Hai mô hình đô thị cổ ở đông nam á

^ VE HAI MO HINH DO THI CO DONG NAM A NGO VAN DOANH* N gudn gd'c ve cac kieu cU trfl dd thi d khu vUc Ddng Nam A hien cdn la van de chUa dUdc rd Trong dd, h i u bet cac cfl lieu deu cho thay rang, nhflng dd thi xUa nha't lai la ket qua truyen ba nhflng hinh thfle td chflc chinh tri va tdn giao cua An Do va p b i n nao dd cua Trung Qud'c vao khu vUc tfl the ky d i u tien sau cdng nguyen D i u tien la viec cac quyen lUc chinh tri xua't hien rai rac khu vfle d mdt loat nhflng xa hdi bg lac Nhflng xa hdi bd lac vd'n tdn tai sfl can bang sinh thai nhay cam vdi mdi trudng tu nhien vi rang ky t h u a t ban che cua bg huge hg phai thUdng xuyen di chuyen de tim thfle an va ngan ngfla sfl phat trien md'i quan he dn dinh vdi mdi trUdng cung nhu vdi sfl xua't hien sU chuyen mon hoa nghe nghiep.The nhUng, nhflng tiep xue budn ban vdi khu vUc cang phat trien m a n h me tfl the ky d i u cdng nguyen cflng vdi viec md rdng sfl cai tri cua Trung Qud'c tdi mien Bac va mien Trung Viet Nam da khien cac t h u linh bd lac phai tiep xue vdi nhflng he thd'ng tdn giao va cac the che chinh tri cua cac nen van minh cao hdn nay, dac biet la vdi nhflng he thd'ng tdn giao va nhflng the che chinh tri cua An Do Chflng ta khdng biet cac each thfle thUc te ma nhflng dd thi d i u tien ddi nhu the nad vi khdng cd tai lieu van nao ndi tdi The nhung, nhu cac nha nghien cflu da phae dflng, cd the da la: sU trdi day cfla cac cang thi cflng di theo vdi viec cac thu linh bg lac tiep n h a n nhflng binh thfle td chflc chinb tri cua An Do dUa tren cd sd cua Balamdn giad va Phat giad Va, tat ca nhflng sfl viec tren da tao nhflng cd sd kinh te, cbinb tri va xa hdi cho sfl tdn tai cua cac dd thi d i u tien khu vUc Ddng Nam A Hdn the nfla, cho den nhflng anh hfldng chinh tri va van boa cfla An Do bat d i u cd tac dgng tdi sfl binh cac dd thi cd d Ddng Nam A vao nhflng the ky d i u ky nguyen Thien Chfla giao, tbi nen van minh dd thi da tdn tai va phat trien dflde hdn hai nghin nam rdi Ngay tfl hdn hai nghin nam trfldc cdng nguyen, tai An Do, da tflng tdn tai nhflng dd thi Idn n h u Mobendjd - Daro va Harappa ben bd sdng An Den thdi dflc P h a t (the ky V trfldc CN), tai mien bie An Dg, da tflng cd nhieu dd thi Idn, nhu Kashi (Varanasi) va K a u s h a m b i Theo cac ngudn tai lieu, thi vao thdi Mauria (the ky IV - trUdc CN), t h u dd Pataliputra va PGS.TS Ngo Van Doanh, Vien Nghien cflu Dong Nam A Nghien cidi Ddng Nam A 10/2010 t h a n h phd' Vidjayanagara cd quy md va dan sd' Idn hdn nhieu se vdi dd t h a n h La Ma dUdng thdi Va, n h u cac n h a nghien cflu da n h a n thay, tfl thdi xa xfla, ngfldi An Do da xay dflng nhflng dd thi cua minh theo nhflng md hinh Trong tac pham ve khoa hgc chinh tri "Artkhashastra" ndi tieng cua An Do dUdc bien soan vao d i u cdng nguyen da cd ndi den md hinh c h u a n cua mdt dd thi la: h i n h ehfl nhat, dflde chia r a t h a n h cac k h u b i n g sau cen dUdng true (ba dUdng tfl bac xud'ng n a m va ba dUdng tfl ddng sang tay) Cac den thd chinh n i m d t r u n g tam, cdn cac cdng ddng dan cU khac n h a u thi d treng nhflng k h u vUc each biet n h a u tai tflng khu Hai t r u n g t a m chinh cua mdt dd thi la cung dien va den thd Cung cac tac p h a m van hgc da md ta k h a sd'ng ddng eudc sd'ng cfla cac dd thi thdi xUa cua An Dg Vi du, mdt n h a thd the ky thfl III, tac p h a m "Trang hoa Madurai" da md ta khdng nhdn nhip cua dd t h a n h Madurai bang nhflng h i n h a n h t h a t sd'ng ddng le hdi: "tieng trd'ng vang len, doan ngfldi cua hoang gia di tren phd' Di d i u la doan voi Trong tieng tfl va, nhflng vat khdng Id di chuyen n h u nhflng thuyen Idn ludt t r e n sdng bien Sau day la nhflng cd xe ngfla va nhflng ngfldi linh dfl tdn dieu h a n h Treng dd, nhflng ngfldi b a n h a