THACH THLfC GIITA BAT BINH DANG GlOl VA PHAT T R I £ N B £ N V C N G VlfiT NAM NGUYfiN THANH THUY * ^ ^ hu chiing ta d^ biet, phdt triln bin ^Jfr vung la su phdt trien nham thoa man nhu cdu ciia the he hien tai ma khong lam tdn hai de'n kha nang phat trien dl thoa man nhu cdu ciia the' he tuong lai (dinh nghia ciia Uy ban Moi truong va Phdt trien ciia the' gidi nam 1987) Noi m6t each don gian hon: phdt trien bin viing la su dam bao binh dang phiic lpi giiia cdc the' he Mpt khi, muon bao ve su binh dang cho the he tuong lai, the' he sdp sinh ra, chiing ta khong the coi nhe cac doi hoi cdp thilt su binh dang ciia ngudi me, nguoi vp, tre em gai, boi hp chiem 1/2 ddn so' the gidi Binh dang gidi Day khong chi la doi hoi mang tinh dao diie ma la nIn tang chdc chdn cho su phat trien bin viing Trong pham vi bai viet tdc gia se phdn tfch su bat binh dang gidi vl nguon luc, quyln luc, tie'ng ndi Dilu da anh hudng nhu the' ndo den su phdt triln bin viing or Viet Nam Su phdn tich chu ye'u se dua tren mpt so' ket qua dinh lupng tur cupc "dilu tra danh gid cdc muc tieu tre em va phu nii" Tdng cue Thdng ke (TCTK) va Quy nhi ddng Lien hpp qudc (LHQ) thuc hien nam 2006 Tii dd, se gpi mcr nhiing khuye'n nghi cho chfnh sdch gdp phdn giam thilu su bdt binh dang gidi xa hpi Viet Nam, nhdm gdp phdn phdt triln bin viing Ve khai niem: "gidi" la mpt thudt ngii xudt phdt tii quan he xa hpi, chi vai trd, trach nhiem xa hpi giiia nam vd nii Gidi dl cap den viec phan cong lao dpng, phan chia ngudn luc va lpi feh giiia nam va nii xa hpi Gidi dupc hinh hpc tap vd gido due Vi vay, binh dang gidi se khdc b mdi dia phuong, mdi nudc va nd se thay ddi theo qud trinh phdt triln kinh te' xa hpi "Gidi chien lupc todn dien vl tang trudng va xda ddi gidm ngheo, 2005" Dilu dd cho thd'y, bd't binh dang gidi se thay ddi theo hudng binh dang hon qua trinh phdt trien Nam muoi nam qua, chung ta da chiing kien su tien b6 vupt bde dia vi cua phu nu tren cdc linh vuc chfnh tri, kinh te', van hda, xa hpi b hdu khap cdc nudc tren thi gidi Tuy nhien, bdt binh ddng gidi vl ngudn luc, quyln luc, tie'ng ndi vdn phd biSh va tdn tai mpt cdch dai dang Hdu qua ciia nd la da day nhilu ngudi den tinh trang khdn cung cua cupc sdng, dd la nan mii chfi, ngheo ddi, benh tat, bao luc, nan dich AIDS, Ngudi phai ganh chiu true tiep va anh hudng nang nl nhdt la phu nii va tre em gai Chinh hdu qua da kim ham su tang trudng kinh t l qudc gia vd can trd den phat triln ben viing (PTBV) Vi vay, binh dang gidi trd muc tieu ciia su phat triln: "Thiic day su tiep can binh dang ciia phu nu va su tham gia ddy dii tren co sd binh dang vdi nam gidi vao qua trinh quyet dinh d tdt ca cac cdp dp khac Dieu chinh cdc quan diem vl gidi tat ca cac chfnh sdch va chien lupc, loai bd tdt ea eac hinh thiic phdn biet ddi xix va xiic pham phu nii, cai thien dia vi, siic khoe va phiic lpi kinh te cua phu nii va cdc em gdi thong qua su tiep can day du va binh dang cdc cO hpi kinh te, dat dai, tfn dung, gido due va cdc dich vu cham sdc siic khoe" (Ke' hoach thuc hien Johannesburg, 