Những cống hiến đặc sắc của ph ăngghen về lý luận chủ nghĩa xã hội khoa học và giá trị ở việt nam hiện nay

KY NIEM 190 NAM NHUNG CONG HIEN OAC SAC CUA PH.ANGGHEN VE IY U J ^ CHli NGHiA XA Hpl KHOA HOC VA GIA TM VIET NAM HIEN NAY PGS, TS DO THI THACH* Cung vdi C Mdc, Ph.Angghen Id nhd khoa hoc loi lac, lanh tu thien tdi cua giai edp cong nhdn (GCCN) vd nhdn ddn lao dong tren todn the gidi; Id "mot nhdng dgi biiu xudt sdc nhdt ciia chu nghia xd hoi hien dgi" - theo nhan xet cua C.Mdc Vai tri tue tuyet vai, long trung thcinh vo hgn vai giai cap cdn lao da dua Ph.Angghen ciing vai C.Mdc sdng lap nen mot hoc thuyet cdch mgng ddn ddu thai dgi - hoc thuyet Mdc duac ddnh ddu bdng nhihig phdt hien vi dgi cua hai ong: hoc thuyet vgt lich sir, hoc thuyet gid tri thang du vd sau ndy V.I.Lenin bd sung them phdt hien vT dgi thu ba la hoc thuyet ve sit menh lich sie the gioi ciia GCCN Nhiing dong gop quan cua Ph.Angghen vdo qud trinh hinh thdnh, bo sung, phdt trim ly luan chu nghia xd hgi khoa hoc Mua he nam 1844 tai Pari, sy ddng cam ve fri tue ldn, ve ly tudng sdng, ve nhan quan chinh fri da dua Mac va Angghen trd lai gap lan thii hai (lan thti vao nam 1842) Lan gap thii hai nay, hai dng da hoan toan nhat fri vdi ve tat ca cac van de ly luan va chinh fri va quyet dinh bat dau cdng tac vdi nhau' Thdng qua hang loat tac pham Ph Angghen viet rieng cung nhu viet chung vdi C.Mac: Tinh canh giai cap cong nhdn Anh (1845); Gia dinh thdn thdnh (1845); He tu tudng Due (1846); * Hoc vien CT-HC qudc gia Hd Chi Minh TAP CHi UCH SLF DANG - S6 11/2010 Nhitng nguyen ly cua chii nghia cong sdn (1847), Ph.Angghen da cimg C.Mac tdng ket sau sac toan bd lich su loai ngudi ve cac tuu cua khoa hgc tu nhien va khoa hgc xa hgi, lich su tu tudng nhan loai, dac biet la nghien ciiu, tdng ket ve chu nghTa tu ban, ve thuc tien phong frao cdng nhan Tren ca sd dd hai dng xay dung nen cac hgc thuyet, cac he thdng ly luan ve phuong phap nhan thilc va cai tao the gidi, ve giai phdng GCCN ddng thdi giai phdng xa hgi loai ngudi khdi mgi sir ap biic, bdc lot va mgi su tha hoa, ve each mang cdng san chu nghTa, ve xay dimg mdt xa hgi "trong dd su phat frien tu ciia mdi ngudi la dieu kien cho su phat trien tu cua tat ca mgi ngudi" Vdi tac pham Tuyen ngon cua Ddng Cong sdn (1848), ly luan chu 15 KY NIEM 190 NAM Thu nhdt, vgch ro bdn chdt ciia che ba bd phan ctia chu nghTa Mae da chinh tu hiiti tu bdn, khdng dinh vai trd ciia yeu to kinh te su van dong xd hoi tie chii thiic ddi Sau ly luan CNXH khoa hgc ddi, nghia tu bdn (CNTB) len CNXH Ph.Angghen da bac bd nhQng quan diem frong rit nhidu cdng frinh viet chung vdi C.Mac, Ph.Angghen tiep tuc phat frien ly luan tdn sung che tu hiiu ndi chung, che CNXH khoa hgc lam ca sd ly luan va sd hilu tu san ndi rieng, vach fran che phuang phap luan dd du bao ve su ddi bdc lot, ap bile, che canh franh vd ehinh eua CNXH, chu nghTa cdng san vdi tu each phu dan den khiing