n g tai cac q u i y van say sUa mdi chao k h a c h de b a n hUdng, hda, banh, trai Cac ba gia di tfl n h a sang n h a khac b a n cac bd hca tfldi Cac vi quy tdc an mac sang trgng di lai Tfl t r e n cac ban cdng, nhflng ngfldi phu nfl vay Ao rfle rd dflng ngdi n g i m nhin le hgi Mgi ngfldi, tflng top ddng due, keo den den thd c i u k h a n t h i n linh Hg dang hoa Ien cac tUdng va cfli chao eac t h i y te Cac ngUdi thd t h u cdng lam viec xUdng cua minh Cd thd kim hoan, thd det, thd lam hoa, thd ve Trong cac q u i y ban thfle p h a m , t a p n a p ngfldi r a vao m u a rau, qua, thit, b a n h Chieu td'i, mgi ngUdi dd cac dUdng phd' ea hat, n h a y m u a hoac den cac den thd dang cung den nen va nhay mua, ca h a t cac san den Dem xud'ng, ca t h a n h phd' lang yen Sang hdm sau, tfl sdm, da v a n g Ien tieng cac t h i y Balamdn dgc kinh Nhflng ngfldi h a t rong lai cat tieng ca; cac n h a budn md cfla h a n g Va t h a n h phd'lai b i t dau nhip sd'ng thUdng cua minh.*^' N h u vay la, d An Dd cd dai, cac dd thi, dac biet la t h u dd, la nhflng t r u n g tam quyen lUc chinh tri, kinh te va van hoa cua dat nUdc Dieu dac biet la, tac ddng cua cac yeu td' tdn giao (Balamdn giao), nen d An Do cd dai, vua dUdc coi nhU boa t h a n cua t h i n linh t r e n m a t dat Do vay, bao gid mdt dd t h a n h , hai khu vUc quan trgng nha't va m a n g y nghia bieu tUdng nha't la k h u cung dien va khu den thd Chinh ngUdi An Do, thdng qua cac thUdng n h a n va cac t h i y Balamdn da dem md hinh dd thi eua m i n h den Ddng Nam A The nhUng, ngUdi An Do tdi khu vfle Ddng N a m A vao nhflng the ky d i u trUdc va sau cdng nguyen, thi g i n n h u tat ca cac cU dan d day deu cdn sd'ng nhflng xa hdi tien n h a nfldc Do dd, nhfl cac n h a nghien cflu da n h a n thay, dudi tac ddng cua nhflng a n h hfldng tfl An Do tdi, tfl tdn giao, ehfl viet, den cac khoa hgc ve chinh tri - xa hgi, van hoa , cac dd thi d Ddng N a m A da d i n d a n tflng bfldc hinh t h a n h va p h a t trien Ngd Vdn Doanh - Ve hai md hinh dd thi cd dDdng Trong viec h i n h t h a n h cac dd thi d i u tien d Ddng N a m A, khd cd the xac dinh dUdc tam quan trgng nhU the nao dd'i vdi cac yeu to' sfle m a n h khac cua kinh te, chinh tri, ky t h u a t va xa hdi Chac chan la viec nhieu vi t h u linh bd lac tiep nhan quan niem " t h i n vua" (deva-raja) da cho phep hg trd t h a n h nhflng hien hinh vat chat cua vi t h i n td'i cao, va da tao yeu td' hdp ly mang tinh vu tru luan dd'i vdi sfl Idn m a n h cua cac nhdm ngUdi d i y td chuyen nghiep khdng chi chuyen dam nhiem cac cdng viec le thfle lien quan tdi vUdng quyen, ma cdn chuyen tao nhflng bieu tUdng " t h i n t h a n h " nbu cung dien, ngai vang, cac chiec d nhieu t i n g , cac hinh linga nam cac bfle tfldng t h a n h cua "thanh phd' linh thieng"*^^ Tat nhien, de chu cap va nudi nhflng nhdm chuyen gia khdng t h a m gia san xua't va kha ddng dao nay, thi c i n phai cd sU tang trudng va phat trien ve kinh te va ky t h u a t ndng nghiep va giao thdng Vao budi d i u hinh thanh, phan Idn cac dd thi deu la nhflng trung t a m nhd be va tdn tai chu yeu dfla vao cdng viec budn ban va nhflng dfl thfla nho nhd cua s i n xua't ndng nghiep Nam A cd dUdc la lay tfl nhflng t h a n g dfl cua san xua't ndng nghiep tai cac vflng que Trong dd, tai t h a n h phd' budn ban, tai san cd dUdc la cac quan chflc thu dUdc tfl cac loai thue khac danh vao cac nha budn va thue cho thue cang Do vay, theo cac nha nghien cflu, rd rang la, cac dd thi d i u tien d Ddng Nam A xua't hien khdng phai cd chflc nang nhu mdt t r u n g t a m budn ban bay trung tam quyen lUc ma la nhflng "trung tam thd phung" Tai nhflng t r u n g t a m thd phung nay, nhflng t h a n g dfl cua san xua't ndng nghiep dUdc coi n h u nhflng cdng nap de "nudi" mdt tang Idp xa hdi "tinh tuy" khdng san xua't va cung khdng cd quan he gi vdi sU phat trien kinh te cua dat nUdc Mdt nha nghien cflu da khai quat ve md'i quan he nhu sau: "thang du la dieu kien tien quyet cua van minh, vi neu thieu nd thi xa bdi khdng the hd trd dflde cho nhflng ngfldi chuyen nghiep khdng san xua't thfle pham (nhu cac nha sU, cac tang lfl, cac ngfldi thd )- nhflng ngUdi sang tad cua nen van minh."