MOI QUAN HE PHUC HOP CUA VON XA HOI VA VON CON NGUdi TRUONG THi THU TRANG ''> Khdi niem von xa hgi vd von nguol Vd'n xa hgi la mgt khai niem khdng tfldng minh Hien chfla cd mgt dinh nghia dfldc thfla nhan chung va dfldc coi la that chuan xlc ve vd'n xa hgi, nhflng de cap den van d i vdn xa hgi cac nghien cflu thfldng vien dan den khai niem cda ba tac gia tieu bieu: Pierre Bourdieu, Coleman va Robert Putnam Pierre Bourdieu dinh nghia vdn xa bgi: "la mgt tbugc tinh cua mdi d nhan xa hgi va bat cfl cung cd the khai t h i c vd'n xa hgi nbam dem lai cac ldi ich kinh te thdng thfldng" (dan theo: 8) Nha xa bgi bgc ngfldi My Cdleman dinh nghia vd'n xa hgi theo chflc nang cda nd: "la sfl da dang nhflng thflc the khac vdi hai yeu td chung la (i) tat d deu cbfla dflng mgt mat nao dd cda d c d u trflc xa hgi, va (ii) tao diiu kien cho nhflng hanh ddng cu the cua d c cl nhan d c d u true xa hgi dd" (dan theo 8) Putnam xem vdn xa hgi gdm cac yeu to' cda mgt td chflc xa bgi, chang ban nhfl sfl tin cay, d c chuan mflc va d c mang Ifldi ma cd the cai thien nang lflc cda xa hgi b l n g viec tao dieu kien cho nhflng hanh dong hdp t i e (din theo: 9) Khai niem vd'n ngfldi dfldc nha kinh te hgc, chinh tri hgc ngfldi Anh Adam Smith dat nen mdng dau tien tfl the ky XVIII Ong xlc dinh vo'n ngfldi la "nhflng nang lflc hflu ich ma cfl dan heac d c vien cua mgt xa hgi cd dfldc"(l) Nhflng nang lflc nhfl vay cd dfldc la nhd viec cac d nhan da d l u tfl vao hgc tap va dfldc thu hfldng nen giao due, dao tao, hgc nghe Va ta't ca d c dau tfl nhfl vay cd the tinh toan dfldc dfldi dang d c chi phi Nhflng d nhan cd dfldc "nang lflc hflu dung" da lam tang cd bgi nang cao ddi sd'ng cua chinh ban than va cdng ddng ma dd hg la vien ***Do dd, ldi nbu^n tfl hoat ddng kinh doanh phai tinh den ca nhflng chi phi cho viec cd dfldc nhflng "nang lflc hflu dung" dd Nhfl vay, vd'n ngfldi (theo quan niem cua Smith) dfldc hieu nhfl tap hdp d c ky nang, tay nghe (xet d binh dien the chit, tam ly va tri tue) va kha nang xet doan KhIi niem vo'n ngfldi dfldc phat trien day dd vao nhflng nam 1960 vdi sfl ddi cda ly thuyet vdn ngfldi (•) ThS., Vien Thong tin Khoa hoc xa hoi nioi quan he phuc hop Sehultz va Becker dfla Scbultz phan tich chi phi giao due nhfl la mgt binh thflc d l u tfl Becker phat trien ly thuyet hinh vdn eon ngfldi va phan tich ty le hoan tra ddi vdi dau tfl vao giao due va dao tao Theo Scbultz (7), mdi ngfldi nhd cd giao due ma cd kien thflc ky nang nghe nghiep ggi la "vdn tri tue" Nhd vdn tri tue ma mdi ngfldi cd thu nhap tiin Ifldng va dia vi xa hgi Nin kinh te cda mdi nfldc tdn tai va phat trien la nhd vo'n vat c h i t (tai nguyen, d l t dai) va vd'n ngfldi (tfl ban eon ngfldi) O day, tfl ban ngfldi dfldc md rgng la ket qua tdng hdp cua giao due, q u i trinh tao trinh lanb ngbi cua dgi ngu lao ddng (7) Moi quan he phuc hgp ciia von xa hgi vd v£fn nguoi Vd'n