2002) Can "tang cudng binh dang nam nit va nang cao vi thi cho phu nii" (muc tieu thii muc tieu Viet Nam thuc hien cdc muc tieu phdt trien thien nien ky) Viec "thiic day binh dang gidi hay tang cudng binh dang gidi ciing diu nham thu hep Nguyin Thanh Thuy, CN, Vien Nghien ciru Moi trucmg va Phat trien ben vumg NguySn Thanh ThCiy - Thach thCtc giOa bat binh dang gidi khoang each gidi khd sau sdc tren hai khfa canh: ngudn luc vd quyln luc ciia phu nii vd nam gidi nhdm muc tieu phdt triln Tai bait binh d^ng ve ngudn luc lai kim ham su phat trien ben vung Ngudn luc gdm khfa canh chfnh la: gido due, y te' - siic khoe vd tu lieu san xudt a) Bdt binh ddng gidi ve gido due dd dnh hudng nhu the ndo den phdt trien ben vUng Giao due la vdn dl quan trpng dl mdi ngudi cd the tham gia vao qud trinh phdt triln Nhung trinh dp hpc vdn ciia phu nii va nam gidi nhu sau (Bang 1): BANG 1: Gidi tinh cua chu ho theo trinh hoc van Trinh dp hoc van cua chu ho Nam % Nijr% Muchii 46,9 53,1 Td't nghiep Tilu hoc 79,3 20,7 T6't nghiep THCS 82,7 17,3 T6't nghiep THPT 79,6 20,4 Nguon: TCTK: Ket qud Icfido sdt miic song fig gia dinfi ndm 2008) Ket qua tren cho thdy, bdt binh dang gidi vl gido due ciia the' he trudc la rdt cao va dilu dd da anh hudng din thu nhap ciia phu nii:, dia vi cua phu nii va the' he cai hp Khi phu nii cd trinh dp thap, hp rat khd tim viec lam, neu tim dupc viec lam thudng vdi nhung viec khong mudn lam va thu nhap tii nhung viec dd qua thdp, hp gap khd khan ve kinh te Vdi trinh dp hpc vdn thdp, hp khdng nhdn thiic dupc tdm quan trpng va lpi ich cua gido due Hp chi thd'y rang chi phf cho viee hpc hanh cua cai hp la qud cao ddi vdi thu nhap cua hp, ma chi phf dd lai danh cho mdt thii lpi ich ma hp cam thdy khdng ro rang Do dd cai hp thudng cd trinh dd hpc vdn thdp nhu hp Dilu dd han se lam anh hudng true tie'p den san xudt va phat trien Chung ta thit xem hp va cai Nghien cCru Phit thin ben vdng, so (28) - Thing 9/2010 hp se lam gi ma binh qudn dat ndng nghiep/ddu ngudi dang giam manh, thdm chf nhilu ndng dan hien khdng cdn ddt san xudt, qua trinh dd thi hda Cdu tra ldi la hp khdng dap ling dupe nhu cdu lao ddng chdt xdm, hp se bi loai khdi qua trinh phdt triln Phu nii cd trinh dp van hda thdp se lam giam nang sud't san xud't ndng nghiep, tdng riii ro thiet hai chdn nudi va trdng trot Phu nii ddng vai trd chii yeu san xuat ndng nghiep, hp chiem 75,6% luc lupng lao ddng ndng nghiep nam gidi chi chie'm 71,6%, nhung hp lai it tham gia cac dich vu khuycii ndng hon nam gidi BANG 2: Ty le tham gia ldp tap huan khuyen nong Tham gia tap huan khuyen nong Nam % N0% Tap hua'n chan nu6i 70,4 20,6 Tap hua'n tr6ng trot 90 10 Kit qud dieu tra tai Dong bdng song CAu Long 2007 (Ddnfi gid ngheo theo vUng, UNDP 2008) Tai nu ndng dan chi chiem mpt ty le nhd ldp tdp hud'n khuye'n ndng? Bang da ehl cho ta thdy trinh dp hpc vdn cua nam ndng dan cao hon nu ndng dan Vi vdy, nii ndng dan neu cimg tham gia tap hudn nhu nam ndng ddn thi ky thuat trdng trot va chan nudi ciia nam ndng dan vdn cao hon nu ndng dan Thuc