^'^* Nhu cac tai lieu lich sfl da chflng minh, cac trung tam dd thi thfle sfl d i u tien xua't Cac ngudn tai lieu khac n h a u cho biet, hien va phat trien d Ddng Nam A thudng chi tfl sau the ky thfl nam, thi nhflng phat cd md'i lien he trflc tiep vdi nhflng tiep xflc trien ve chinh tri, kinh te va ky t h u a t mdi ngcai thUdng Cung cac tai lieu lich sfl cho d i n den viec phan chia va xep cac chflc biet, vao khoang cud'i the ky.Il sau cdng nang cua cac t r u n g t a m dd thi ban d i u vao nguyen, it nha't la tai ba ba khu vUc cua hai khu vfle: t h a n h phd' linh thieng (ndi Ddng Nam A, da xua't hien cac trung tam dat cung dien va den thd t h i n ) va t h a n h dd thi: vUdng qud'c Phfl Nam d vflng phd'budn ban (ndi cac hoat ddng budn ban lflu sdng Me Cdng, vUdng qud'c Champa d diin ra) Tfl trd di, "thanh phd' mien trung Viet Nam, va vUdng qud'c bien linh thieng", bieu tUdng td'i cao cua qud'c Lankasuka NbU cac tai lieu lich sfl da ghi gia n i m quan niem thd'ng nha't ve vu chep, ban d i u , ma cd sd kinh te cdn tru hen ket dat trdi vdi nhau, cdn tai s i n chUa dUdc thiet lap, thi t h u dd cua cac Nghien cau Ddng Nam A 10/2010 qud'c gia cd eua Ddng Nam A, nhd vi tri nam tren dUdng budn ban qude te gifla Trung Qud'c va An Do, da thu dUdc met phin ngudn ldi tfl viee danh thue ben cang Cd the nhan thay dieu qua nhflng ghi chep cua sfl sach Trung Qudc va A Rap Cac tai lieu Trung Qud'c cho biet, Vyadhapura, thu dd cua de qud'c Phu Nam nam each khong xa bd bien, ndi cd cang bien Qc Eo Cung cac sfl lieu Trung Qud'c cdn cho biet them ve mdt so' dd thi cua nudc lang gieng va phu thudc cua Phfl Nam la nUdc Ddn Ton Vi du, LUdng thu (Q.54, Liet truyen 48), cd ddan viet: " Kinh nUde each bien 10 dam Cd vi vua deu la cac dat ki-mi cua Phfl Nam Cac nflde ngoai thfldng tdi day giao dich budn ban Chd cua nUde la ndi hdi hgp cua lai budn ca phUdng ddng va phUdng tay, hang cd tdi hdn met van khach budn Hang hda quy, cua bau khdng thieu thfl gi." Cac tai lieu cua Trung Qud'e, nhu LUdng Thu (502-556) va nhflng ghi chep ciia hai sfl t h i n K'ang Tai va Zhu Ying cho biet, dd thi cd ten la Langkasura (tieng Trung Qudc: Langyaxiu hay Langya-sseu-kia) dUdc hinh vae khoang the ky The nhUng, mai den nam 1989, cac tai lieu khao cd hgc mdi xac dinh dUdc vi tri eua dd thi d vung Yarang, nam Thai Lan Sang the ky 7, dfla tren cac ghi chep cua phai doan Trung Qudc dUdc phai di vao nam 601, sfl gia Ma Touan-lin da md ta ve Langkasura: " Vua sd'ng Seng Tche Thanh dflde bao bing ba hang rao cd cac ciia Cac toa nha ciia cung dien chi cd hai ting Tat ci cac cfla deu md ve phia bie Ngai vang dUde dat tren nen cao ba bac va nhin ve hudng bac " Cd le mot nhflng dd cd d vflng Ddng Nam A h i i did dUde sfl sach Trung Qud'c md ta chi tiet nha't la thu phu eua de che Srivijays Vi du, ghi chep eua sfl gia Trung Qud'c Zhao Rugua (the ky XIII) cud'n sach Zhu Fan Zhi ve Tam Phat Te cd md t i ve dd va hoang cung cua nha nUdc cd Srivijaya nhU sau : " Du hanh sud't mdt thang, se den Eo bien Linga (khoang eo nam gifla Bintang va Batam), ndi ma mdt phin ba thUdng nhan dflng va tru lai trUde den Sanfdtsi (Tam Phat Te, ten ma ngUdi Trung Qud'c dflng de chi Srivijaya) Nhieu ngUdi dflng tfl Mpu (tudc hieu quy tec) de la hg cua minh Cac bfle tfldng cua dc dUde xay bing gach va cd chieu dai chu vi nhieu met phan mUdi cua Li (1 li= 576m) Mdi khdi hoang cung, dflc