hoang va that nghiep, nan la mdt chd xa hgi hien thuc Dac biet sau ban cung ddi khd, dia vi kinh te - xa hdi thap C.Mae qua ddi (ngay 14-3-1883), vao kem cua GCCN frong xa hdi tu ban Vdi mdt nhung nam 80 - 90 cua thd ky XIX, cam nhan klioa hgc va each mang, mdt ban Ph.Angghen Hdp tuc su nghiep each mang chat nhan van sau sac, dng da di sau phan ma dng va C.Mac da theo dudi sudt ddi: tich xa hdi cdng dan Hi gdc kinh te ehinh phat tridn va hoan thien ly luan ve CNXH fri hgc Ong da chi rd che tu huu tu ban khoa hgc; phat trien, dieu chinh, de xuat chu nghTa (TBCN) la ngudn gdc cua mgi tai dudng ldi chien luge, sach luge va phuang hga; la nguyen nhan sau xa cua nhQng te nan phap diu tranh each mang mdi eho chinh xa hdi, nhung ndi thdng khd cua GCCN mgt dang cua GCCN Cdng hien ly luan eua each dting dan: dd la che sd HQu tu nhan, Ph.Angghen nhung van de la het nhat la ehe tu hQn tu san Trong che sd huu nay, luc lugng san xuat cdng nghiep da sue ldn lao NhQng tic pham ndi bat thdi ky phat trien va tao nhieu cua cai nhung cung Ph.Angghen viet nhu Chong Duyrinh; Su ddng thdi de mdt nghich canh "ngheo ddi, phdt trien ciia chii nghia xd hoi tie khong dau khd su thua thai de ra" tuong den khoa hoc; Nguon goc ciia gia dinh, Tren ca sd phan Heh ket eau kinh te ciia che tie hieu vd ciia nhd nudc Dac TBCN va mdi quan he giua tu ban va lao biet, Ph Angghen da danh mdt thdi gian 10 ddng, Ph.Angghen chi rd: frong quy luat nam cdn lai sau C.Mac qua ddi de hoan canh franh TBCN da manh nha quy luat each tat bd Tu bdn - tie pham kinh te - chinh fri mang, frong sir phat trien tu than cua CNTB hgc vT dai nhat eua the ky ma nhd ten tudi da manh nha tinh tat yeu cua CNXH cua hai dng da frd nen bit diet Thie hai su xudt hien ciia GCCN, sir menh Qua cac tie pham viet rieng va vidt chung lich sir cua GCCN Id tdt yeu nen sdn xudt vdi C.Mac, cd the tdm tit nhQng ddng gdp TBCN tgo ndi bat cila Ph.Angghen vao qua frinh hinh Lan ldn vdi phong frao cdng nhan Hi' thanh, bao ve, phat fridn ly luan CNXH khoa diu nhung nam 40 the ky XIX, fryc tiep Hdp hgc d mdt sd didm chil ydu sau: xiic vdi quin chiing cdng nhan va phong frao nghia xa hdi (CNXH) khoa hgc - mdt frong 16 TAP CHi UCH SLF D A N G • S6 11/2010 KY NIEM 190 NAM dau franh cua hg, nhit la phong frao cdng nhan d nudc Anh, Ph.Angghen nhan thay dugc vai frd Hdm in cua GCCN va phat hien vai frd Heh sil cua giai eip nay, giai eip ed kha nang va tat yeu se la lire lugng diu franh thu Heu che tu hu'u tu san, xay dung ehe cdng HQu cdng san chu nghTa, xda bd nan bdc lot, ap buc, bat binh ding, xay dung xa hgi "mdt lien hgp, dd su phat trien tu cua mdi ngudi la dieu kien cho su phat trien tu cila tat ea mgi ngudi"^ Theo Ph Angghen: "Thuc hien su nghiep giai phdng the gidi ay - dd la sil menh lich su cua giai cap cdng nhan nhQng dieu kien khach quan quy dinh" Cd the khang dinh viec phat hien sii menh lich sil cua GCCN la "diem frgng yeu frong