Tren ca sd dd hai dng xay dung nen cac hgc thuyet, cac he thdng ly luan ve phuong phap nhan thilc va cai tao the gidi, ve giai phdng GCCN ddng thdi giai phdng xa hgi loai ngudi khdi mg
Trang 1NHUNG CONG HIEN OAC SAC CUA PH.ANGGHEN VE IY U J ^
CHli NGHiA XA Hpl KHOA HOC VA GIA TM 6 VIET NAM HIEN NAY
PGS, TS DO THI THACH*
Cung vdi C Mdc, Ph.Angghen Id nhd khoa hoc loi lac, lanh tu thien tdi cua giai edp cong nhdn (GCCN) vd nhdn ddn lao dong tren todn the gidi; Id "mot trong nhdng dgi biiu xudt sdc nhdt ciia chu nghia xd hoi hien dgi" - theo nhan xet cua C.Mdc Vai tri tue tuyet vai, long trung thcinh vo hgn vai giai cap cdn lao da dua Ph.Angghen ciing vai C.Mdc sdng lap nen mot hoc thuyet cdch mgng ddn ddu thai dgi - hoc thuyet Mdc duac ddnh ddu bdng nhihig phdt hien
vi dgi cua hai ong: hoc thuyet duy vgt lich sir, hoc thuyet gid tri thang du vd sau ndy V.I.Lenin bd sung them phdt hien vT dgi thu ba la hoc thuyet ve sit menh lich sie the gioi ciia GCCN
1 Nhiing dong gop quan trong cua
Ph.Angghen vdo qud trinh hinh thdnh, bo
sung, phdt trim ly luan chu nghia xd hgi
khoa hoc
Mua he nam 1844 tai Pari, sy ddng cam
ve fri tue ldn, ve ly tudng sdng, ve nhan
quan chinh fri da dua Mac va Angghen trd
lai gap nhau lan thii hai (lan thti 1 vao nam
1842) Lan gap thii hai nay, hai dng da
hoan toan nhat fri vdi nhau ve tat ca cac
van de ly luan va chinh fri va quyet dinh
bat dau cdng tac vdi nhau' Thdng qua
hang loat tac pham Ph Angghen viet rieng
cung nhu viet chung vdi C.Mac: Tinh canh
giai cap cong nhdn Anh (1845); Gia dinh
thdn thdnh (1845); He tu tudng Due (1846);
* Hoc vien CT-HC qudc gia Hd Chi Minh
Nhitng nguyen ly cua chii nghia cong sdn (1847), Ph.Angghen da cimg C.Mac tdng
ket sau sac toan bd lich su loai ngudi ve cac thanh tuu cua khoa hgc tu nhien va khoa hgc xa hgi, lich su tu tudng nhan loai, dac biet la nghien ciiu, tdng ket ve chu nghTa tu ban, ve thuc tien phong frao cdng nhan Tren ca sd dd hai dng xay dung nen cac hgc thuyet, cac he thdng ly luan ve phuong phap nhan thilc va cai tao the gidi,
ve giai phdng GCCN ddng thdi giai phdng
xa hgi loai ngudi khdi mgi sir ap biic, bdc lot va mgi su tha hoa, ve each mang cdng san chu nghTa, ve xay dimg mdt xa hgi
"trong dd su phat frien tu do ciia mdi ngudi
la dieu kien cho su phat trien tu do cua tat
ca mgi ngudi" Vdi tac pham Tuyen ngon cua Ddng Cong sdn (1848), ly luan chu
Trang 2KY NIEM 190 NAM
nghia xa hdi (CNXH) khoa hgc - mdt frong
ba bd phan ctia chu nghTa Mae da chinh
thiic ra ddi
Sau khi ly luan CNXH khoa hgc ra ddi,
frong rit nhidu cdng frinh viet chung vdi
C.Mac, Ph.Angghen tiep tuc phat frien
CNXH khoa hgc lam ca sd ly luan va
phuang phap luan dd du bao ve su ra ddi
eua CNXH, chu nghTa cdng san vdi tu each
la mdt chd do xa hgi hien thuc Dac biet sau
khi C.Mae qua ddi (ngay 14-3-1883), vao
nhung nam 80 - 90 cua thd ky XIX,
Ph.Angghen Hdp tuc su nghiep each mang