ngfldi tap trung vao each hoat ddng mang tinh kinh te cda d nhan, dac biet la vao d c h thflc sd dung kien thflc, ky nang, kha nang cda bg de lam nhiiu san pham hdn va kiem dfldc nhiiu tiin hdn, va dd lam cho xa hgi ndi hg sdng ed nhiiu san pham bdn va giau cd hdn Tie ddng an sau cda vd'n eon ngfldi la sfl d l u tfl vad kien thflc, ky nang mang lai nhflng ket qua vi mat kinh te cho c l nhan va dd cflng mang lai ket qua cho tap the Vo'n xa hdi tap trung vao mang Ifldi xa hgi: d c quan be ben mang Ifldi va gifla cac mang Ifldi xa bgi vdi nhau, cac quy t i c quan ly nhflng md'i quan be Mae dfl, cae mdi quan be tren kbdng doi bdi mgt vi tri gia tri dac biet cda nhflng ngfldi sd dung vd'n xa hgi nhfl mgt cdng cu phan tich, ma nd cd y nghia quy chuan, ngu y r i n g cac mdi quan be tin can co ldi cho sfl co' ket xa 35 bgi va cdng v i kinh te Tuy nhien, cac mdi lien ket chat che cflng co the phan tac dung loai trfl thdng tin va giam kha nang ddi mdi Cd the tdn tai nhflng hiep hgi quy chuan tieu cflc hoac tich cflc - vi vay ma mgt so' mang xa bgi the hien "mang to'i" cua vdn xa hgi, gay phfldng hai den nhdm xa bgi Idn hdn va ca ehinh nhflng vien cua nd Viec tap trung vao cac mdi quan he cdng cd' them sfl lien quan cua vdn xa hgi vdi van d i cd ket xa hgi Cach tiep can tieu chuan tich cflc bdn nhan manh den nhflng ldi ich xa hgi, ddi mgt binh thflc cdng xa ddn gian Vd'n xa bgi vfla la kdt qua cda cd' ket xa bgi, vfla la thfl tao sfl co' ket xa hgi Theo Putnam, d mflc cdng ddng, doanh nghiep, qud'c gia, chit Ifldng cugc sd'ng - dfl la phong Iflu hdn - se cae hdn neu vien cda cdng ddng cd sfl tham gia tich cflc hdn Diiu se khuyen khich chflng ta tao dflng vd'n xa bgi trflc tiep Va d dau cd mang to'i, dieu se canh bao chflng ta each thflc ma mang Ifldi xa bgi cd the hanh ddng chdng lai sfl co'ket xa hgi Do dd, vi mat phan tich, vd'n xa bgi cd quan he chat che vdi cugc tranh luan vi co kit xa hgi Vd'n xa hdi cd lien quan chat che den cac chi so' ngfldi va ngudn nhan lflc song khai niem vdn xa hgi khdng tinh den cac pham chat cua ngfldi ca the (tham chi la nhflng phlm chit da dfldc binh quan boa) ma bfldng den chit va Ifldng cda md'i quan he gifla cac to' hdp mang Ifldi cdng ddng Day la gia tri dich thflc cda cac tiep can vd'n xa hgi nghien cflu ngfldi va phat trien 36 Vdn xa hgi cho phep nha nghien cflu danh gil mdi tfldng tac gifla ngfldi vdi phat trien tfl giac tinh co' ket va d c pham chat cua cong ddng ngfldi, dd d c ca t h i tham dfl vdi tfl each la mgt m l t xich cua mang Ifldi quan he Trong thflc te xa hgi, cd nhflng nhdm ngfldi thflc hien muc tieu cua minh tdt hdn ngfldi khac va hg cung nhan dfldc nhieu qua hdn, trd nhflng nhan td va nhdm ndi trgi Neu chi dfla vao khai niem vd'n ngfldi thi se khdng giai thich dfldc dly du va thuyet phuc vdi nhflng ly de ma khai niem dfla nhfl: kha nang, tri tue va ky nang ciia ngfldi hdn