutfn stf hflu cua Ttfng cue Thtfng kfl qua 20 ndm doi mdi (19922012), ddc biet la kit qua Khao sat mfle stfng ddn cu Viet Nara ndm 2012 cho thd'y su bd't I binfa ding tf Viet Nam da ngdy cang tang len thi hien qua he stf Gini ttt 0,33 ndm 1992 tang I6n 0,424 nam 2012 tf ca nutfc (15) Chenh lech t h u nhap ttt mttc tfaudng T i t tai cdc CO quan doanh nghiep cflng la vin dl thtfi su vd la mdt nhflng bilu bifln rtf nit cua sy phan cyc giiu - ngfaeo Theo bdo cdo cua 900 doanh nghiflp vtfi hem 310 ngdn lao ddng tai Thdnb phd Htf Chf Minh cho thiy, mttc thutfng T i t Nguyfln dan ndm 2015 cua cdc doanh nghiep ngodi khu cfae xuit, khu cflng nghiflp cao n h i t Id 400 triflu ddng vd thip nha't la 3,1 triflu ddng, rattc chflnfa Iflch tdi 129,03 Iin Ctfn dtfi vdi cdc doanfa nghiep hoat dtfng khu c h l xuit, khu edng nghiep Thanh phtf Htf Chf Minb, rattc thutfng Ttft Nguyen ddn cao nhdt Id 457 trieu dtfng/ngutfi, thip nhit gin 2,9 trieu dtfng/ngutfi, mttc chenh Idch Id 157,59 Iin Theo khao sit cua Sd Lao dflng - Thuang binh vd Xa htfi Thdnh phtf Da Ndng, mttc thudng T i t Nguyfln ddn ndra 2015 cao nhit la 300 triflu dtfng/ngutfi, thdp nhit Id 300 ngdn dtfng/ngufli (16) Mttc chenh lech ttfi 1.000 Iin Nlu so sdnh mttc thudng eao nhd't (482 triflu ddng/ngutfi tf Binh Duang) vfli mttc thudng tfaip nhdt (30.000 dtfng/ngutfi tf Binh Pbutfc), tfai rattc chenh lech len ttfi 16.066,7 Idn Dd Id nfaflng stf chenh lech rd't ddng phai suy nghT dtfi vfli su pfadn cue gidu - nghlo vl thu nhdp thyc tl Phdn cue gidu - ngheo ve tdi sdn Mttc ehflnh lech vl tdi san d Viet Nam nhung nam gin ddy edn tdng nhanfa ban chenh Iflch vl thu nhdp Nam 2014, Viet Nam ctf 116 ngutfi sieu gidu, tdng tfaem 40 ngutfi so vtfi 11 ndra trutfc (ndm 2003) Tfaeo Knigfat Frank dy bdo, mflt tfaap ky ttfi, Viflt Nam la qutfc gia ctf ttfc dfl tang ngutfi sieu giau nhanh nfaa't the gidi, len 300 ngutfi (17) Trong dd, 100 ngutfi gidu nha't trdn thi trutfng cbung khoan nim tay ttfng gid tri tdi san ban 70.000 ty dtfng - xip xi faon ty dd la My va tuong duong 1,7% tong gid tri tdi san qutfc ndi (GDP) nam 2013 cua Viet Nam Tren tfayc tl, stf ngudi siflu giau tf Viet Nam cd t h i cao ban du bao r i t nhilu Bdi stf lieu trfln ehu ylu can ctt vao khtfi tdi san "bl ndi" ciia cdc dai gia cfattng khodn thtfng qua stf hChi cd phie'u cflng khai tai ede cflng ty niflm yIt, chua tfnh din sd hihi thflng qua ngudi thdn eung nhu qua cde ctfng ty Sy gia tdng sd Iupng vd gid tri tdi san cua nhttng ngutfi siflu gidu tai Viflt Nam Id raflt tfn hiflu tfefa eye, tfal faidn pfain nao sy Itfn manh ehung cfla nin kinh tfl' Song, mflt btte tranb dtfi lap Id hifln ca nutfc vin ctfn gdn triflu hfl nghlo (18) vd vin ctfn tinh trang thitfu dn - tfaang tf nfaflng vung dtfng bao ddn tflc thilu stf, vflng