vua di thuyen va mac khd' Ngai dUdc che nang bang mdt cai d bang lua, cdn nhflng ngfldi bad ve ngai thi mang cae nggn giao bang vang Dan thfldng thi sd'ng hdac tap trung d dd thanh, hoac d nhflng chiec nha ndi Idp tre nfla tren sdng Hg khdng phai nop thue Trong thanh, cd mot tUdng Phat dUdc ggi la "nui vang" dUdc dflc bing vang Mdi len ngdi, vi tan vfldng phai due mdt tUdng mdi cua minh de thay cho tUdng cu Dan chflng rat quan tam den viec dang cflng chen bat bing vang cho tfldng Nhflng tfldng va nhflng chiec bat vang deu cd nhflng ddng ehfl bao cho the he sau khdng dUdc tieu buy va nau chay nhflng bau vat Dd nim Ngd Vdn Doanh - Ve hai md hinh dd thi cd dDdng Nam A ben ben nude va cai q u a n t a t ea vflng eo dfl hg di b i n g dUdng bg hay dUdng bien Maharaja cdn cd nUdc Kalah (cd the la Kedah hien nay) n a m d gifla chang dfldng tfl Trung Qud'c den Arabia va cd dien tich Thdi xUa, chiec xich s i t dUdc dflng de rdng 80 p a r a s a n g vudng ngan can nhflng ten efldp bien ddt nhap Kalah la mdt cai chd ma d dd ngUdi ta tap trung budn ban Id hdi, long nao, dan bUdng, nga voi, thiec, gd mun va tat ca cac loai hUdng lieu va cac leai cay thudc NgUdi ta ndi, cac thuyen tfl Oman da den thfldng cang nay*^\ bien, ndi ma cac thfldng n h a n phai qua, vad t h a n h Chiec xich dflde dat thap hdac cao Sau nhieu nam, chiec xich khdng dUdc dflng nfla va gid day dUdc cudn lai d ben bd sdng Thd dan d day tdn kinh chiec xich n h u tdn kinh P h a t va cac t a u be den day phai dang dd len cho chiec xich Khi dUdc lau d i u , chiec xich sang chdi n h u mdi va ca cen ca sau phai t r a n h xa Neu t a u thuyen di qua Sanfesi ma khdng bad hieu, thi t a t ca cac tau thuyen dia phUdng lap tflc cang budm tan cdng thee mdt chien t h u a t da dinb Nhflng ngfldi san sang chet che ccng viec va dieu dd ehinh la nguyen n h a n vi ma dat nUdc trd t h a n h mdt cang quan trgng.^^^ Mdt ghi chep khac, ghi chep cua n h a budn Sulayman vao nam 851 ma sau nay, vao n a m 916 Abu Zayd H a s a n da dan cd md ta ve mdt so' thi cua cac thudc qud'c cua Srivijaya (d day, Srivijaya dUdc ggi la "dd thi") nhU sau: "dflc vua cua dd thi (tflc Srivijaya- NVD) dflde biet vdi cai ten la Maharaja Ngfldi ta ndi rang, lanh thd ma dd t h a n h kiem seat rdng khoang 900 parasang vudng (mdi p a r a s a n g - 5,55 km.) Dflc vua cdn kiem soat vd van nhflng hdn d i o trai dai 1.000 parasang Trong sd' cac qud'c gia ma vua cai tri, cd d i e Sribuza cd dien tich rdng 400 p a r a s a n g vudng, dao Ramni cd dien tich rdng 800 p a r a s a n g vudng (ci hai dao n i m d Sumatra) Tren hdn d i e Ramni, ngUdi ta thay cd cac ddn dien hd tieu, Ieng nad va cac loai cay khac Thudc quyen cua Thanh phd' Thoat d i u la mdt nhflng thudc qud'c cua Phfl Nam, nhflng ve sau, nha nUdc Mdn cd Dvaravati d i n d i n Idn manh va trd t h a n h mdt nha nUdc ddc lap vdi t h u dd nam d Nakhon Patbom Theo cac nha nghien cflu, t h a n h pbd'cd Nakhon Patbom n i m g i n bd bien thdi cd va tflng la met cang bien quan trgng sud't thdi ky phat trien rUc rd tfl the ky den the ky 11 Cd the thay sfl bUng t h i n h cua Nakhon Patbom cd qua quy md rdng Idn cua tda t h a n h (3,6 km x km) Vdi quy md nay, Nakhon Patbom la dd thi cd Idn nha't trUdc thdi Ayuthaya hien dUdc biet d Thai Lan Nhflng cen dfldng thuy cua phd' vfla thdng bien vfla ket nd'i vdi cac cdng ddng dan cfl dat lien Nhd cd vi tri nhfl vay, nen Nakhon Patbom da cd mdt vai trd quan trgng nhu mdt trung tam thUdng mai thdi cd d khu vUc Ddng Nam A Nhflng bia ky viet bang ehfl Mdn cd dUdc tim thay d dd thi cd Nakhon Patbom va cac dd thi khac cua vUdng qud'c Dvaravati da la nhflng cfl lieu quan trgng chd cac nha sfl hgc dflng de khang dinh rang chu n h a n cua van hda Dvaravati la ngUdi Mdn The nhUng, qua nghien cflu met sd' nhflng hien vat tim thay d Nakhon Patbom, dac biet la nhflng mang trang tri cd hinh ngfldi, cac nha khoa hgc nhan thay ngfldi dan Dvaravati la nhflng ngfldi thudc nhieu chung tdc khac Cd the ngfldi Mdn hay nhflng ngfldi ndi cac thfl tieng thudc ngfl he Mdn la tdc ngUdi chinh, nhUng, vfldng qud'c, cdn cd nhflng ngfldi thuge cac tdc ngUdi khac va ngUdi ngoai qud'e.'