ma dng va C.Mac da theo dudi sudt ddi:
phat tridn va hoan thien ly luan ve CNXH
khoa hgc; phat trien, dieu chinh, de xuat
dudng ldi chien luge, sach luge va phuang
phap diu tranh each mang mdi eho chinh
dang cua GCCN Cdng hien ly luan eua
Ph.Angghen trong nhung van de nay la het
sue ldn lao
NhQng tic pham ndi bat thdi ky nay do
Ph.Angghen viet nhu Chong Duyrinh; Su
phdt trien ciia chii nghia xd hoi tie khong
tuong den khoa hoc; Nguon goc ciia gia dinh,
ciia che do tie hieu vd ciia nhd nudc Dac
biet, Ph Angghen da danh mdt thdi gian 10
nam cdn lai sau khi C.Mac qua ddi de hoan
tat bd Tu bdn - tie pham kinh te - chinh fri
hgc vT dai nhat eua the ky ma nhd do ten tudi
cua hai dng da frd nen bit diet
Qua cac tie pham viet rieng va vidt chung
vdi C.Mac, cd the tdm tit nhQng ddng gdp
ndi bat cila Ph.Angghen vao qua frinh hinh
thanh, bao ve, phat fridn ly luan CNXH khoa
hgc d mdt sd didm chil ydu sau:
Thu nhdt, vgch ro bdn chdt ciia che do
tu hiiti tu bdn, khdng dinh vai trd ciia yeu
to kinh te trong su van dong xd hoi tie chii nghia tu bdn (CNTB) len CNXH
Ph.Angghen da bac bd nhQng quan diem
ly luan tdn sung che do tu hiiu ndi chung, che
do sd hilu tu san ndi rieng, vach fran che do bdc lot, ap bile, che do canh franh vd ehinh phu dan den khiing hoang va that nghiep, nan ban cung ddi khd, dia vi kinh te - xa hdi thap kem cua GCCN frong xa hdi tu ban Vdi mdt cam nhan klioa hgc va each mang, mdt ban chat nhan van sau sac, dng da di sau phan tich xa hdi cdng dan Hi gdc do kinh te ehinh fri hgc Ong da chi rd che do tu huu tu ban chu nghTa (TBCN) la ngudn gdc cua mgi tai hga; la nguyen nhan sau xa cua nhQng te nan
xa hdi, nhung ndi thdng khd cua GCCN mgt each dting dan: dd la che do sd HQu tu nhan, nhat la ehe do tu hQn tu san Trong che do sd huu nay, luc lugng san xuat cdng nghiep da phat trien va tao ra nhieu cua cai nhung cung ddng thdi de ra mdt nghich canh "ngheo ddi, dau khd do su thua thai de ra"
Tren ca sd phan Heh ket eau kinh te TBCN va mdi quan he giua tu ban va lao ddng, Ph.Angghen chi rd: frong quy luat canh franh TBCN da manh nha quy luat each mang, frong sir phat trien tu than cua CNTB
da manh nha tinh tat yeu cua CNXH
Thie hai su xudt hien ciia GCCN, sir menh lich sir cua GCCN Id tdt yeu do nen sdn xudt TBCN tgo ra
Lan ldn vdi phong frao cdng nhan ngay Hi' diu nhung nam 40 the ky XIX, fryc tiep Hdp xiic vdi quin chiing cdng nhan va phong frao
Trang 3dau franh cua hg, nhit la phong frao cdng
nhan d nudc Anh, Ph.Angghen nhan thay
dugc vai frd Hdm in cua GCCN va phat hien
vai frd Heh sil cua giai eip nay, giai eip ed
kha nang va tat yeu se la lire lugng diu franh
thu Heu che do tu hu'u tu san, xay dung ehe
do cdng HQu cdng san chu nghTa, xda bd nan
bdc lot, ap buc, bat binh ding, xay dung xa
hgi thanh "mdt lien hgp, trong dd su phat
trien tu do cua mdi ngudi la dieu kien cho su
phat trien tu do cila tat ea mgi ngudi"^ Theo
Ph Angghen: "Thuc hien su nghiep giai