ngfldi khac Trong hoan d n h nay, khai niem vd'n xa hgi la sfl bd sung cho khai niem vd'n ngfldi ly giai nhflng tinh hudng tren Vd'n xa bgi trflc tiep hfldng den cac md'i quan he ma giup thflc hien tiim nang vd'n ngfldi cua c l nhan va tap the Diiu bao gdm d nhflng md'i quan he gifla d c nhdm khac cung nhfl ben mgt nhdm Nhflng de tiim nang vd'n ngfldi dfldc phat buy tdi da, d n cd sfl quan tam cua nha nfldc va xa bgi the hien thdng qua cac cbinh sach va thiet che day, khdng gia dinh r i n g vo'n xa hgi la chia khol ky dieu cho cdng cua d c chinh sIch kinh te va xa hgi Vd'n xa hgi cd kha nang flng dung rat da dang d nhieu d p va loai hinh cda linh vflc chinh sach Va nd cung cd the khdng dung do'i vdi flng dung ddn gian Tuy nhien, viec sii dung vdn xa hgi md nhflng ludng tfl tfldng va nghien cflu ly thuyet va thflc nghiem cho phep nhieu khu vflc chinh sIch quan trgng dfldc giai quyet cong hdn Thdng tin Khoa hoc xa h6i, s6 8.2009 Mdt van de quan trgng dfldc d c nha nghien cflu va hoach dinh chinh sach dat la: vo'n xa hgi va vd'n ngfldi cd md'i quan he nhfl the nao? Chung dfldc b o l n ddi cho nhfl the nao va chung gia tang anh hfldng dd'i vdi nhfl the nao? Mo'i quan he gifla ngudn vd'n tfl nhien va nhflng hinh thflc vo'n khac? Tom Schuller (6) da dfla khung phan tich ve md'i quan he gifla vd'n ngfldi va vd'n xa hgi thdng qua cac tieu chi sau: K h u n g x e m x e t m o i q u a n h e giita v o n c o n ngifcfi v a v o n x a hoi Vdn ngUdi Vdn xa h6i Muc tieu Timg ca nhan Oo iiTdng Qua trinh hoc tap, Thdi dO/Gid tri bang cSp Thdnh vifen/ Tham gia/ Mijrc dO ta'n cIn Ket qud Trifc ta^p: thu nh$p, s i n phlm Gian ti^p: sure kho^, hoat dOng cd nhan Md hinh OLfdng thang M6i quan h& C(5 k^t xa M\ thdnh quci xa hOi, nhi6u v6n xd h6i Tuong tdc/xoan 6c Ve muc tieu: Vo'n ngfldi nham vao ddn vi c l nhan cdn vd'n xa hgi nhlm vao md'i quan he gifla cac ca nhan va mang Ifldi xa hgi ma cac d nhan tao lap Trong bd'i canh kinh te, sfl phat trien ky nang cua ca nhan ngoai viec phu tbugc vao vd'n ngfldi cua ca nhan dd cdn phu tbugc vao md hinh gia tri cda nhdm, tflc la cdn phu tbugc vao vd'n xa hgi ciia d nhan Viec n h l m vao cac quan he hdn la vao d c ca nhan cua vd'n xa hgi tao mgt thay ddi ve mat d u true Day khdng phai la sfl hoan ddi ma la sfl bd sung, nghia la vd'n xa hgi cd tac ddng bo sung cho vdn ngfldi ffTdi quan he phuc hop 37 Ve litdng: Vdn eon ngfldi dfldc chd yeu dfla vao cac mflc blng d p ma ca nhan dat dfldc Kien thflc thfldng la khong du de vdn eon ngfldi ma d n cd d c bg sd heu Idn cho phep viec Ifldng de dang Vdn xa hgi thi phd bien bdn Nd dfldc tren dien rgng, thfldng theo each ddn gian, dfla vao sfl tham gia hoac gia tri, hoac mflc tham gia tich cflc cda ca nhan ddi song bay mang Ifldi xa hgi khac Sfl phfl hdp cda vd'n xa hgi dd'i vdi tang trfldng kinh td cd the dfldc xem xet mgt so' each thflc Nd dem lai nhflng bfla hen Idn