^' Nhu vay la, nhin chung, theo cac nha nghien cflu, khu vfle Ddng Nam A, cac "thi thdnh" xua't hien va tdn tai trUde cac "do thi linh thieng" lay s i n xua't ndng nghiep lam cd sd Cac thi ddi va phat trien manh d ca hai khu vUc hai dao va luc dia cua Ddng Nam A tfl the ky thfl nha't Nhfl cac tai lieu cho biet, cac thi tdn tai nhd ngudn tai san thu dflde tfl hai thfldng va tfl vai trd la nhflng trung tam budn ban cua minh Cung cac ngudn tai lieu cho biet, cU dan cua nhflng thi la nhflng cU dan qud'e te va thay ddi mdt each nhanh nhay ve quy md de dap flng vdi sfl kiem soat budn ban cua cac "thi qud'c" Cau true xa hdi cua cac "thi qud'c" hai thUdng dUdc dac trUng bdi sU phan chia khong that rd rang gifla vua, cac trieu t h i n va khd'i dan cU cdn lai, va nhan thay dUdc bing chflng vat chat cua nd treng hinh thai cua dd thi vdi cac khu ngoai kieu dUdc phan chia ranh gidi ro rang Ngoai ra, cd the thay, anh hUdng ciia nhflng thUdng gia (tfl ngUdi ban budn den ngUdi ban le va nhflng ngUdi khac guong may budn ban) d cac thi manh hdn nhieu so vdi d cac dd thi bam cd sd vao dat dai la chinh Cac "thi thanh" tdn tai lien tuc va lau dai lich sii phat trien dd thi cua khu vfle Ddng Nam A Nghien edit Ddng Nam A J0/2010 Trong dd, cung d Ddng Nam A, tai nhflng ndi ma ndng nghiep phat trien manh, thi cac thi lai ed cd sd kinh te la ndng nghiep Tai nhflng ndi nay, cac dd thi la nhflng trung tam hanh cliinh, quan sfl va van boa cua nhflng de che cd sfle manh nhd nhflng cdng nap tfl nhflng lanh dia bi chiem va nhflng lao ddng dflde cung cap bdi eac thu linh than phuc Khdng phai vi the ma vai trd cua thUdng mai khdng quan trgng cac dd thi kinh te ndng nghiep Cd the thay nhflng hoat dgng ding ke cua thUdng mai cac nha nUdc ndng nghiep Idn thdi cd nhu Chan Lap (d Campuchia), Pyu (d Mianma), nhung thudng mai khdng bao gid cd vi the quan trgng d cac nha nfldc ndng nghiep Vi du, sfl sach Trung Qud'c, nhu sach Tuy thU cd doan chep ve Chan Lap thdi vua Isanavarman nhU sau: " Vua d Y Xa Na (Isanapura), dudi cd hdn hai van nha Trong cd mdt tda nha Idn Dd la chd vua coi chau Vua thd'ng Iinh 30 Idn Mdi ed vai ngan nha, va deu cd bo sfly Vua nUdc ay ba coi chiu mdt Iin Khi thi ngdi tren giUdng ngu hUdng that bao cd vay trUdng bau dflng gd van lam khung, nga voi, vdng vang lam vach gid'ng nhu mdt chiec leu con, treo den vang gidng y nhu d nUdc Xich Thd Phia trUdc dat cai hUdng An nam vang, cd hai ngUdi dflng h i u hai ben Nha vua mac ao tia nhu ddi mdi, day deo trang sfle rii xudng tdi cd, diu dgi mu hoa bau dat vang, nam nggc, cd chflm bing mang dinh tran chau Chan di giay da, tai deo vdng vang ThUdng mac ao vai t r i n g va lay nga voi lam gud'c Neu nao de dau tren Ngd Vdn Doanh - Ve hai md hinh dd thi cd oDdng khdng ddi mu thi khdng trflm mang t r a n g sfle Cac q u a n t h i n cung an mac tUdng tfl nhfl vay Cd vi dai than, mdt la Cd Lac Chi, hai la Cao Tudng B i n g , ba la Ba Ha Da Lang, bd'n la Xa Ma Lang, nam la Nhiem Da Lau, cflng cac be tdi cao thap Mdi c h i u vua, thi hg dap dau ba cai dudi them, n h a vua ggi len, thi hg quy xud'ng, dflng hai tay dm lay cd, let quanh ndi vua ngdi Ban bac chinh sfl xong thi quy phuc xudng ma lui d them dien va ngoai cdng cd h a n g ngan quan thi ve mac Ao giap, cam trUdng dflng gae." Cdn Dudng t h u thi lai cd nhflng md ta ve ddi song cua eung dinh va dan chung dd t h a n h Srikshetra cua ngUdi Pyu: "Mdi ngdai t h a n h , vua Pyu nam n g i