Làng xã dẫn vào một nghiên cứu về các thể chế xã hội

Xa hoi hoc so (109), 2010 11 LANG XA: DAN VAO M O T NGHIEN CtJtJ V^ CAC THE CHE XA H O I Btri QUANG DUNG* Tai eae xa hoi ndng nghiep dang qua sang eae quan he thi trUdng, bie'n dd'i xa hoi du dien bd'i eanh nao eung dan tdi sU tie'n trien ciia eae the ehe ehinh tri xa hoi Va'n de dat dd'i vdi trUdng hdp ndng thdn Viet Nam la qua trinh ehuyen bie'n dien nhU the nao, xet bd'i eanh nen kinh te va xa hoi dang ehuyen manh sang edng nghiep hda va hien dai hda Bai viet thao luan ve mdt sd' khai niem lien quan tdi cae the che xa hoi tai ndng thdn, n h i m md d i u eho mot nghien cflu sau hdn ve eae va'n de cua xa hdi ndng thdn dfldng dai Cdc khuon mdu cU tru Ngfldi mdi tdi vflng Trung Tay va eae bang ddng b i n g d Hoa Ky se nhan tinh deu dan eua viee xay eat nha ciia va eua nhflng eau true nhan tao khae tai eae vung ndng thdn Bang qua eae ndng trai, ngfldi ta se nhan tha'y hau bet nha cfla vUdn tUde phan bd'rai rac Cu dan thudng lam viee tren eanh dcng sau nha hay ben eanh a'p trai, va a'p trai deu d gin dUdng cai Cac cum nha rai rac chen vao gifla nhflng a'p trai va dan sd'ng d dd di lam eae edng viee phi ndng nghiep hang tai eae thi tra'n lan can Di gin tdi khu ngoai vi eua thi tra'n, nhflng ngfldi quan sat tinh vi ed the thay cac dia diem eung ca'p dieh vu, ban da'u gia, ddi ea nhflng quan an nhanh va nhflng diem mua ban mdi xay eat Doe theo hai mat phd' chinh hfldng tdi trung tam thi tran la nhflng ngdi nha cu, to vdi nhflng vdm rdng va e i a sd' d d i u hdi Phd'ehinh ed nhieu cay to tao nhflng mai ehe mua he Doe theo hai he phd' la nhflng ngdi nha nhd hdn O trung tam thi t r i n la toa an, tru sd toa an thudng la ngdi nha eao nha't thi tran ed edng vien bao quanh Dd'i dien vdi tru sd tda an la trung tam thUdng mai vdi hang loat etfa bang, ngan hang, van phdng luat, quan an, rap chieu phim, v.v Khdng gid'ng nhu tai eae phd' ldn, ndi de xe thudng ben le dUdng Khudn m l u dinh eU vfla md ta tren day ed the tim thay d k h i p ndng thdn Hoa Ky nhflng gid'ng hdn ea tai dong b i n g ldn va vung Trung Tay Dd la nhflng trang trgi phan tdn Trang trai phan tan la khudn m l u dinh eU phd' bie'n nha't d ndng thdn eae nUde Bae My Thi tran la trung tam dieh vu cho eae trang trai bao quanh va * PGS.TSKH, Vien Xd hgi hgc 12 Ldng xd: ddn vdo mgt nghiin cdu vd cdc the chi'xd hdi khoang each gifla cac thi tran tinh bang mdt dfldng di ngfla hay ngdi tau hoa Sfl each biet ve dia ly gifla cae l p trai tai mdt xfl sd tfl tao nen tinh cd lap ve mat xa hdi Thi tran khdng ehi la ndi ngfldi ta tdi mua cac vat dung hay lam viee; tham nom thi tran edn la dip de moi ngfldi ed dfldc eae tin tflc mdi Khach tdi tham trang trai dfldc hoan nghenh vi nhflng tin tflc ma ho eung cap; tfl dd tao cai an tfldng rang dan eU ndng thdn va eae edng ddng ed nhflng tinh cam than hflu va lang gieng hdn la nhflng ndi khae Ngoai ldi dinh efl tren, xa hdi hoe thfldng ngUdi ta edn neu hai khudn mau dinh eU khae, dd la cum lang va lang theo tuye'n (Rogers va ddng nghiep, 1987) Cum ldng rat gid'ng tai h l u he't mgi ndi tren the gidi, dae biet la d chau A va p h i n ldn chau My La tinh va chau Phi NgUdi dan sd'ng lang va each xa da't dai eua ho Vi du eua loai hinh td chflc ndng thdn edn ed the tim thay tai New England, cae lang Morton eua Ulta va tai mot sd' vflng trdng lua mi khd tai vflng ddng bing ldn Mae d i u cum lang la loai hinh td' chflc edng ddng ndng thdn phd bie'n nhat nhflng ehung ed nhieu bie'n the khae Ldng theo tuyen Ik eae trang trai nam doe theo eae true Id, theo eae ho nhd hay theo cac trien sdng Mot