hdn, vi du, dd'i vdi cac md hinh hgc tap khdng chinh thflc, nhd boat ddng nay, cac ky nang yeu d u ed the dat dfldc Cac vien cua mang xa hgi cung d p sfl tiep can thdng tin va cae y tfldng quan trgng, thfldng mgt phfldng thflc phi cd d u Vi du, ed md'i quan he tfldng hd gifla viec bgc tap vdi viec san xuat kinb te nfldc Ve mo hinh: Vdn ngfldi gdi y mgt mo hinh dfldng t h i n g trflc tiep: viec dau tfl dfldc thiet lap trfldc, v i thdi gian hoac tien bac, ldi ich kinh te den sau Dieu cd sfl hap d i n dang ke, ca ve kha nang quan ly phfldng phap lln kha nang thfla nhan v i mat chinh tri Do la nd cd the phan tich, bo' tri sfl tdn tai cua cac cdng cu de danh gia ket qua dau tfl va cae ehinh tri gia chflng minh phi tdn cho viec tao vd'n eon ngfldi Vo'n xa bgi ed hfldng tiep can it thang hdn va ket qua cua nd cung it kbi cd the xac dinh de dang Mgt mat, vd'n xa bgi chiu thach thflc cua vong tuIn hoan va no khd cd the tao ket qua dac biet dang mong chd va nad thi tao ket qua Mat khac, sfl bd sung dd la mgt hfldng tiep can chat che hdn do'i vdi the gidi thflc vi ket qud: Ket qua cda vd'n ngfldi thfldng dfldc dd b l n g thu nhap dfldc nang len hoae san pham dfldc tao Vdn xa hgi dfldc lien be trflc tidp den boat dong kinh te d d c mflc qud'c gia, khu vflc hoae gifla cac cong ddng bay td chflc vdi hoae ehinh cac cdng ddng, td chflc Nd cung ed ket qua rgng bdn - ke d viec sinh vdn xa hgi nhieu hdn Mgt sd hinb thflc vdn xa hgi, vi du nhfl viec tri sfl cd ket xa bgi, trd lai, ddng gdp giln tiep vao nang cao boat ddng kinb te Nhin tfl bdi canh vdn xa bgi, t i e dong trflc tiep cda viec dao tao cd the nang cao mang Ifldi xa bgi va d c ddng thong tin nhfl kien thflc va nang lflc cda c l nhan hoac cai thien nang s u i t - Vd'n xa hgi eo khuydn khich nang cao hay bd sung cho vo'n eon ngfldi hay khong? Tfl khung xem xet neu tren, mgt loat cau hdi ve mo'i quan he qua lai gifla vd'n ngfldi va vd'n xa hgi dfldc dat Vi du nhfl: - Lieu vd'n xa hgi tha'p cd kiem che kha nang cda vo'n eon ngfldi khonj^? - Ngfldc lai, lieu vdn ngfldi cad cd thflc day hay kim ham vdn xa hgi khdng? D i tra ldi cho cae cau hdi tren, chflng ta xem xet cac khia canh sau: Thfl nhat la tac dong cda sfl thu hut va gia tri Field va Spence (5) da chi r i n g d Blc Ireland, gia tri cua cong ddng cd t b i kiem che nguyen vgng bgc tap cda cl nhan, ngan can bg tham gia vao nen kinh td dia phfldng, ndi cd ky nang thap, va cung cd sfl phan biet gifla 38 ngfldi cd trinh cao va ngfldi cd trinh thap Mat khac, nhflng ndi ma cd sfl tin can tha'p va thdng tin gifla ngfldi tuyen dung va ngfldi lao ddng dia phfldng ngheo nan thi mgt chinh sIch tap trung vao nang cao ky nang va trinh ngfldi lao ddng se lam thay ddi hoan toan vong xoan dc ciia sfl suy giam hay loai trfl xa hgi Cac nha tuyen dung d n dfla thdng tin cho toan xa hgi v i ldi ich va p h l n thfldng vd'n ngfldi kbdng chi ddi vdi kha