lu lut, ban ban, vd kfaoang faon triflu lupt ngutfi rafli ndra tfailu an (tttc la ttt 200.000 - 220.000 luat hfl) ehie'm khoang 5% bfl nghlo theo chuin mtfi vd 1,2% stf htf toan qutfc 64 Phdn cue gidu - ngheo qua diiu kien tie'p can vd hiGmg thu cde dieh uu xd hdi ca bdn Nfl'u nhu ndra 2002, cbdnb Iflch ty Ie ddn stf ed trinh dtf cao ding, dai hpc eiia 20% nhdra thu nhdp cao nfad't vdi 20% nhdm tbu nhdp thd'p nhd't la 3,45 lin, tbi din ndra 2012 da tang len 50,25 Iin (1,3% so vdi 20,1%) (19) Hdu hit nfaOng ngutfi nhung bfl ctf trinfa dtf hpe vdn tfaip (khdng bilt chtt, ebua bao gid din trutfng, khdng ctf bing eip) diu thupc nhtfm ngheo (nam 2002 Id 11,77%; ndm 2012 tdng lfln 15,7%) vd cfal ed radt ty Ie rd't nhd thufle nhtfm gidu (5% ndra 2002 giam xufl'ng ctfn 1,2% ndm 2012) Khdng ft era nhd ndng ddn ngheo, nhit la nhung xa ngfaeo miln nfli, vflng ddn tflc thieu stf, khtfng cd dilu kifln dl hpc chtt, fapc nghe, khflng cd dilu kien dl dupe tilp cdn va tfafla fautfng nin gido due ehit luong cao, ttt dd khdng thi ndng cao trf Iuc vd vdn xd hdi, khtfng tfal kilra dupe viec lara vdi rattc tfau nhdp cao Ngupc lai, ngudi gidu thudng chon nhttng trudng hpc qufl'c tl, dat chuin qude gia ttt raiu gido dl cho eai hpc, thdm chf nudc ngodi hpc tap va nhtf dd t h i be ndy cd nfaieu co hfli tot vl sy nghiflp sau Ndm 2014, mttc chi tiln cua cde hd gia dinh cbo chdm sde sttc khde vin cdn eao, chiira gdn 48% (20), ty Ie ndy nara 1995 Id 62,9% Tbeo To chtte Y t l t h i gitfi ehi kbi rattc chi tiln cua bfl gia dinh dudi 30% mtfi dara bao dupc cflng bang chdm sdc sttc khde Dilu dfl din din tlnh trang nghlo hda d nbiing hfl gia dinh cd mttc thu nhdp trung binfa kfai cd ngutfi tfm dau He tfatfng y t l rdng kfaip nhung pfadn bd khdng diu, eac bflnh vien ldn chu ylu tap trung tf tuyin trung uong, cac tfadnfa pfatf lon vd cdc kfau vuc tfadnh thi, di theo nhihig benh vien Idn Id ddi ngu y bdc sy ed trinh dtf chuydn mfln eao va ca uu tifln ngudn ngan sdeh khong Id Trong dd, pbdn Itfn ngutfi ngfaeo Iai stfng d cdc vung ndng thfln, miln Rghien cihi Lich siir stf 7.2016 nui, vung sdu, vung xa vd viflc tilp cdn vdi cdc dicfa vu y ttf, ehdm sdc sttc khde cd chdt lupng cua ngutfi ngheo d nhflng vung ndy Id r i t khd khdn Thue trang dtf vtta bdt edng eho ngudi ddn, ddc biflt la ngudi nghlo tf vung sau vung xa vide tilp can djch vu, v&a gay faien tuong tro cip ngupc; ngutfi gidu dupc hudng ehi ttt ngan sdeh nhd nudc hon Id ngutfi ngheo Dac biet, tinh trang khdng ctfng bdng chdm sdc sttc khde ctfn eao gitta cdc nhtfm ddn eu; Su thiflt tfatfi thuflng roi vdo nfattng ngutfi ngheo, ngudi ctf hpe vd'n thdp, ngutfi dan ttfc tfailu stf vd tre em Ctfng bd ngfaien Clhi qutfc t l "Nhdng cugc ddi tre' tka" tai Viet Nam ngdy 19-01-2015 cbo thdy tre em tfaa'p