te' cho thay, d Viet Nam, nam ndng dan xii ly sau hai va ky thuat quan ly diet trii sdu hai tdt hon nu ndng ddn, mac dii ca nam va nii diu qua ddo tao ldp khuye'n ndng nhu Nhdm nghien ciiu khac chiing minh rang: cii 1% tang them ty le theo hpc cd'p trung hpc d phu nii thi thu nhap dau ngudi se tang 0,3% (Dua vdn dl gidi vao phat triln, 2001) Phu nii cd trinh dp van hda thdp thudng sinh eon nhe cdn hon phu nu cd trinh dp van hda cao Nguyin Thanh ThCiy - Thach thCfc giOa bat binh ding gidi B A N G 3: Ty le phan tram tre em co can nang so sinh nhe can (< 2,5kg) vdi trinh hpc van cua ngudi me Trinh hoc vain cua nguoi me Chua he't Tieu hoc T6't nghiep Tilu hoc T6't nghiep THCS T6't nghiep THPT va trd len Ty le % tre so sinh nhe can 8,6 6,9 6,6 5,0 TCTK: So lieu dieu tra ddnh gid cdc muc tieu tre em vd phu nii, 2006 Phu nii cd trinh dp hpc vdn thdp, cdi hp tii nhd ft dupc khuyen khfch hoc tap hon phu nii cd trinh dp hpc vdn cao 4: Ty le % tre em tiT 0-5 tudi dupc tham gia hoat dong khuyen khich hoc tap va san sang di hoc vdi trinh hoc van ciia ngudi me BANG che nang lue cua mdt the' he Mdt khdi lupng Idn tai nang, tay nghl, siic luc dan so da khdng dupc khai thac vao qua trinh phdt trien kinh te qudc gia Vi vay, binh dang gidi la mdt nhiing yeu cdu dat cho nIn gido due dao tao Viet Nam Giao due Viet Nam hien co ban da dam bao dupc binh dang gidi Tuy nhien vdn tdn tai mpt thue te' la, nhdm ngheo d cac vung ndng thdn ngheo va viing ddn tdc thilu sd, cac em gdi tiep can giao due tieu hpc ngang bdng cdc em trai, cdn d cap bac THCS & THPT thi vdn thdp hon nam gidi NghTa la, d mdt gdc dp nao dd thi bdt binh dang gidi vl gido due vdn tdn tai va dilu dd da lam sdu sdc them tinh trang bat binh dang gidi Mat khac, ngudi me cd trinh dp van hda cao thudng cd xu hudng lap gia dinh mupn, giam ti le sinh, gdp phdn giam ty le tang dan sd, dd la yeu cdu CO ban dl phdt trien bin viing Cd the ndi: bat binh dang gidi vl gido due khdng nhiing day nhieu phu nir khdi hoat dpng kinh tl ma cdn anh hudng Uuc tie'p den thi he tuong lai, la: suy dinh dudng, mu chii, ddi ngheo, ty le tii vong tre em cao, Dilu dd khdng chi lam anh hudng den chi phi qudc gia ma cdn han b) Bdt binh dang gidi ve y te'vd site Ichoe' dd dnh hudng nhu the ndo den phdt trien ben vUng Y te' va siic khoe la ngudn luc quan trpng dl phu nii tham gia va hudng thu qua ciia su phdt trien Phu nu la ngudi true tiep sinh tre em, nudi dudng tre em, cham sdc tre em - the' he tuong lai eua ddt nudc Vi dilu dd, chfnh phii da va dang tang cudng cung cdp cdc dich vu siic khoe sinh sdn cd chdt lupng cao cho phu nii nhdm giam ty le tir vong ngudi me sinh eon, giam ty le tit vong tre so sinh, tang cudng dieu tri viem nhilm qua dudng tinh due, HIV, v.v Tuy nhien, dich vu cham sdc siie khoe sinh san edn han che, cdng tdc cham sdc siic khoe ba me mang thai dupc cai thien nhung chua diu giiia cdc vung ndng thdn, viing cao vd viing xa xdi heo Idnh Ty le nao phd thai d Viet Nam cdn d miic cao lam anh hudng d^n siic khoe va ty le vd sinh d phu nu Bdi le dinh kien gidi