phdng the gidi ay - dd la sil menh lich su cua
giai cap cdng nhan do nhQng dieu kien khach
quan quy dinh"
Cd the khang dinh viec phat hien ra sii
menh lich sil cua GCCN la "diem frgng yeu
frong hgc thuyet Mac" (V.I.Lenin) Tir dd, ly
luan cua chu nghTa Mac frd thanh vu khi sac
ben, nggn dudc soi dudng cho phong trao dau
franh GCCN gianh thang lgi, dua phong frao
cdng nhan tir dau franh tu phat den tu giac, tir
"giai cap ty minh" den "giai cap cho minh"
Thie ba, vai trd doi tien phong ciia giai cap
cong nhdn (Ddng Cong sdn) trong viec hodn
thdnh su menh lich sir the giai ciia GCCN
Cung vdi viec phat hien ra GCCN, sii
menh lich su the gidi cua giai cap nay,
Ph.Angghen cdn gdp phan vach ra vai frd
ddi Hen phong (chinh dang) cua GCCN
Phan tich bdi canh xa hdi hien thyc d chau
Au frong nhQng nam 80 - 90 cua thd ky XIX
va frien vgng cua cudc each mang xa hdi do
GCCN va chinh dang each mang cua nd
lanh dao, Ph.Angghen khing dinh, GCCN
chi cd thd diu franh chdng lai quydn lyc lien
hiep cua giai eip HQu san, chi khi hg hi' td chile dugc thanh mdt dang dde lap vdi tit ca chinh dang cu do giai eip HQ-u san lap ra thi mdi cd thd hanh ddng vdi tu each la mdt
giai eip dgc lap dugc Chinh ddng ciia giai
edp cong nhdn phai nam lay viec quan ly dat
nudc, tidp thu nhQng thanh qua kinh te - xa hdi do giai cap tu san tao ra va lay dd lam didu kien, Hdn de vat chat de "tao lap che do
xa hdi mdi, cung nhu sinh ra nhiing con ngudi ma chi cd hg mdi du sue manh va y ehi de xay dung xa hgi mdi, tdt dep hon"\ Ph.Angghen cho rang, cudc dau franh cua GCCN ehi di den thang lgi cudi cung khi chinh dang each mang cua GCCN cd dugc ddi ngu nhiing ngudi cdng nhan "sang sudt
ve chinh fri, kien fri va nhan nai, nhat fri va
cd ky luat, nhung pham chat ma nhd dd hg thu dugc nhieu thanh cdng rye rd", bdi hg la nhung ngudi dang nam frong tay "Tinh tat yeu lich su, tinh tat yeu kinh te lan tinh tat yeu chinh fri"'* cua cugc dau franh nay
Thu tu, ve su khac biet ca bdn giita CNXH vd CNTB vd bdn chdt ciia CNXH
Vao nhung nam 80-90 cua thd ky XIX, dd khac phyc nhQng nhan thiic ma hd ve CNXH
va thdi ky qua do van cdn kha phd bien frong phong frao cdng nhan qudc te, Ph.Angghen
da ndi rd quan niem cua dng ve su khac nhau can ban giQa CNXH va CNTB Ong viet:
"Cai ggi la "xa hdi xa hdi chu nghTa", theo y kien tdi, khdng phai la cai gi dd nhit thanh bat bien, ma cung nhu mgi che do xa hgi khac, nd can phai dugc xem xet nhu mdt xa hdi dugc thay ddi va cai tao thudng xuyen
Sy khac biet cd tinh chat quydt dinh cua nd
Trang 4KY NIEM 190 NAM
so vdi chd do hien nay dT nhien la d viec td
chue san xuit fren ca sd sd huu chung trudc
hdt ciia frmg dan tdc ddi vdi tit ca eac hi lieu
san xuat"^
Khdng chi khing dinh su khac biet can ban
cua CNXH so vdi CNTB la d chd do cdng
HQu vd tu lieu san xuat - cai ma "chi nhd cd nd
mdi thuc hien dugc viec giai phdng giai cap