ngUdi tren dem m a u vang treng chiec kieu sang trgng Cdn di xa, nha vua cUdi voi Hang t r a m phu nfl ddn chd dng ta Tfldng t h a n h cua hoang t h a n h dai 160 ly (mdi ly dai 576 m.), dUdc xay bang gach mau xanh Cd t a t ca 12 cdng dan vao t h a n h Tai bd'n gdc t h a n h deu cd chfla Dan chflng d day biet xem va tinh thien van Hg la nhflng ngfldi theo dao Phat Hang t r a m ngdi chfla cua hg dUdc b i n g gach luu ly va dUde t r a n g tri b i n g vang va bac Nen chfla dUdc td ve va dUdc trai len b i n g nhflng t a m t h i m dep Hcang cung cua nha vua cung dUdc xay dflng nhfl vay Tai day, cd tfldng voi t r i n g khdng Id cao t r a m trfldng Neu cd uan khfle nang ne gi thi hg thfldng ddt hUdng va quy trUdc mat voi de c i u khan Cdn, neu nhu nUdc cd dich benh hay thien tai, thi chinh nha vua se den quy trUdc voi t r i n g ta tdi Trong vUdng qud'c, cd lua, ke, bo bo, khdng cd Ifla my, Ifla Nam A mach Cay mia d day td nhu chan ngUdi Nhflng thdi vang va bac cd hinh nhfl nfla mat t r a n g dUdc sfl dung lam tien te trao ddi " Cflng bd sach Dfldng thu (Tan Dudng thu) cho chflng ta biet them mdt vai khia canh nfla ve vUdng qudc cfla ngUdi Pyu: "Hg lay gach xay t h a n h hinh trdn chu vi 100 dam, md 12 cfla, bd'n phia cd thap Dan t h a n h cd tdi hang van gia dinh Hdn 100 chfla dep, dat vang va sdn nhieu mau da dUdc xay cat Trai gai de'n tudi thi cao d i u di tu cho den 20 tudi mdi dUdc vao ddi Tat ca mgi ngUdi deu mac mot kieu ao dai t r a n g t h a t day lUng hdng Tinh hg hda diu, khdng cd gdng cum NgUdi cd tdi thi huge t h a n h tre lai, danh sau lUng, nhe thi danh 3, nang thi danh gay; giet ngUdi thi hi xfl tfl Hg cd ddng tien bac hinh ban nguyet, budn ban vdi cac nfldc lang gieng, mua vae cac thfl c i n dflng, ban vai bdng trang va cac binh vd bang dat nung."*^^ Tuy ddi va phat trien sau cac dd thi kieu "thi thanh", nhflng cac dd thi ndng nghiep lai tdn tai cd mot trien vgng tdn tai va phat trien lau dai bdn va phd bien hdn Thee cac nha nghien cflu, it nha't, kieu dd thi ndng nghiep da ten tai va phat trien d Ddng Nam A tfl nfla sau thien nien ky thfl nha't den tan dau the ky cudi cua thien nien ky thfl hai Vi sao, d Ddng Nam A, kieu thi thieng mang tinh ndng nghiep lai d i n d i n thay the kieu t h a n h thi trUdc dd? Tat ca n i m nhflng khac biet ve cd sd kinh te, sfl han che ve dia hinh va nhflng kha nang cfla cac vua chfla treng viec hien thfle hea nhflng dflc tin cua minh vao khdng gian dd thi The nhUng, nhflng khac biet de thay nha't la nhflng 10 Nghien cOu Ddng Nam A 10/2010 khac biet hinh thai hge cua hai kieu dd thi Vi tri nam d cae bd bien hoac hai ben bd sdng vdi phin dat lien rat ban che cua cac "thi thanh" lai thudng la nhflng khdng gian khdng phu hdp cho viec md rdng phd' va cho mdt ty le Idn nhflng cU dan phai sd'ng tren thuyen hoac nhflng ngdi nha dflng tren cac cdt san tren mat nude Nhu phd' Brunei dUde xay dUng tfl the ky XVI, thu phu cua Srivijaya, nhu da dUdc md ta, la dUdc xay dflng tren cac be ndi tren sdng Palembang Vi vay, khdng cd gi phai ngac nhien thay nhflng dau tich kien trflc cua cac dd thi kieu "thi thanh" deu thudng nhd va phan tan Khdng phai la vi cac kien trflc phin Idn dflde lam bing gd, ma, ehu yeu la do, cac vua d day khdng cd kha nang chiem hflu dUdc du Iflc Ifldng lao ddng de xay dflng nhflng cong trinh bing da nhfl cac vua ndng nghiep d cac "dd thi thieng" md phdng hinh anh cua vu tru He thd'ng da lan toa den hie An Do, den Trung Qud'c thdi nha Chu, nha Han, va den Ddng Nam A, ndi cdn gifl lai dUdc truyen thd'ng dd eua Sumeria cho den tan hdm nay." Do vay, dd thanh, ndi ma vi "than-vua" song, chinh la dd thi thieng, la ndi hgi nhap cua ba the gidi la trdi, dat va dia ngue, va ndi dinh dd phai dUde lUa chgn can than thee thuyet dia ly va pheng thuy.'