hgc thuyet Mac" (V.I.Lenin) Tir dd, ly luan cua chu nghTa Mac frd vu sac ben, nggn dudc soi dudng cho phong trao dau franh GCCN gianh thang lgi, dua phong frao cdng nhan tir dau franh tu phat den tu giac, tir "giai cap ty minh" den "giai cap cho minh" Thie ba, vai trd doi tien phong ciia giai cap cong nhdn (Ddng Cong sdn) viec hodn thdnh su menh lich sir the giai ciia GCCN Cung vdi viec phat hien GCCN, sii menh lich su the gidi cua giai cap nay, Ph.Angghen cdn gdp phan vach vai frd ddi Hen phong (chinh dang) cua GCCN Phan tich bdi canh xa hdi hien thyc d chau Au frong nhQng nam 80 - 90 cua thd ky XIX va frien vgng cua cudc each mang xa hdi GCCN va chinh dang each mang cua nd lanh dao, Ph.Angghen khing dinh, GCCN chi cd thd diu franh chdng lai quydn lyc lien TAP CHi UCH SLF D A N G - SO 11/2010 hiep cua giai eip HQu san, chi hg hi' td chile dugc mdt dang dde lap vdi tit ca chinh dang cu giai eip HQ-u san lap thi mdi cd thd hanh ddng vdi tu each la mdt giai eip dgc lap dugc Chinh ddng ciia giai edp cong nhdn phai nam lay viec quan ly dat nudc, tidp thu nhQng qua kinh te - xa hdi giai cap tu san tao va lay dd lam didu kien, Hdn de vat chat de "tao lap che xa hdi mdi, cung nhu sinh nhiing ngudi ma chi cd hg mdi du sue manh va y ehi de xay dung xa hgi mdi, tdt dep hon"\ Ph.Angghen cho rang, cudc dau franh cua GCCN ehi di den thang lgi cudi cung chinh dang each mang cua GCCN cd dugc ddi ngu nhiing ngudi cdng nhan "sang sudt ve chinh fri, kien fri va nhan nai, nhat fri va cd ky luat, nhung pham chat ma nhd dd hg thu dugc nhieu cdng rye rd", bdi hg la nhung ngudi dang nam frong tay "Tinh tat yeu lich su, tinh tat yeu kinh te lan tinh tat yeu chinhfri"'*cua cugc dau franh Thu tu, ve su khac biet ca bdn giita CNXH vd CNTB vd bdn chdt ciia CNXH Vao nhung nam 80-90 cua thd ky XIX, dd khac phyc nhQng nhan thiic ma hd ve CNXH va thdi ky qua van cdn kha phd bien frong phong frao cdng nhan qudc te, Ph.Angghen da ndi rd quan niem cua dng ve su khac can ban giQa CNXH va CNTB Ong viet: "Cai ggi la "xa hdi xa hdi chu nghTa", theo y kien tdi, khdng phai la cai gi dd nhit bat bien, ma cung nhu mgi che xa hgi khac, nd can phai dugc xem xet nhu mdt xa hdi dugc thay ddi va cai tao thudng xuyen Sy khac biet cd tinh chat quydt dinh cua nd 17 KY NIEM 190 NAM so vdi chd hien dT nhien la d viec td chue san xuit fren ca sd sd huu chung trudc hdt ciiafrmgdan tdc ddi vdi tit ca eac hi lieu san xuat"^ Khdng chi khing dinh su khac biet can ban cua CNXH so vdi CNTB la d chd cdng HQu vd tu lieu san xuat - cai ma "chi nhd cd nd mdi thuc hien dugc viec giai phdng giai cap cdng nhan, va cimg vdi nd, thyc hien dugc viec giai phdng tit ca nhung vien xa hgi"^, Ph.Angghen cdn nhin manh, tinh uu viet ldn nhit cua CNXH la eung vdi viee thiet lap chd cdng hQu ay, lin diu Henfronglich sii nhan loai, mgi qua cua Tan hda, khoa hgc se mang lai lgi ich cho toan Hie xa hdi va eho mdi ngudi Ong khang dinh mdt