ctfi ngdy cdng tap trung d nhdm tre ngheo nhit, cfai 9% tre em thutfc ede hd gia dinh khd gia bj thdp ctfi, so vtfi 31% tre em tfautfc ede btf gia dinh ngheo, chi 14% tre era ddn ttfc Kinh bi thap ctfi so vfli 52% tre em ddn ttfc thilu stf Ddy Id mflt thyc t l xdt xa, minh ehung cho khoang each giau - ngheo tf Viflt Nara ngdy cang ndi rdng Ngay ea vdi mtft xu hudng phat trien tdt dep hon, ro rdng vdn cd raflt sd dflng ngutfi gin nfau dung ngodi cude su pfaat triln dd nlu nfau ehung ta khflng ctf nhiing bifln phdp ngdn chan cd hidu qua Dtf bao phu eua td't ca cde chuong trinh bao bilm xa hdi, nhtfm ngfalo eung cue chi dupe 11,2%, ngupc Iai nhtfm giau nha't dupc huong 58,1%; khu vye tfaanh tfaj hudng 56,2% ngupc lai khu vyc ntfng tfafln 22,0%; nhtfm ngutfi Kinh, ngutfi Hoa 35,2%, ngupc Iai nhdm dan tdc thilu stf 14,0% Ty le cd dong bao hiim xa hdi efla nhdm ngheo nhit Id 7,5%, nguoc Iai, nfadm gidu nhdt chilm tdi 50% Nhdra ngfalo nha't faudng 29,6% trp cdp y tl, nhtfra gidu nfaa't faudng 33,7% (21) Dien sinh boat va nutfc sach thieu, ty le thilu dien sinb boat Id 21%, vd edn 18,2% phai dung ngutfn nutfc ty nhifln ttt sflng Phan h6a gjAu ngh^o i Vi6i Ram hian sutfi, htf, ao khdng dara bao ve sinb Cdn ty 16 cao ngutfi nghlo khtfng ctf hoae thie'u dit san xuit Nam 1993 cd khoang 8% btf ndng ddn khtfng ctf dd't san xuit Tinh trang ndy tdp trung tf cdc vflng dtfng bing stfng Cihi Long (39%), Ddng Nara btf (31%), Tdy Nguyfln (3%), Duydn hai miln Trung (9%) Co sd ting phye vu san xuit ctfn kim phdt triln, thitfu thj trudng diu ra, thilu kitfn thflc san xuit trinh dfl vdn hod thip, khtfng ctf trinh dtf chuyfln mfln ky thudt hode mfl chfl Ngodi ra, ctfn phai kl ttfi nfaung phong tyc tdp quin Iac hdu vd phdn biflt dfl'i xtt khitfn tre em bo hpc vd ngutfi tfm kfadng dupe y ttf cham stfc, gay lang phf vd ttfn kira vd mdt kha ndng tra no ede khoan vay Tlnh trang chdnh lech vd bit binh dang xa btfi gifla cic vflng, gidi tinh vd gitta nhtfm dan cu dang ngiy cing gia tang Trong cdc vung dd thi dupe hutfng lpi nhilu nhit ttt cdc chfnh sdch cai cdch vd tdng trutfng kinh tl, thi tinfa trang nghlo vin ttfn tai dai ddng tf nhilu vflng ndng thdn cua Viet Nam vd tf rattc dtf rit cao b cdc viing ddn ttfc thilu stf Mac dfl ctfn nhilu han chl, bit cap ctfng tic xtfa ddi giam nghlo, nhung nhin chung Viet Nam vin dupe t h i gitfi danfa gid Id qutfc gia dS dat dupc nhttng tfadnh tim rd't i n tuong giam nghlo Ty lfl htf nghlo ca nutfc giam blnh qudn 1,5 - 2%/nara; cde huyen, xa dac bidt khtf khdn ctf ty Ie hd ngheo giim 4%/nam theo tidu chuin nghlo tCrng giai doan Ndm 1993, ty Id btf nghflo ea nutfc ctfn 58,1%, dtfn ndm 2011 ty Id bfl nghlo giam ctfn 9,5%, ndm 2013 ctfn 7,8%, ndm 2014 ctfn 5,8% - 6%, mttc phin diu ndm 2015 ty Id htf nghlo ca nudc