nang dfldc tuyen dung nhanh nha't Ndi d c h khIc, mgt vd'n xa hgi dfla vao phan tich dieu kien dia phfldng hoac khu vflc cd the bgc Id sfl yeu kem ciia cac cbinh sIch d i p flng muc tieu va chi sfl d n thiet phai cd nhflng hanh ddng rgng hdn, thd'ng n h l t hdn cflng vdi chinh sach da d p Thfl hai la ky nang va nang lflc Theo Tom Schuller (6), ky nang giao tiep va lam viec theo nhdm la hai so' nhflng nang lflc kien thflc phd bien nha't mgt nen kinb te bien dai Nhflng ky nang cd the dfldc hieu d mflc thflc hanh cd ban hoac cao, hoac tha'p thuoc vao yeu c l u cua ndi san xua't Ca linh vflc truyin thdng va linh vflc mdi ndi ciia nen kinb te diu dfla nhflng vi du ve dieu Nhflng cdng nghe mdi thfldng gdp p h l n lam tang nang s u i t Nhflng sfl thay ddi cdng nghe khdng ddng nghia vdi viec nang cao mflc ky nang Vdn ngfldi chic chin cd the dfldc hieu la chfla dflng ky nang ky thuat cung nhfl ky nang v i mat xa hgi, nhflng vd'n xa hgi mang lai sfl ciing cd mang Ifldi xa hgi v l gia tri xa hgi thdng qua viec xay dflng, cung cd' va dat dfldc mgt loat ky nang chung Thdng thfldng, ngfldi ta se nghi r i n g d c cdng ty xay Tiiung tm ruiea nOc xa hoi so o.HiJOij dflng mo'i quan he chat che vdi cdng nhan cd kien thflc ddng vai trd chu cho't cdng viec, gifl hg lai de hg ddng gdp cho cdng ty CIc cdng ty d l u tfl r l t it vao viec nang cao trinh do, ky nang n g h i nghiep cho cdng nhan ciia hg, tham chi ca hg mud'n cdng nhan gin bd lau dai, vi hg biet r i n g , chi cd mgt so' it cdng nhan se gan bd lau dai Nhflng tai cac nha tuyen dung khdng cung d p nhflng hdp ddng cdng viec dfldc dam bao nhiiu hdn cho ngfldi lao dong? Cau tra ldi cd hai chieu Thfl nha't, vai trd dd'i vdi nghe nghiep ro rang da nang cao gia tri de cac cd quan chuyen mdn, d c khu vflc kinh doanh hay d c cd quan dai dien khac ung hg viec p h I t trien vd'n ngfldi thdng qua nhflng sflc ep ve tieu chuan Thfl hai, sfl minh bach va trung thflc bdn la cd sd cho d c md'i quan he viec lam, de cd mgt d c h hieu ro rang gifla nha tuyen dung va nhan vien viec d l u tfl dfldc dat Thfl ba la ddn vi phan tich: gia dinh va yeu to' dia ly quyet dinh Cac mdi quan he ben ngoai va ben tropg thfldng it bi Id di mgt cd ca'u vo'n xa hgi so vdi mgt cd ca'u chinh sIcb chi n h l m vao ky nang va trinh ma ngfldi dan dat dfldc luc dd V l n de cd the dfldc minh hoa b l n g viec tham khao them d c bg phan cdng tac, d d p ca nhan va hg gia dinh Viec sd dunt cac chfldng trinh dao tao d i n den nhieu bd' me ddn than tham gia vao lflc Ifldng lao ddng hdn hoac tao nhieu hg gia dinh kiem sd'ng theo kieu "nfldc doi", khien nan t h l t nghiep giam va lam tang nang s u i t l l n tdng thu nhap cua bg gia dinh mgt giai doan ngln Nhflng, khoang each gifla bg nhieu viec, mdi quan he phuc hop it thdi gian va hg it viec hoac khong cd viec dang cang xa hdn va tac ddng den quan he gia dinh, dac biet ddi vdi viec