cdng nhan, va cimg vdi nd, thyc hien dugc
viec giai phdng tit ca nhung thanh vien xa
hgi"^, Ph.Angghen cdn nhin manh, tinh uu
viet ldn nhit cua CNXH la eung vdi viee thiet
lap chd do cdng hQu ay, lin diu Hen frong lich
sii nhan loai, mgi thanh qua cua Tan hda, khoa
hgc se mang lai lgi ich cho toan Hie xa hdi va
eho mdi ngudi Ong khang dinh mdt each
chic chin ring, sau thdi ky qua do la mdt
"chd do xa hdi mdi frong dd se khdng edn
nhiing sy phan biet giai cap hien nay nua, va
frong dd nhiing phuong tien de sinh sdng, de
hudng thy nhQng niem vui cua cudc ddi, de cd
dugc hgc van, va de bieu hien tat ca mgi nang
lyc the chat va tinh than cua minh, se dugc
giao cho tat ca mgi thanh vien frong xa hdi sil
dung ngay cang diy dil, nhd sil dung cd ke
hoach va phat trien han nua nhiing lyc lugng
san xuat to ldn hien da cd san, bang che do lao
dgng bat budc nhu nhau ddi vdi mgi ngudi"^
Ngay frong tac pham Nhihig nguyen ly
cua chil nghia cong sdn (nam 1848), vdi mgt
nhan quan bien chiing, tam nhin chidn luge,
Ph Angghen da chi rd rang chu nghTa cdng
san la ddi lap vdi che do tu hQn, song nhung
ngudi cdng san khdng thd thil Heu chd do tu
huu ngay lap hie, cung y nhu khdng thd lam
eho lyc lugng san xuit cd thd tang len ngay
lap tile den miic cin thidt de xay dyng nen kinh te cdng hOu Theo dng chi cd the cai tao
xa hgi hien nay mgt each dan dan va chi khi nao da tao nen dugc mdt khdi lugng tu lieu san xuat can thiet cho viec cai tao dd thi khi
iy mdi thu tieu dugc che do tu hiiu
Thir ndm, ve thai ky qud do len xd hoi cong sdn vd phuang thiec qud do "rut ngdn "
Khi ban ve "nhung giai doan qua do len
xa hdi cdng san" Ph Angghen khang dinh, chiing ta "can phai suy nghT ky", khdng duge ndn ndng, khdng dugc phep ket luan vdi vang, bdi day la "van de khd nhat frong tat ca nhirng van de cdn tdn tai" d mdt thdi ky ma
"cac dieu kien khdng ngimg thay ddi"^ Phat
trien tu tudng cua C.Mac frong "Phi phdn
cuang linh Gota", Ph Angghen cho rang,
thdi ky qua do la thdi ky ludn "gan vdi mdt
sd thieu thdn nao dd", bdi day la "thdi ky cai bien each mang tir xa hdi ng sang xa hgi kia"
va "ve mgi phuong dien - kinh te, dao due, tinh than - cdn mang nhQng dau vet cua xa hdi cu ma nd da Igt ldng ra"
Mdt frong nhung cdng hien dac sac cua Ph Angghen cho ly luan CNXH khoa hgc la dng
da dua ra quan niem qud do "riit ngdn" ddi
vdi nhQng nudc dang d giai doan phat trien Hen TBCN hoac chua timg frai qua con dudng
phat trien TBCN Trong Len bat viet cho tac pham Ve vdn de xd hoi a Nga, Ph.Angghen
khang dinh, khdng chi vdi nudc Nga, ma cdn vdi tat ca cac nudc dang d frong giai doan phat fridn Hdn TBCN ddu "khdng nhung ed the ma cdn chic chin nit ngan mdt each dang kd qua trinh phat frien cua minh len xa hgi xa hgi chu nghTa va cd thd franh dugc
Trang 5phan ldn nhiing dau khd va nhiing cudc dau
franh ma d Tay Au phai frai qua"'
Vdi nhung cdng hien cua Ph Angghen,
CNXH khdng chi phat tridn tu khdng tudng