vl sinh san cho rang: trdnh thai la trdch nhiem ciia phu nii, vi vay ngudi ta ft quan tdm tdi vai trd ciia nam gidi siic khoe sinh sdn Theo dilu tra miic sd'ng hd gia dinh gdn ddy cho thdy cd su chenh lech vl gidi cang tang xet theo ty le suy dinh dudng d ngudi trudng Dilu cho thdy phu nu hoac cd it kha nang tiep can vdi ngudn dinh dudng day du, dae biet qua tiinh mang thai, hoac phai lao ddng qua miie, hoac phai cam chiu m Nghien ciru Phit trien hen viing, so (28) - Thing 9/2010 Trinh hoc van ciia me Khong bang cap Tot nghiep Tieu hoc Tot nghiep THCS Tot nghiep THPT va tro len Ty le % tre em tir 0-5 tudi duoc tham gia hoat dong khuyen khfch hpc tap 38,9 54,7 64,4 70,7 TCTK: So lieu dieu tra ddnh gid cdc muc tieu tre em vd phu nit, 2006 Khi ngudi me cd trinh dp hoc van cao, hp cd thi tu tao dupc thu nhap, hp danh eho gido due nhilu hon, cai hp tii nhd dupc khuyen khfch hpc tap nhilu hon, dupc cung cap dinh dudng tdt hon tii mang thai Dilu dd, tao mpt the' he tuong lai tdt hon Nguyen Thanh ThOy - Thach thdc giOa bat binh ding gidi canh bi ngupe dai gia dinh, Ty le nQ nhilm HTV cao hon nam, vdn dl bao luc anh hudng nghiem trpng den siic khoe ciia phu nii Tuih trang bao luc gia dinh cdn dai dang vd phiic tap Ddu tranh vdi tmh Uang bao lue gia dinh la rat khd khan bdi chfnli sU tdn tai bdt binh dang gidi gia dinh; ngudi dan dng tu coi minh cd quyln luc hon phu nu Quan niem truyin thd'ng da day phu nli vdo thi phu thudc vao ngudi chdng vl tai san, dat dai, (da sd ngudi chdng diing ten gidy chiing nhan quyln sir dung ddt) Mat khac, quan niem xa hpi cho rang bao luc gia dinh la chuyen rieng cua mdi gia dinh, chinh quyln va doan thi chi can thiep cd don to cdo cua ngudi vp Nhung ngudi vp lai quan niem rdng: "xdu chang hd ai" hay "xau xa ciing the chdng ta, ddu rang tdt dep eung chdng ngudi" Vi vdy, bao luc gia dinh vdn cii tdn tai cdc gia dinh dudi nhilu hinh thiic khdc Ben canh bao luc gia dinh, bao luc xa hdi cang phiic tap hon dd'i vdi phu nii Theo danh gid cua LHQ, hang nam cd hang nghin phu nii vd tre em gai Viet Nam bi ban qua bien gidi Trung Qudc, Campuehia, Dai Loan, Singapore, Han Qudc lam gdi mai ddm hoac bi bupc ket hdn, hoac bi lao ddng cudng biic, Dilu dd anh hudng nghiem trpng tdi siic khoe thi chdt va tinh than cua phu nii Cai gid phai tra cho su bat binh dang gidi nang nl nhdt la chdt lupng cupc sd'ng ciia phu nii: ft hpc, ngheo ddi, suy dinh dudng, cue khd, tang ty le mai dam, tang ti le Idy nghilm HIV, anh hudng true tiep den chat lupng cude sd'ng ciia the' he ke cdn Dilu dd da can trd qua trinh tich luy vdn eon ngudi, loai bd hp khdi qua trinh phdt trien, kim ham kha ndng tdng trudng kinh te' dai han c) Bdt binh dang gidi viec tie'p can tu lieu sdn xud't nhu ddt dai, tin diing se dnh hudng nhu the nao de'n phdt trien ben vQng Ddt dai la tu lieu sdn xud't thiet ylu va la tai san cd gid tri nhdt cua cac hd gia dinh, dae biet la ddi vdi cdc hd gia dinh ndng thdn Quyen sir dung ddt quyet dinh kha nang tiep can tin dung, quyet dinh vi the' kinh te' xa hdi cua ngudi Theo ludt, phu