ctfn dutfi 5%, vung ddc biet khd khdn cdn dudi 30% (22) Tang trudng kinh ttf diln tren dien rtfng di dem Iai nhflng cai thifln ddng kl vl chit lupng cutfc stfng cho h i u hit ngudi dan Chit lupng cutfc stfng ciia ea nhttng ngutfi edn chua thodt nghlo eiing dupe cai thifln ddng kl Sy tbilu hut tiflu dung eua nguiSri nghlo tf mttc trung binh so vdi ngutfng nghlo, dupc bdng ty le kboang each nghlo cflng da giam lien tyc Nhung dac tfnh cfla nhtfm ngutfi nghlo cflng da thay dtfi ddng kl giai doan ndy Quy ratf htf ciia mtft gia dinh ngheo diln hinh giam ttt 5,2 ngutfi xutfng ctfn 4,8 ngutfi Xa hfli Viflt Nara faien da trtf nen da dang hon nfailu so vtfi faon hai thap ky trutfc day dit nutfc mtfi bit diu thye hien ctfng cuflc ddi mdi, Nhu vdy, ea nghifln cun djnb tfnh lin nghifln cttu djnh Iupng deu cbo tfaiy su pfadn htfa gidu ngfaeo d Viflt Nara ngdy cdng doang rdng, ddn den pfadn cue giau - ngheo Do vdy Dang va Nhd nudc da ctf nhung bifln pfaap giara tfailu kjp tfatfi va hiflu qua dl trdnh tinh trang phai dtfi raat vtfi rattc dd pfadn cue gidu - ngfalo gay gdt din din phdn cue xa bfli tuang Iai Tfauc t l dd ddi hdi Dang vd Nfaa nutfc cin phai tfaan trpng faon cac kich ban vd chinh sdch phdt triln kinh t l xa hfli nhim gdp phin giam thilu sy phdn cyc giau - nghlo Tdc dgng cua su phdn hda gidu ngheo ddi v&i ddi song xd hgi Viit Nam hiin Nghi quylt Hfli nghj Trung uong khda XI eua Dang Cflng sin Viflt Nam da ehi ro "Sy phdn hda giau ngheo, pbdn tdng xa hdi, Cung vtfi te quan liflu, tham nhflng, xa ddn, xdm pham quyen Idra cbu cfla nbdn ddn, Idra giara sut Itfng tin cua nfaan dan ddi vdi Dang, la tfaach thttc dtfi vdi ratfi quan he gitta nhan dan vtfi Dang" (23) De gdp phin giara thilu dtfn mttc thd'p nhit ed t h i dupc sy phan eye giau - nghlo, tfayc hien edng bing va tiln bd xa bdi, nhung nam qua, Nba nudc da hoach djnh vd ttf chttc thye hifln nfailu chinfa sdch pfaat triln kinfa ttf-xa fapi Tuy nhifln, qud 66 trinb td chttc tfayc bifln vdn ctfn bdc Itf khflng ft ban chl, khie'n cho su pfadn cyc giau ngfalo tren thuc ttf chua dupe giam thilu Nghi quylt cua Dang Ctfng san Viet Nara cung da nbdn djnh: Phdn btfa gidu nghlo ctf xu hudng gia tang; phdn ting xa btfi tfaeo xu faudng khdng fapp tfattc diln biln phttc tap Giam ngheo thilu bin vihig Chua hinh thdnb CO chl dtfng btf vl giam ngheo da chilu, da myc tieu Nfailu chfnh sdch an sinh xa hdi vd giam ngheo chdng chio vd efatfng chio vtfi ehfnh sdch khde Dtfi sd'ng eiia mflt bfl phdn nhan dan ctfn nhilu khd khan; kit ciu ba ting xa bdi b nhilu dja phuong, khu vyc, nhit Id vung sdu, vflng xa ctfn han chl, radt bd pbdn nfadn ddn chua duoc hutfng thu radt cdcfa cflng bing cdc tfaanfa qua cua cflng cudc dtfi mtfi Bd't binh ding xa htfi vl thu nhdp, giao dye, y tl, van hda, an