thanh khoa hgc ma nd cdn dugc dng
"nghien eun fren timg chi tidt", frd thanh
hgc thuyet khoa hgc, each mang eua phong
frao cdng nhan toan thd gidi
2 Gia tri cac luan diem ciia
Ph.Angghen ve chu nghia xa hoi khoa
hoc ff Viet Nam hien nay
Cdng hien khoa hgc cua Ph.Angghen ndi
rieng, hgc thuyet Mac ndi chung la khoa hgc
thyc sy, each mang triet de, la chan ly thdi
dai nen cd siic sdng manh liet Tu khi hinh
thanh, phat trien va dugc xae lap vao cudi the
ky XDC, he thdng cac tu tudng, quan diem va
nhQng quy luat kinh te - xa hgi ma he thdng
khoa hgc dd phat hien ngay cang dugc chung
minh bang thyc tien, dugc thua nhan rdng rai
va frd thanh nen tang tu tudng, kim chi nam
cho hanh ddng each mang cua GCCN thd gidi
Ddi vdi Viet Nam frong cdng cudc xay
dyng dit nudc, nhat la trong thdi ky ddi
mdi, nhung cdng hien cua Ph.Angghen cho
chung ta mdt sd bai hgc sau day:
- Muon cho CNXH trd thdnh khoa hoc phdi
ddt no tren manh ddt hien thuc Nhiing quan
didm ve CNXH khoa hgc cua C.Mac,
Ph.Angghen cd gia tri ben vung ve mat thd gidi
quan, phuong phap luan la chu ydu Cac dng
khdng coi ly luan cua minh la khudn mau de
tat ca cac dang cdng san, cac dan tdc deu phai
dap khudn theo 0 mdi qudc gia, khu vyc ed
nhQng dieu kien, hoan canh lich sil rieng va vi
vay, nhan thilc ve CNXH va con dudng xay
dung CNXH cung phai cd nhQng diem dac thu
do thyc Hdn cua qude gia, khu vyc dd ddi hdi Bai hgc kinh nghiem cua 25 nam ddi mdi cho thiy nhung thanh frm to ldn, cd y nghTa Heh sil ma Viet Nam da gianh dugc tren cae ITnh vyc trong dd nhd Dang Cdng san Viet Nam, Nha nudc va nhan dan Viet Nam da cd nhiing nhan thuc mdi ve CNXH va xay dyng CNXH tu thyc tidn cua Viet Nam dat trong bdi canh cua the gidi duong dai Dieu nay, ddi hdi Viet Nam phai tung budc xay dung
va hinh thanh ly luan ve CNXH Viet Nam
- Khd ndng co thi thuc Men budc qud do
len CNXH theo phuang thiec phdt trien "rut ngdn " a cdc nuac lgc hgu, chdm phdt triin
Quan diem cua Ph Angghen cho phep chiing ta khang dinh Dang ta da dung khi lua chgn con dudng di len cua nUde ta la qua do len CNXH bd qua che do TBCN nhim tao ra
sy bien ddi ve chat cua xa hdi Viet Nam fren tat ca cac ITnh vyc Day la sy nghiep rat khd khan, philc tap va do vay, tat yeu phai frai qua mdt thdi ky qua do lau dai vdi nhieu chang dudng, nhieu hmh thilc td chile kinh td - xa hgi cd tmh chat qua do Xuit phat tu quan diem cua Ph.Angghen ve phuong thilc phat frien "nit ngan", chiing ta cd thd khing dinh Dang ta da hoan toan dung dan, sang sudt khi chu truong diy manh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda theo dinh hudng xa hdi chu nghTa gin vdi phat trien kinh te fri thuc, coi kinh td fri thilc la yeu td quan frgng cua nen kinh td, cua cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va iiy dd lam phuong thiic "nit ngin thdi gian", vua cd thd thuc hien nhung budc Hen friin ty, vira cd thd tao ra budc nhay vgt tren ca sd franh thu co