nii vd nam gidi cd quyln binh dang vl tai san, viec lam., nhu da dupc thi hien Ludt Ddt dai, Ludt Ddn su, Ludt Hdn nhdn va gia dinh, ludt lao dpng, ludt phdng chdng bao luc gia dinh, Nhung tren thuc te', nam gidi cd quyln quye't dinh hdu he't cdc vd'n dl quan trpng nhu sir dung dd't, chuyen nhupng ddt, tie'p cdn tfn dung chfnh thiic cdn phu nii chilm da so ngudn tfn dung khdng chfnh thiic vdi lai suat cao, ngudn vdn han che Vi the, phu nii ft cd co hdi tao thu nhap so vdi nam gidi Nam gidi cho rang hp cd quyln quyet dinh cac hoat ddng kinh te' gia dinh, cdn phu nu se lam nhung viec khdng dupc tra luong nhu ndi trp, nudi dudng tre em, cham sdc ngudi dm, Nhu vdy, phu nii trd ngudi cd trdch nhiem cao ddi vdi viec cham sdc cae vien gia dinh, CO hpi tim viec lam tao thu nhap thdp vd vi the' cua phu nu gia dinh va xa hpi cd nguy co giam Tdm lai, bd't binh dang gidi vl tu lieu san xudt se khdng chi day phu nii den chd thieu viec lam tang thu nhdp ma cdn lam sdu sdc them van dl bao lue gia dinh Bat binh dang gidi ve quyen luc tie'ng noi Theo phdn tren da phan tfch, phu nu ludn chiu thiet thdi vl tu lieu san xudt dat dai bdi nguyen nhdn sdu xa la bdt binh dang gidi vl quyln luc, quyln thiita ke' tai san, ddt dai Su phan biet gidi, dinh kien gidi da lam cho chfnh ngudi me cung khdng mudn cho gai hp dupc quyln thiia ke' rudng nuong Mpt cupc dilu tra tai huyen Bdt Xdt, tinh Lao Cai (Pham Manh Ha) cho thdy ket qua nhu sau: 85% ngudi dupc hdi tra ldi gai khdng dupc thiia ke' rupng nuong (ty le nam nu dupc hdi la ngang bdng) Vi vdy gia dinh, da sd phu nii d vi tri phu thudc vao ngudi chdng ve tai san Cdn xa hdi, dinh kien trpng nam khinh nii, tdm ly mudn sinh trai dl ndi ddi tdng dudng vdn tdn tai ddn den mdt can bdng gidi tfnh dan sd Ta hay xem ty le gidi tfnh d Viet Nam tir nam 1979 den (qua sd lieu d Bang dudi day) 'Nghien ciru Phit then ben vung, so (28) - Thing 9/2010 m NguySn Thanh ThCiy - Thach thi/c giita bat binh ding gidi BANG 4: Ty le gidi tinh d Viet Nam Nam 1979 1989 1999 2002-2006* 2010** Nam 94,2 94,7 96,7 107-108 110,65 Niir 100 100 100 100 100 Mdt cdn bang gidi tfnh ddn sd, thiia nam thieu nu da khien tinh trang phu nii bi bde lot, bi budn ban lam nghl mai ddm, bi budc ket hdn cd xu hudng gia tang Dilu dd gay bdt dn dinh xa hdi - Bdt binh dang gidi vl quyln luc va tilng ndi cdn cd mdi quan he vdi nan tham nhiing Cae nghien ciiu vl khoa hpc xa hpi va khoa hpc hanh vi cho rang: phu nii va nam gidi phan ling khdc trudc nan tham nhung Phu nii it chdp nhdn nhiing hanh vi khdng trung thue va bdt hpp phap hon nam gidi Vi vay, chfnh phii se ft tham nhiing hon neu nhu phu nii hoat dpng tfch cue hen tren chinh trudng O Viet Nam, chiing ta da chiing kien su tien bd vupt bac cua phu nu tham gia cdc co quan quyln luc ciia Nha nudc, song hp vdn cdn han che viec tham gia chfnh tri va dai dien cac cap chfnh quyln tii dia phuong den qud'c hdi, cu thi la phu nii chilm mdt ti le rdt khiem tdn d vi tri tli bd trudng Mat khdc, bat binh dang gidi vl giao due vd y te dupe cai thien tuong dd'i nhanh