sinh xa hdi chdm dupe khic phuc (24) Su pbdn btfa gidu nghlo tdc dflng ttfi d5i song xa fafli Viflt Nam hien theo nhilu ehilu Trutfc hit, tde dflng vl mdt tfeh eye, phdn hda gidu nghlo da gdp phin khoi ddy tfnh nang ddng xa hdi eon ngutfi d nhilu nhdm xa hdi, kich thfch hp tim kilm vd khai tfaac eo raay, van fafli dl phdt trien vupt Ifln Kfch tfaich sy sang tao efla eon ngutfi, nhim tao mtfi trudng canh tranh quylt het, qua dd sdng Ipe vd tuyin cbpn nhttng tfadnh vien vupt trdi, tao ddng lye cho su pfadt triln cua mfli ngdnfa nghl, mfli ITnfa vye hay radi dja phuong Dae biet la stf nhdra vd nhdra ngudi xa fadi gidu len Idra dn dung phdp Iudt Vd nhung bd da gidu hudng ddn cich Idm an cbo ngutfi nghlo ldm cho nin kinfa t l phdt triln vtfi ndng sud't Iao ddng eao, tang phflc Ipi xa fadi cbo ngutfi ddn (y ttf, giao due.) thdng qua thutf thu nhdp cua ngutfi giau Sy phdn btfa gidu ngheo nlu khdng dupc kip tbtfi giam thilu se can trtf qud trinh tang Hght&ti cjUBi Lfeftt^JtsfeX trudng vd pfadt triln kinfa tl, khiln cho mdt phin ngutfn Iyc stt dung cdc chfnh sdch an sinh xa btfi, philc Ipi xa hdi eua Nha nudc bj giam di Sy phan htfa giau nghlo sau sie ctfn la mtft nhttng nguydn nfadn Iam suy tfaoii dao dttc vd gia tang cde te nan xa fadi, tdi pham hinh su Thdm chf ldu ddi, su phan htfa gidu nghlo cd tfal se din din pban cyc xa hdi, khitfn cho sy gin kit xa hdi yeu di vd cfatta dyng nhung "tilm in" efla xung ddt xa hdi, ldm giara sut Itfng tin cua nhan ddn dtfi vtfi chtf dtf Pfadn htfa gidu nghdo ctf thi se din din phan cue xa hfli Bfln canh nhttng ngutfi giau Ifln bdng tai ndng, cflng sttc thyc sy, thi cung ctf khflng ft "quan thara", "dai gia" bay "trpc phfl" giau Ifln nhanh chtfng mtft each bdt minh, bd't hpp phdp, Ipi dung nhihig khe hd Iudt pfadp dl khai thae tai nguyfln, bde lot lao dflng va vo vlt tdi san xa hdi Nhttng khoan thu nhdp bd't chi'nb ndy Idm gia tdng khoang edeh ehflnh lech gitta nhdm giau va nhtfra nghlo, Idra eho nhttng ngudi ngheo cdng trtf nen nghlo hon Vi ngudn tiln kiem dupc phi Iao ddng la chfl ylu, khdng phai "dtf mtf hdi, sdi nudc mit", ndn nhtfm ngucd gidu ctf sd'ng rd't xa hoa, Iang pfaf, tbdm cbf hit sttc hom hTnh (25) Sy phan hda gidu ngheo vl Idu ddi se Idm eho ngutfi ddn btte xue, Idm giam tinh gin kit xa hfli, Idra gia tdng cdc vu kfailu kifln gdy md't In djnfa xa fafli Pbdn btfa gidu ngheo ctfn din dfl'n nfaiing hfl qua tieu eye Id: nfli bfl edn btf, dang vifln ty difln bifln tbeo chilu hutfng xiu, gdy anh hudng nghiflm trpng din an ninfa cfafnh tri ntfi btf; bfl mdy Nhd nudc faoat ddng kira faiflu Iyc; cdc efau truang, chi'nfa sdefa ciia Dang vd Nha nuflc bj vd faieu fada vd bj Iam sai Idch; sy Ianh dao eua Dang suy ylu Dilu dd tao dilu kifln cfao cdc tbilyc thfl diefa tilp tuc tfauc bifln