each chic chin ring, sau thdi ky qua la mdt "chd xa hdi mdi frong dd se khdng edn nhiing sy phan biet giai cap hien nua, va frong dd nhiing phuong tien de sinh sdng, de hudng thy nhQng niem vui cua cudc ddi, de cd dugc hgc van, va de bieu hien tat ca mgi nang lyc the chat va tinh than cua minh, se dugc giao cho tat ca mgi vien frong xa hdi sil dung cang diy dil, nhd sil dung cd ke hoach va phat trien han nua nhiing lyc lugng san xuat to ldn hien da cd san, bang che lao dgng bat budc nhu ddi vdi mgi ngudi"^ Ngay frong tac pham Nhihig nguyen ly cua chil nghia cong sdn (nam 1848), vdi mgt nhan quan bien chiing, tam nhin chidn luge, Ph Angghen da chi rd rang chu nghTa cdng san la ddi lap vdi che tu hQn, song nhung ngudi cdng san khdng thd thil Heu chd tu huu lap hie, cung y nhu khdng thd lam eho lyc lugng san xuit cd thd tang len 18 lap tile den miic cin thidt de xay dyng nen kinh te cdng hOu Theo dng chi cd the cai tao xa hgi hien mgt each dan dan va chi nao da tao nen dugc mdt khdi lugng tu lieu san xuat can thiet cho viec cai tao dd thi iy mdi thu tieu dugc che tu hiiu Thir ndm, ve thai ky qud len xd hoi cong sdn vd phuang thiec qud "rut ngdn " Khi ban ve "nhung giai doan qua len xa hdi cdng san" Ph Angghen khang dinh, chiing ta "can phai suy nghT ky", khdng duge ndn ndng, khdng dugc phep ket luan vdi vang, bdi day la "van de khd nhat frong tat ca nhirng van de cdn tdn tai" d mdt thdi ky ma "cac dieu kien khdng ngimg thay ddi"^ Phat trien tu tudng cua C.Mac frong "Phi phdn cuang linh Gota", Ph Angghen cho rang, thdi ky qua la thdi ky ludn "gan vdi mdt sd thieu thdn nao dd", bdi day la "thdi ky cai bien each mang tir xa hdi ng sang xa hgi kia" va "ve mgi phuong dien - kinh te, dao due, tinh than - cdn mang nhQng dau vet cua xa hdi cu ma nd da Igt ldng ra" Mdtfrongnhung cdng hien dac sac cua Ph Angghen cho ly luan CNXH khoa hgc la dng da dua quan niem qud "riit ngdn" ddi vdi nhQng nudc dang d giai doan phat trien Hen TBCN hoac chua timgfraiqua dudng phat trien TBCN Trong Len bat viet cho tac pham Ve vdn de xd hoi a Nga, Ph.Angghen khang dinh, khdng chi vdi nudc Nga, ma cdn vdi tat ca cac nudc dang d frong giai doan phat fridn Hdn TBCN ddu "khdng nhung ed the ma cdn chic chin nit ngan mdt each dang kd qua trinh phat frien cua minh len xa hgi xa hgi chu nghTa va cd thd franh dugc TAP CHi LjCH SLF D A N G - S6 11/2010 KY NIEM 190 NAM phan ldn nhiing dau khd va nhiing cudc dau dung CNXH cung phai cd nhQng diem dac thu thyc Hdn cua qude gia, khu vyc dd ddi hdi franh ma d Tay Au phai frai qua"' Bai hgc kinh nghiem cua 25 nam ddi mdi Vdi nhung cdng hien cua Ph Angghen, CNXH khdng chi phat tridn tu khdng tudng cho thiy nhung frm to ldn, cd y nghTa khoa hgc ma nd cdn dugc dng Heh sil ma Viet Nam da gianh dugc tren cae "nghien eun fren timg chi tidt", frd ITnh vyc dd nhd Dang Cdng san Viet hgc thuyet khoa hgc, each mang eua phong Nam, Nha nudc va nhan dan Viet Nam