nhung su bat binh dang gidi vl sd hiiu tai san; bat binh dang gidi chfnh Uudng cdn thay ddi rdt chdm Nguyen nhdn sdu xa dd la dinh kien xa hpi, the che' xa hpi da an sau vao tilm thiic ciia mpi ngudi Nhurng giai phap de thu hep khoang each bat binh dang gidi Trudc hit chiing ta can thu thdp thdng tin, nhiing thdng tin ma phu nii phdi ddi mat, eu the la bdt binh dang gidi vl giao due d cdp Trung hpc CO sd, Trung hpc phd thdng va Dai hpc, thdng tin hen quan den bao luc gia dinh, budn ban phu nil, dilu kien 1dm viec eiia phu nir, thdng tin vl nhiing can trd phu nu tliam gia chfnh trudng, de cd nhung giai phap phii hpp [E Chfnh phu cdn mdt chien lupc giam bdt binh dang gidi manh me hon, ddng bp hon, danh rieng nhiing vi tri quan ly, lanh dao d cdc cdp chfnh quyln cho phu nu tii dia phuong din qud'c hpi Nhiing cdch can thiep nham ndng cao binh dang gidi dd la: -t- Xoa bd dinh kien gidi gia dinh va nha trudng Dae biet sir dung sach gido khoa cdng cu phdt trien tri thiic va tinh cam cho ca mdt thi he de xod bd dinh kiln vl gidi da tung an sdu vao cae the' he + Dam bao binh dang gidi vl ngudn luc, quyln luc va tieng ndi ciia phu nii + Thu hep khoang cdch vl phdt triln giCa cae viing, dae biet nhiing vung ngheo + Phdt triln thi trudng lao dpng, dae biet Id thi trudng lao dpng dd'i vdi lao dpng nii -I- Cung cap bao trp xa hdi phii hpp vl gidi: bao hiem huu tri ciia Viet Nam thudng khdng tfnh deii su khac biet vl gidi viec lam va thdi gian lam viec; thu nhdp vd tudi thp eua nam va nii, nen da khien cho phu nu vl gia va nhdt la cac dd'i tupng god bua dl bi lam vdo canh ddi ngheo Vi vay can lam phong phii them cac chuong trinh mua bao hilm cho tudi gid, dae biet cho phu nii Nlu bat binh dang gidi dupc xda bd thi 100% luc lupng lao ddng tilm nang se ddng gdp vdo qua trinh phdt triln kinh te' qudc gia Dilu dd se gdp phdn dam bao phat trien bin viing dat nudc tuong lai./ TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Gioi chien lucre toan didn yi tang tnicmg va XDGN, 2005 Viet Nam thuc hien cac Muc tieu ThiSn nien ky Ke't qua khao sat miic s6'ng h6 gia dinh nam 2008, NxbTK Danh gia ngheo theo vdng VNDP 2008 Dua v^n d^ gidi vao phat trien Nxb Van hoaThong tin, 2001 Sd lieu dau tranh danh gia cac muc tieu tre em va phu nuTCrk, 2006 Cac luat Viet Nam 8 Tap chi Nghien cuu tam ly, s6' 3/200R * Bao nien 19/1/2007 ** CJiUdng trinh 16'i s6'ng thucmg VTVl 11/7/2010 Nghien ciru Phit trien ben viing, so (28) - Thing 9/2010 ... BANG 4: Ty le gidi tinh d Viet Nam Nam 1979 1989 1999 2002-2006* 2010** Nam 94,2 94,7 96,7 107-108 110,65 Niir 100 100 100 100 100 Mdt cdn bang gidi tfnh ddn sd, thiia nam thieu nu da khien tinh... thdy trinh dp hpc vdn cua nam ndng dan cao hon nu ndng dan Vi vdy, nii ndng dan neu cimg tham gia tap hudn nhu nam ndng ddn thi ky thuat trdng trot va chan nudi ciia nam ndng dan vdn cao hon nu... cao hon nu ndng dan Thuc te' cho thay, d Viet Nam, nam ndng dan xii ly sau hai va ky thuat quan ly diet trii sdu hai tdt hon nu ndng ddn, mac dii ca nam va nii diu qua ddo tao ldp khuye'n ndng