dm muu "diln bie'n fada binb", Idm giam siit Idng tin eiia nbdn ddn dfli vtfi Dang va de dpa sy tdn vong Phan htfa giau ngheo ifVi&t Ram hien cua e h i dfl xa bfli ehu nghTa md ehung ta dang tirng bude xdy dung Sy pbdn hda gidu ngfaeo khdng cfai tilm i n nhflng mau thudn, xung ddt, ma ctfn ctf nguy eo phd hong sy nghiflp dtfi mtfi vd cdc rauc tiflu phdt triln eua dit nude Sy phdn htfa gidu nghlo sdu sic cd tfal trtf ylu ttf kira hara su tdng trutfng vd phdt triln kinb ttf (nlu dd Id su Idm gidu khtfng cfafnfa dang) Vi, tinh trang bit binh ding thu nhdp cang trtf ndn t r i m trpng se khitfn tdng trudng kinh t l kfadng thi on djnh Dilu ndy gdy tinh trang di ddn CO hpe ttt nflng thfln thj, ttt vflng khtf khan sang vflng thuan Ipi hon, ttt dd gay dp Iyc qua tai Ifln eo stf ting dd thi vd gdy xdo trtfn xa hfli Do dtf, viflc giai quyfl't ttft vin dl pbdn hda giau ngheo se tdc ddng tieh eye tdi rauc titfu phdt triln n i n kinh te mtft each bin vttng Dutfi gtfc dd xa htfi, phdn htfa gidu nghlo anh hudng tidu cyc din an ninh xa htfi; Idra gia tang td nan xa htfi, ede loai tdi pham Vi lutfn phai dtfi diu vtfi nhttng khtf khan vl kinh tl, nfln khdng ft ngutfi ngheo Iuc ndo cung cam thdy cutfc stfng cua minh bj de dpa Cdi ngheo, edi dtfi cflng thutfng di Iiln vtfi su thit hpc, dtf cfing Id nhttng nguyfln nfadn diy mtft btf pbdn ngutfi nghlo vdo ngo eyt eua cuflc dtfi Vdi quan nidm "kfatfng ctfn gi dl mit" nfln mtft stf ngudi nghlo ed t h i h i u lmh Idra nhflng viflc trdi vtfi phdp Iudt vd dao dttc (nhu trdm cudp, Itta dao, bufln Iau, bdn ddm, ) Xlt vl khfa canh dao dtte, sy phdn htfa giau ngheo Iam cho mtft stf ngutfi djnh fautfng Iflch Iac cdc gii trj chuin myc dao dtte, Itfi stfng eiia xa hfli Cflng vdi viflc diy manh kinh ttf thi tru&ng cd sy gia tang tritft IJ sdng "manh dupc ylu thua, khtfn stfng radng chit" vd due vpng chay theo dtfng tiln, bdt chip tinh nghTa Sy xutfng cip vl dao dttc Id nhdn td Idra phd vd nin n i p gia pfaong cua nhilu gia dinh Tinh trang bao h i n h gia dinh, butfn bdn phy nfl vd tre em, tre em bj xam hai, tre em phai lang thang kilm stfng, tre em vi pham phap luat ctf chilu hutfng gia tang Phan hda gidu nghlo ctfn gay sy phan ting ddng cip xa hdi Dilu niy ctf t h i din de'n tinh trang bdt man cua mflt nfadm ngutfi nao dtf.Hd phdn edch gidu ngfalo nlu dl qud Idn se din din thai dfl dupc eoi Id "tfafl dicfa" cfla ngudi nghlo dtfi vtfi ngutfi gidu Dilu ndy t h i hifln qua vide xud't bidn vd tdn tai tam IJ b i n hpc vdi sy giau ctf, dtf ky vdi rihung nfaa kinh doanh, de cam vdi nfattng ngutfi thdnh dat khtfng tbeo quan nitfra truyin thtfng cu Nbu vay, eang ngheo ddi, chdm pfadt triln tfai su bd't blnh ding xa hdi cdng Itfn ban Va cdng khdng phai ctt diy manfa kinh t l thj trutfng tbi kfaoang each