giao due tre nhd Putnam coi sfl gia tang boat dong kiem sd'ng theo kieu "nfldc ddi" cua cac hg gia dinh la yeu td suy giam vdn xa hgi Diiu minh boa sflc ep gifla cac muc tieu chinh sach khac Mgt phan tich vd'n xa hgi dfldng nhfl ed the dat dfldc sflc ep dd Tuy nhien, Schuller cho ring, khdng cbi la van d i thoa hiep gifla vd'n ngfldi va vd'n xa hgi Trong bd'i d n h dan so' gia, d n ed suy nghi ky hdn v i ky nang va hieu biet ma nhflng ngfldi Idn tuoi cd the tri va phat trien sau hdn Cd the la thdng qua cac ehinh sach dfldc thiet lap de giflp hg tri boat ddng ISu dai bdn Nhflng cung ed the la thong qua kha nang cda bg de cdng ed' ky nang cda d e nhdm lam viec tfl nguyen Nhflng ngfldi cd tudi hdn cd vai trd quan trgng hdn viec tri sfl tham gia cda ngfldi dan d cac d p dg, phfldng thflc ed sfl bd sung, tdng hdp tich cflc gifla vd'n ngfldi va vd'n xa hgi Kg't luan Tdm lai, xem xet mdi quan he gifla vd'n xa hgi va vo'n ngfldi, mgt sd nghien cflu ly thuyet da ebi ring, sfl bd sung trflc tiep gifla bai binh thflc vdn eon ngfldi va vd'n xa hgi chi la mgt nhflng yeu td quyet dinh cac chinh sach d n dfldc quan tam xem xet Md'i quan he qua lai gifla hai hinb thflc vdn tao vd sd van de cbinh sach khac Sfl phflc tap tang len ta cd glng diiu 39 boa nhflng xem xet d mflc vi md va vi md mgt ta vflt bd gia thuyet ring mgt bflc tranh rgng Idn cd the dfldc ve len mgt each ddn gian blng viec hdp nhat cac thdng tin d mflc vi md TAI LIEU THAM KHAO A Smith The Weath od Nation, Book London: G.Routledge, 1776 OECD Human capital investment: an international comparison, 1998 OECD The well-being of nations: the role of social and human capital, 2001 Jonathan Fox The World Bank and social capital: contesting 1997, Journal of International Development, Vol 9, No 7, 1997 J Field, L Spence "Informal Learning and Social Capital" in ed Frank Coffield The Importance of Informal Learning (Bristol: Polity Press), 2000 Tom Schuller The Complementary Roles of Human and Social Capital, http://www.oecd.Org/dataoecd/5/48/l 825424.pdf T.W Scbultz Investment in human capital, American Economic Review, 1961 TrIn Hflu Quang Tim hieu khai niem vd'n xa hgi, http://www.vietstudies.info/TranHuuQuang_VonXa Hoi.htm TrIn Hflu Dflng Vdn xa bgi va phat trien kinh te Tap chi Tia Sang, 2006 ... tap trung vao mang Ifldi xa hgi: d c quan be ben mang Ifldi va gifla cac mang Ifldi xa bgi vdi nhau, cac quy t i c quan ly nhflng md'i quan be Mae dfl, cae mdi quan be tren kbdng doi bdi mgt vi... quan trgng dfldc giai quyet cong hdn Thdng tin Khoa hoc xa h6i, s6 8.2009 Mdt van de quan trgng dfldc d c nha nghien cflu va hoach dinh chinh sach dat la: vo'n xa hgi va vd'n ngfldi cd md'i quan. .. Scbultz Investment in human capital, American Economic Review, 1961 TrIn Hflu Quang Tim hieu khai niem vd'n xa hgi, http://www.vietstudies.info/TranHuuQuang_VonXa Hoi.htm TrIn Hflu Dflng Vdn xa bgi