da cd nhiing nhan thuc mdi ve CNXH va xay dyng frao cdng nhan toan thd gidi Gia tri cac luan diem ciia CNXH tu thyc tidn cua Viet Nam dat Ph.Angghen ve chu nghia xa hoi khoa bdi canh cua the gidi duong dai Dieu nay, ddi hdi Viet Nam phai tung budc xay dung hoc ff Viet Nam hien Cdng hien khoa hgc cua Ph.Angghen ndi va hinh ly luan ve CNXH Viet Nam - Khd ndng co thi thuc Men budc qud rieng, hgc thuyet Mac ndi chung la khoa hgc thyc sy, each mang triet de, la chan ly thdi len CNXH theo phuang thiec phdt trien "rut dai nen cd siic sdng manh liet Tu hinh ngdn " a cdc nuac lgc hgu, chdm phdt triin thanh, phat trien va dugc xae lap vao cudi the Quan diem cua Ph Angghen cho phep ky XDC, he thdng cac tu tudng, quan diem va chiing ta khang dinh Dang ta da dung lua nhQng quy luat kinh te - xa hgi ma he thdng chgn dudng di len cua nUde ta la qua khoa hgc dd phat hien cang dugc chung len CNXH bd qua che TBCN nhim tao minh bang thyc tien, dugc thua nhan rdng rai sy bien ddi ve chat cua xa hdi Viet Nam fren va frd nen tang tu tudng, kim chi nam tat ca cac ITnh vyc Day la sy nghiep rat khd cho hanh ddng each mang cua GCCN thd gidi khan, philc tap va vay, tat yeu phai frai qua Ddi vdi Viet Nam frong cdng cudc xay mdt thdi ky qua lau dai vdi nhieu chang dyng dit nudc, nhat la thdi ky ddi dudng, nhieu hmh thilc td chile kinh td - xa mdi, nhung cdng hien cua Ph.Angghen cho hgi cd tmh chat qua Xuit phat tu quan diem cua Ph.Angghen ve phuong thilc phat chung ta mdt sd bai hgc sau day: - Muon cho CNXH trd thdnh khoa hoc phdi frien "nit ngan", chiing ta cd thd khing dinh ddt no tren manh ddt hien thuc Nhiing quan Dang ta da hoan toan dung dan, sang sudt didm ve CNXH khoa hgc cua C.Mac, chu truong diy manh cdng nghiep hda, hien Ph.Angghen cd gia tri ben vung ve mat thd gidi dai hda theo dinh hudng xa hdi chu nghTa gin quan, phuong phap luan la chu ydu Cac dng vdi phat trien kinh te fri thuc, coi kinh td fri khdng coi ly luan cua minh la khudn mau de thilc la yeu td quan frgng cua nen kinh td, cua tat ca cac dang cdng san, cac dan tdc deu phai cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va iiy dd lam dap khudn theo mdi qudc gia, khu vyc ed phuong thiic "nit ngin thdi gian", vua cd thd nhQng dieu kien, hoan canh lich sil rieng va vi thuc hien nhung budc Hen friin ty, vira cd thd vay, nhan thilc ve CNXH va dudng xay tao budc nhay vgt tren ca sd franh thu co TAP CHi UCH S L F D A N G - S6 11/2010 19 KY NIEM 190 NAM hdi thuan lgi bdi canh qudc te tao va Hdm nang, lgi the vdn cd cila nudc ta - Xdy dung GCCN, xdy dung doi tien phong ciia GCCN (Ddng Cong sdn) cd vi sd luong, chdt lieang Id yeu cdu cap thiet Luan didm eua Ph.Angghen ve sil menh lich sir cua GCCN, ve nhung yeu cau ddi vdi chinh dang eua GCCN nhac nhd chung ta cin phai quan tam xay dyng GCCN ca ve sd lugng, chat lugng xung dang vdi vai frd lanh dao each mang, trudc het dap ung yeu cau ciia cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda Dac biet, dd GCCN giQ dugc vai frd lanh dao, hoan su menh lich su thi ban than GCCN Viet Nam phai duge phat trien ca ve sd lugng, chat lugng; ddi Hen phong cua giai cap la Dang Cdng san phai dugc xay dyng viing manh ve chinh fri, ve td chile, ve pham chat, dao due, xilng dang la ddi tien phong cua GCCN, dai dien lgi ich, tri tue cua GCCN, nhan dan lao ddng va toan dan tgc Di san cua Ph Angghen ddng gdp eho ly luan CNXH khoa hgc da va se van la mgt frong nhung nen tang chinh fri, tu tudng va phuong phap luan cho mgi hanh dgng cua Dang, Nha nudc va nhan dan ta nhim thyc hien thang lgi cdng cudc ddi mdi, tao ndn tang de den nam 2020 nudc ta ea ban frd mdt nude cdng nghiep theo hudng hien dai PH.ANGGHEN - NHA LY LUAN LOI LAC (Tiep theo trang 14) Nhiing tu tudng cua Ph Angghen ve triet hgc, kinh te ehinh fri, chu nghTa xa hgi khoa hgc den van giu nguyen tinh thdi sy va cd y nghTa quan trgng ddi vdi cdng cudc ddi mdi dat nudc ta, nhat la frong viec nhan thiic va lam sang td quy luat van dgng tat yeu cua each mang Viet Nam: di len CNXH bd qua che tu ban chu nghTa Chung ta cung nhan thiic day du hon ve mdi quan he giua muc tieu va phuong tien phat trien nen kinh te Dang da khang dinh: "san xuat hang hda khdng ddi lap vdi chii nghTa xa hgi, ma la tyu phat trien cua nen van minh nhan loai, tdn tai khach quan, can thiet cho cdng cudc xay dyng chu nghTa xa hdi va ca chu nghTa xa hgi da dugc xay dyng"^ Trong cdng cudc ddi mdi dat nudc, chiing ta cung nhan thilc sang td hon sil menh lich sir cila giai cap cdng nhan, tang cudng vai frd lanh dao dat nudc cua Dang Cdng san Viet Nam frong bdi canh hgi nhap qudc te, xay dyng nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghTa, xay dyng nen dan chu xa hdi chii nghTa vdi Nha nudc phap quyen cua dan, dan va vi dan, hudng den xa hgi: "Dan giau, nudc manh, dan chu, cdng bang, van minh" C.Mdc vd Ph.Angghen Todn tap, CTQG, V.I.LeninTodntcp,T\lnho,M, 1981,T.26,tr H,1995,T 21,tr321 Sdd, tr 110 Sdd, T.4, tr 628 3.Sdd,T.2, 1978,tr3 4, 6, 7, 8, Sdd, T.22, fr, 801, 659, 353, C.Mdc vdPhJngghen Todn tap, T.l 8, Sdd, 307-308, 168,632 Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Vdn kien Dgi hoi 5.5'(?a',T 37, tr 617-618 biiu todn quoc ldn thu VUI, CTQG, H, 1996, tr 20 TAP CHi LjCH SLF D A N G - S6 11/2010 ... tidn cua Viet Nam dat Ph. Angghen ve chu nghia xa hoi khoa bdi canh cua the gidi duong dai Dieu nay, ddi hdi Viet Nam phai tung budc xay dung hoc ff Viet Nam hien Cdng hien khoa hgc cua Ph. Angghen... cdng hien cua Ph. Angghen cho hgi cd tmh chat qua Xuit phat tu quan diem cua Ph. Angghen ve phuong thilc phat chung ta mdt sd bai hgc sau day: - Muon cho CNXH trd thdnh khoa hoc phdi frien "nit... giai ciia GCCN Cung vdi viec phat hien GCCN, sii menh lich su the gidi cua giai cap nay, Ph. Angghen cdn gdp phan vach vai frd ddi Hen phong (chinh dang) cua GCCN Phan tich bdi canh xa hdi hien