gitta nhdm fad giau va nhdm hd nghlo se dupe xtfa bd; ma trai Iai, kinh t l tfaj trudng cang tu thi eang diy nhanh sy edch bidt gidu nghlo Vffn dl dat Id phai ngdn ngtta, han c h l sy pfaan hda giau ngheo gidu ldn radt cdch bdt thutfng va bit ehfnh, tham nfaung, nhflng hanh vi budn gian bdn Idu, Iam an theo kilu "chyp giat" giai doan "tranh tdi, tranh sang" cua CO c h l tfaj trudng, nhung efainh sdeh khdng hpp Iy rad ngutfi tao Ddng tfatfi, phai tuyfln duong, nhan rdng cdc difl'n hinh Idm giiu fapp phap, bdi nhihig ngutfi gidu, chttng mye nao dd, edn la tdm guong, sy gidu cd cdn Id rayc tiflu dl nhttng ngutfi nghlo phai nfl Iuc vuon lfln Cin khuyin khich cac btf da gidu Ien mtft cdcfa fapp phdp hfl trp ngutfi ngheo Mdt khac, phai ndng cao mttc stfng eiia ngutfi nghlo thflng qua vifle ndng eao ndng Iyc vd sy ty J thttc vuon Ien thoit nghlo cfla chfnh hp Do dtf, vide "xtfa ddi" kiln thttc, "giam nghlo" nhdn thttc se la su xda ddi giam nghlo mtft cdcfa cdn co nhd't cho sy phit triln bin vttng va tfn dinb efla xa htfi Viec giup eho ngudi nghlo chile "cin cau" vd day cho ho Iam edeh nao dl "cau cd" mtfi Id Rghian cijru Ljeh sii stf 7.2016 phucmg cdcfa faidu qua ban nhilu so vdi cdch eho hp eon ca Do vdy, giam thilu su phan cyc giau - ngheo Id viec ldm giam din mttc thdp nhit cd the dupc sy tuong phan hay dtfi lap nfaau gitta cye gidu - ngfalo vl dilu kien kinh t l vd chit Iupng stfng Ddy Id muc tieu quan trpng, dtfi hoi Nfad nudc, cdc nbd hoach dinh cfafnh sdeh vd todn tfal xa htfi cin binh tlnh, sdng sutft xera xlt giai quylt mtft cdch thdn trpng, khoa hoc Nhan xlt Trong qud trinh dtfi mdi Dang vd Nfad nudc Viflt Nam da rd't ntf Iyc dl he thtfng chi'nh sdch phdt trien kinh t l - x a btfi; tryc tiep ttf chttc thye hifln vd tao sy ddng tfaudn eiia todn xa hdi nhim giam thilu su phdn cyc giau - nghlo Khi dd't nude vtta mdi di qua faai cude chiln tranh Itfn chtfng thye dan Pfadp va d l qud'e My xdm luoc voi bao tdn t b i t ndng n l vl ngutfi va eua, Viflt Nam dflng trutfc mtft stf lya ehpn vl eon dutfng phat triln: Mdt Id, mutfn dat dupe sy tang trutfng kinh t l cao vdi eo c h l thj trutfng thi t i t ylu phii hy sinh cflng bing xa hfli Do dd cic chinh sach xa hdi khdng dupe ehu nhilu vd viflc thu hep khoang edch gidu nghlo cung nhu giai quytft ttft cdc vin dl xa hfli eflng khdng dupc diy manb Hai Id, cin chip nhan phuong dn tap trung diy nhanh tdng trudng kinh td trudc, din kinh t l tdng trutfng cao rtfi mtfi cd t h i giai quylt vdn di xa htfi sau Dtfi vtfi Viet Nam, rd rdng, mtft da lua chpn eon dutfng giai phtfng dan ttfc di Iiln vtfi giai phdng xa hdi, giai phdng eon ngutfi, md cutfc Cdch mang thdng Tdm nam 1945 da mtf ddu hon ntta t h i ky trutfc day, tilp sau dd Id ca nutfc cflng "oin minh" di qua hai CHU cutfc khdng