Trang 6KY NIEM 190 NAM
hdi thuan lgi do bdi canh qudc te tao ra va
Hdm nang, lgi the vdn cd cila nudc ta
- Xdy dung GCCN, xdy dung doi tien
phong ciia GCCN (Ddng Cong sdn) cd vi
sd luong, chdt lieang Id yeu cdu cap thiet
Luan didm eua Ph.Angghen ve sil menh
lich sir cua GCCN, ve nhung yeu cau ddi vdi
chinh dang eua GCCN nhac nhd chung ta
cin phai quan tam xay dyng GCCN ca ve sd
lugng, chat lugng xung dang vdi vai frd lanh
dao each mang, trudc het dap ung yeu cau
ciia cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda Dac biet,
dd GCCN giQ dugc vai frd lanh dao, hoan
thanh su menh lich su thi ban than GCCN
Viet Nam phai duge phat trien ca ve sd lugng,
chat lugng; ddi Hen phong cua giai cap la
Dang Cdng san phai dugc xay dyng viing
manh ve chinh fri, ve td chile, ve pham chat,
dao due, xilng dang la ddi tien phong cua
GCCN, dai dien lgi ich, tri tue cua GCCN,
nhan dan lao ddng va toan dan tgc
Di san cua Ph Angghen ddng gdp eho ly
luan CNXH khoa hgc da va se van la mgt
frong nhung nen tang chinh fri, tu tudng va
phuong phap luan cho mgi hanh dgng cua
Dang, Nha nudc va nhan dan ta nhim thyc
hien thang lgi cdng cudc ddi mdi, tao ndn tang
de den nam 2020 nudc ta ea ban frd thanh
mdt nude cdng nghiep theo hudng hien dai
1 C.Mdc vd Ph.Angghen Todn tap, CTQG,
H,1995,T 21,tr321
2 Sdd, T.4, tr 628
3 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 Sdd, T.22, fr, 801, 659, 353,
307-308, 168,632
5.5'(?a',T 37, tr 617-618
PH.ANGGHEN - NHA LY LUAN LOI LAC
(Tiep theo trang 14)
Nhiing tu tudng cua Ph Angghen ve triet hgc, kinh te ehinh fri, chu nghTa xa hgi khoa hgc den nay van giu nguyen tinh thdi sy va
cd y nghTa quan trgng ddi vdi cdng cudc ddi mdi dat nudc ta, nhat la frong viec nhan thiic
va lam sang td quy luat van dgng tat yeu cua each mang Viet Nam: di len CNXH bd qua che do tu ban chu nghTa Chung ta cung nhan thiic day du hon ve mdi quan he giua muc tieu va phuong tien phat trien nen kinh te
Dang da khang dinh: "san xuat hang hda khdng ddi lap vdi chii nghTa xa hgi, ma la thanh tyu phat trien cua nen van minh nhan loai, tdn tai khach quan, can thiet cho cdng cudc xay dyng chu nghTa xa hdi va ca khi chu nghTa xa hgi da dugc xay dyng"^
Trong cdng cudc ddi mdi dat nudc, chiing
ta cung nhan thilc sang td hon sil menh lich sir cila giai cap cdng nhan, tang cudng vai frd lanh dao dat nudc cua Dang Cdng san Viet Nam frong bdi canh hgi nhap qudc te, xay dyng nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghTa, xay dyng nen dan chu xa hdi chii nghTa vdi Nha nudc phap quyen cua dan, do dan va vi dan, hudng den xa hgi: "Dan giau, nudc manh, dan chu, cdng bang, van minh"
1 V.I.LeninTodntcp,T\lnho,M, 1981,T.26,tr 110
2 Sdd, tr 110 3.Sdd,T.2, 1978,tr3
4 C.Mdc vdPhJngghen Todn tap, T.l 8, Sdd, tr 128
5 Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Vdn kien Dgi hoi dgi
biiu todn quoc ldn thu VUI, CTQG, H, 1996, tr 97