^' Vi la dd thi thieng, nen nd phai dUdc quy hoach va cau true nhu mdt hinh anh vu tru theo quan niem vu tru luan ma xa hdi tin la vay Nhflng yeu to' chinh cua dd thi, nhflng den thd chu yeu, hoang cung, cac bfle tfldng va cac hd hao deu phai dUdc the hien md phdng theo md hinh vu tru cua thien gidi Nhflng dd thi nhfl vay b Ddng Nam A, nhfl Pagan (Mianma) va Angco Thom (Campuchia), deu dUdc quy hoach that chi tiet Neu so sanh vdi cac "dd thi thieng" cua cac vua ndng nghiep, thi cd the thay cac thi budn ban ven bien thUdng cd ve ngoai Ion xgn vi dia diem cua cac dd thi ven bien thudng phu thudc vao sU thay ddi that thudng cua cdng viec budn ban Trong dd, mat bing hay binh dd cua "dd thi thieng" lai la sU phan chieu the gidi theo niem tin cua dng vua cai tri, va, neu cd the, cdn gin chat vdi the gidi huyen thoai dd Cd nha nghien cflu cho rang, nhflng he thd'ng bieu tUdng vu tru luan mang tinh tdn giao-tin ngUdng cua cac thi t h i n linh cd ngudn gd'c tfl " Sumeria, va Ziggurat hay Nfli cua Thin da dUde cac vua ke tiep cua Sumeria xay dflng len Cac Ziggurat la nhflng ngdi den vdi nhflng tang bac ke tiep Trong dd thieng, eung dien va cac den thd chinh, nhin chung, deu nim b trung tam, va xung quanh cac cum kien true tren, la nhflng dinh thfl cua nhflng ting Idp "tinh hoa" va cua cac "vien chflc" Quanh khu vUc trung tam la nhflng dfldng phd cua nhflng ngfldi thd, nhflng ngfldi san xua't, nhflng ngUdi ban dd chau bau, nhflng ngUdi lam binh Cac cdng ddng nhflng thfldng nhan nfldc ngoai dflde bd tri cho d tai nhflng khu d ben ngoai tudng cflng vdi nhflng ngfldi ngheo khd Nhfl vay la, sfl s i p xep quyen lfle va cau true xa hdi cua mot dd thieng la sfl phan anh ve sfl phan hang uy tin tfl trung tam ngoai vi The nhUng, dUde cau true va xay dflng mang tinh ben vflng va lau dai hdn b i n so vdi cac Ngd Vdn Doanh - Ve hai md hinh dd thi cd a Ddng Nam A t h a n h phd' budn ban ven bien, thi sU dn dinh cua cac t h a n h phd' ndng nghiep dat lien lai p h u thudc r a t nhieu vao uy quyen va sfle m a n h cua dng vua cai tri Lich sfl cua khu vUc Ddng Nam A da cho thay, khdng it l i n , toan bd dd t h a n h phai di ddi den mdt chd khac theo y thich bat chdt cua dng vua G i n day nha't la, vae nam 1857, vua cua n h a nUdc ThUdng Mien da cho chuyen dd t h a n h cua minh tfl Ava A m a r a p u r a den Mandalay Tuy da "hi bd" va da trd t h a n h di tich lich sfl tfl lau, nhUng Angco Thom- dd t h a n h cua cac t h i n linh- v i n ludn dUdc Cdi la mdt nhflng "dd t h a n h thieng" chuan mUc nha't thdi cd cua khu vfle Ddng Nam A Cac tai lieu lich sfl cho biet, Angco Thom dUdc xay dung sud't 40 nam mdi xong (1181-1221) Cac dau tich cdn lai cho thay, Angco Thom la mdt dd t h a n h Idn (mdi canh dai hdn 3.000m), cd tUdng t h a n h cae (cae 8m) va had nUdc rdng (rdng 100m) bao q u a n h va bd'n dUdng true vudng gdc md bdn phia Hai ben dUdng, cd cac day tUdng Idn the hien cac t h i n va cac quy dang dm minh r a n Naga de khuay bien sfla lay thudc trUdng sinh Trung tam cua Angcd Thom la ngdi den thap Bayon dd so Rat ly thfl la dd t h a n h Angco Thom da dflde mdt ngfldi Trung Qud'c dUdng thdi ten la Chu Dat Quan md ta kha chi tiet cudn sach ndi tieng "Chan Lap phong thd ky" cua minh: "Chu vi chau t h a n h den chflng 20 dam, cd nam cfla, cfla deu cd hai Idp Chi d hUdng ddng la cd hai cfla, cdn cac hudng khac deu cd mdt cfla Ngoai t h a n h cd hao Idn Tren hao deu cd dfldng thdng vdi c i u Idn Hai ben c i u deu cd 54 dng t h i n da, hinh dang 11 gidng nhu tudng quan da, r a t Idn va dfl T h a n h deu chat da xay nen, cao den khoang trUdng T h a n h r a t vudng v i n Bd'n phia deu cd mdt toa t h a p da Tai trung tam, cd mdt tea thap b i n g vang, ben canh cd hdn 20 tda t h a p da, hdn t r a m gian nha da Lai ve phia b i e chflng mdt dam, la nha