cfailn chtfng thyc dan Phdp vd chdng dl qutfc My xam lupe thi chflng ta khdng tfal chip nhan b i t ctt dilm nao hai dudng phat triln nhu trfln Vdn dl dat Id iam thtf ndo dl cd tfal dua dupc ehiln lupe phdt triln kinh t l - xa bfli dung din, dd ctf chi'nh sdeh xtfa ddi giam nghlo mflt cicfa tfailt thye, cy t h i vd bpp Itfng ddn, tao thdnh dtfng Iyc manfa me cua sy nghiflp ddi mdi vi muc tidu 'Ddn gidu, nude mgnh, xahdi ddn chu, cdng bdng, vdn minh" Dilu ndy ro rdng khtfng dl ddng vd gian don Vd, chic chin ehi ed sy sdng tao sinh ddng cua dtfng dao quan chung nbdn ddn tfaeo dutfng Itfi dung ddn cua Dang tbi mdi din din tim nbiing giai phdp huu faieu Chfnh ttt tinh tfain ndy, ngutfi ddn Viet Nam da ty lya cfapn cho minh mflt dutfng di diing din nhd't Dang da xdc djnh "xdy dyng, thye bifln cde chi'nb sdeh pbu fapp vfli cde giai t i n g xa fafli; giai quylt ed hieu qua nhttng vd'n dl xa fadi btte xuc; khde pbyc tttng butfc sy m i t cdn dtfi vl phdt triln gifla cdc ITnh vuc, cic vflng miln; bao dam sy hai hda vl loi i'ch, vl quan he xa hfli, quan tdra thich ddng din cde ting Idp, bfl pbdn ylu thtf xa fadi, dtfng bdo cde ddn tde tfailu stf tf vflng cao, vflng sdu, vflng xa, kfaie phue xu hudng gia tang phan hda gidu - nghlo" Dudi sy Ianh dao ciia Dang, su doin kit thtfng nfad't cfla todn ddn, sufatfinhdp qutfc t l sau rtfng; ctfng cutfc giam nghlo, nang eao dtfi stfng nhdn dan, thu hep khoang edeh gidu - nghlo tf Vidt Nam nhflng giai doan tilp theo n h i t djnh se dat dupc nhflng t h i n h edng mtfi trdn dudng pfadt triln todn didn vd bin vflng THICH (1), Dang Ctfng ean Viet Nam, Vdn kien Dgi hdi (2) Dang Ctfng san Vitft Nam, Vdn kiin Dgi hdi Dgi bieu todn qudc ldn thd XII, Van pbdng Trung Dgi biiu todn qudc ldn thii XIL Van phtfng Trung uong Dang, Ha Ntfi, 2016, tr 16 uong Dang, Ha N^i, 2016, tr 17 Ph&n h6a giau n g h ^ Via Ram h i ^ n a y (3) Ban Cfai d^o Ttfng ktft chitfn t r a n b true t h u ^ B4 Chfnh trj, Chi^n tranh cdch mgng Viit Nam 1945-1975 thdng l^ vd bdi hgc, Nxb Cbfnh trj QuA: gia, Hd N^i, 2000, tr 582 (4) B^ Ngoai giao, Ung hd ngn nhdn chM Hd Ntfi, 2014, tr.201 (15) Ttfng cue Thtfng ktf M M gidm thdng d^ da cam I dioxin ki (Tdm tdt) Nxb Thtfng ktf, Hd Ntfi, 2014, tr.338 (16) Ngpc Xuan - Vinh Thtfng, "Thuomg ttft At (5) Tdng cue Thtfag ktf, D^ng thdi vd thuc trgng kinh t^- xahai (14) Ttfng cyc Thtfng ke Kit qud khdo sdt mdc sdng ddn cu Viit Nam ndm 2012, Nxb Thtfng ktf, Vift Nam 10 ndm ddi mdi (1986 • 1995), Nxb Thtfng ktf, Hd N^i, 1996, tr (3), 2015, tr.8 (17) Xuan Than, "Stf ngudi Vitft sitfu giau tang (6) Tlti^ cue Thtfng ke, Ddng thdi vd thuc trgng kinh ti - xd hai Vift Nam 10 ndm ddi mdi (19861995), Nxb Thtfng ktf, Hd Ntfi, 1996, tr.6 (7) Vitn Kinh ttf h ^ : 45 ndm kinh tiViit Miii: Ldn ldn vui butfn', £