cfla qud'c chua Qud'c cung d phia bac thap vang va c i u vang, g i n cfla Bac, chu vi den nam, sau dam, ngdi Idp nha chinh t h a t lam b i n g chi, ngoai deu la ngdi dat, mau vang"'^' Cac di tich va di vat cdn lai cung nhU cac tai lieu lich sfl deu cho thay Angco Thom khdng phai la mdt dd thi binh thudng gid'ng nhu cac dc thi cfla phUdng Tay ma la mdt t h a n h phd' linh thieng hay t h a n h phd' cua t h i n linh Dflng nhfl nha ddng phfldng hgc ngudi Phap ndi tieng G.Cdedes da n h a n dinh ve dd t h a n h Angco Thom: "Khdng nhu cac t h a n h phd phUdng Tay chi gdm cd nhflng nha d, chd bua va tea thi chinh, Angcd Thom la hinh anh thu nhd the gidi huyen thoai theo quan niem vu tru luan cua Hindu giao, nghia la la mdt md hinh nhd hay mdt tieu vfl tru cfla dai vu tru."*'"' Khdng chi dd'i vdi Angco Thom, ma cac dd thi cd Idn khac cua cac qud'c gia cd d Ddng Nam A cung la dd thi thieng Va, mdt nhflng dd t h a n h thieng kha dien hinh nfla cua mdt qud'c gia ndng nghiep d Ddng N a m A la dd t h a n h Sukhothaya cua Thai Lan Cach day g i n 800 nam, vao nam 1293, vi vua d i u tien cua vUdng qud'c Thai d i u tien cua ngUdi Thai d Thai Lan da lap dd d mien trung Thai Lan va dat ten cho t h u dd la Sukhothaya (gd'c tfl tieng Pali cd nghia la 12 Nghien cim Ddng Nam A 10/2010 'Tsinb minh cua h a n h phuc") Va, sud't hdn thd'ng (cac dd thi dUdc h i n h t h a n h trUdc mdt the ky, S u k h o t h a y a la t h u dd cua thdi thuc dan phUdng Tay) cua Ddng Nam vUdng A cd nhflng dai dien cua ca hai loai hinh qud'c Thai cflng cd ten la Sukhothaya Ngay d each dat ten dd thi./ nude trflng vdi ten t h u dd da p h a n nao cho thay vi tri linh thieng cua dd t h a n h Sukhothaya dd'i vdi ngUdi Thai thdi bay gid Theo md ta cua bia ky dUdng thdi, CHU THICH Sukhothaya la mot dd t h a n h rdng Idn, s i m uat: "Dd t h a n h cd ba vdng t h a n h va bd'n cfla Chinh gifla cd mot cai ao nfldc va nggt ky la nhfl nUdc song Me Cdng ve m u a khd; d phia tay cd tu vien Aranika, ndi nha sU M a h a t h e r a tfl Nagara Sri Dharmarja (Ligor) tdi tru tri Phia ddng cd hd Idn; phia b i e cd chd va mdt den thd; phia nam, tren ddi Khao Luang cd den Pra Khapung, ndi n h a t dang t h i n linh ngU tri Neu vua mUdng Sukhothaya thd phung vi t h i n nghiem tuc thi dat nUdc se ben vflng va thinh vfldng, neu khdng thi t h i n se khdng che chd phu hd cho n h a vua va dat nUde se suy vong."*"' N h u vay la, cac dd thi d i u tien eua Ddng Nam A b i t d i u x u a t hien vao nhflng the ky d i u cdng nguyen Cflng vao thdi gian nay, cac qud'c gia hay cae n h a nUde cd dai d i u tien cua Ddng Nam A cung b i t d i u hinh t h a n h Va, n h u cac n h a khoa hgc da nhan thay, vi nhieu ly khach quan va chu quan, cac md h i n h dd thi cua An Do da dUdc ngUdi Ddng N a m A tiep n h a n de xay dflng nen nhflng dd thi d i u tien cua minh Trong sud't ca hai thien nien ky qua, ca hai kieu dd thi thieng: thUdng mai va ndng nghiep deu song song tdn tai Chinh vi vay ma, sd' cac di s i n van boa va nghe t h u a t kien true dd thi truyen I Co the tham khao ve dd tbi va ddi song thi d An Do thdi xila trong: T/ie wonder that was India, (by A.L.Basham), London,1969 Xem: Benda, Hary J (1965), "Political Elites in Colonial Southeast Asia, An Historical Analysis", VII, April, tr.234 Coe, Michael D, 1961, "Social Typology and Tropical Forest Civilization" Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol.IV, tr,83, 5, Trich dicb theo: Paul Michel Munoz, Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula, Singpore, 2006, tr 145-149 C6 the tham khao: Phrapathom National Museum, 1999 chedi Cac sfl lieu Trung Qud'c ma chflng toi da d i n la deu d i n theo: G.Coedes, Co sit cdc quoc gia An Dp hod a Viin Dong, (ban dich tieng Viet cua Nguyen Thfla Hy), Nxb.The gidi Ha Ngi, 2008 Tin]