so' vung eua bang Lousiana va chau Au ed nhflng lang nhfl vay doe theo cae nhanh sdng Dan efl h l u bet sd'ng tflng day doe theo hai bd sdng hay true Id va d i t trang trai phan bd'thanh eae manh dai va hep Lang Viet Nam ed the xe'p vao loai hinh thfl hai khung phan loai tren Nguyen t i e efl tru tap trung lang d day thfldng dfldc giai thieh bang nhieu nguyen nhan khae nhau, trUde he't la ehe nUde Tai Viet Nam, ehe dd nUde cua eae eon sdng va nguy ed Ifl lut la mot nhflng ly khien eho efl dan khdng sd'ng phan tan Nguyen tac tap trung nay, thdi ky trflde nam 1954, edn ed the giai thieh bing tinb binh thie'u an ninh, viee efldp bde hay xay ra, nhat la vao nhflng lue mua mang that bat hay giap hat Tuy nhien, nhflng dieu kien xa hdi trai qua hang chuc the ky mdi la cai ehi phd'i ehu ye'u eae khudn mau efl tru cua ngUdi dali ndng thdn: chau thd' sdng Hdng la mot p h i n eua cai luc dia keo dai tfl An Do tdi Trung Qud'c, d dd sU eU tru ve ed ban la tap trung eae lang Trong khudn kho tflng lang, dan efl tu tap theo hai nguyen tie: i) quan he lang gieng va ii) quan he huyet thd'ng Nguyin Tfl Chi (1996) eho rang ngfldi ndng dan lang Viet ed' truyen mien Bae tap hdp lai chu ye'u theo nguyen t i e thfl nha't Cfl dan eua lang khdng nha't thie't cung la ho hang eua nhau, ma thfldng ho la nhflng "ngfldi dflng" dd'i vdi nhau, sd'ng eung tren mot vung dat efl tru va dat trdng trot Chia se vdi Gourou nhan dinh ve t l m quan eua nfldc ddi sd'ng ndng dan, dng eho rang cai quan he gifla nhflng ngfldi ndng dan khdng cung huyet thd'ng lang dfldc eung ed' them vide ho eung d i p nhflng eon de bao ve vflng dat efl Liii va dat trdng trot khdi lu lut va thie't lap nhflng he thd'ng thiiy ldi nhd Khudn m l u efl tru phd' bie'n ben lang Viet cd' truyen d chau thd' sdng Hdng Biii Quang Ddng 13 nbu sau: lang phan nhieu xdm va xdm thi phan eae ngo Day la khudn m l u phd' bie'n, nhUng ben eanh dd eung ed mot sd' ngoai le, la vi ne'u nhU eae lang deu gdm nhieu xdm thi khdng nha't thie't xdm nao eung gdm nhieu ngo Cd bd'n kie'u phan bd'khdng gian lang khac nhau, khdng tinh de'n nhflng lang chai Ifldi ven bien: (a) Lang phan bd' khd'i dai va mdng doc dfldng cai, nha't la doe bd sdng va chan de, cd'ng lang thUdng g i n chan de va la ldi di thdng vao mot ngo; (b) Lang phan mot khd'i chat, eae xdm xe'p eanh cae d vudng, hay la nhflng d khdng cd hinh thu gi ro net Trong ca hai trUdng hdp, cac xdm tach bang nhflng ldi di thang hoae la ngoan ngheo; (e) Lang phan hinh "vanh khan" tfl chan doi len lUng chflng ddi, kieu thUdng chi hay bat gap tai nhflng vung Trung du; (d) Lang phan bd' le te, eae xdm each bdi eae eanh ddng Vdi kieu phan bd' diu, ngd tdn tai nhfl la bd phan eua xdm, edn dd'i vdi ba kieu cdn lai, ngo ehi ed dat thd efl du rdng va dia the kha b i n g phang de ed the chia phin dat eua xdm nhieu eon dfldng song song vdi ldng eae d vudng kieu ban cd Xdm ngd la cai khung dia vflc tren dd ngfldi ta td chflc bao ve an ninh chung Tai vflng chau thd d mien Bae Viet Nam, dia vflc khdng phai la khdng gian hanh ehinh ehu yeu Dd la diem khae biet vdi td' chflc lang mac tfl mien Trung trd vao Tai mien Trung va Nam Viet Nam, xdm (bay ap) vfla la manh dat tu cfl, vfla la ndi dien eae boat ddng quen thude eiia mot xa hdi ndng thdn truyen thd'ng: b i t phu, b i t linh, thue ma, v.v Ve mat xa hdi, eung e i n ndi them ve khdng gian cfl tru eiia sd' ngUdi ngheo nha't ndng thdn Trong eae lang mien Ble trUde nam 1954, dUdi b i n ndng' edn mot hang ngUdi nfla thfldng goi 11 ed' ndng (ngdn ngfl thdi ky cai each rudng dat) Cd' ndng khdng phai dan ehinh thflc eua lang, ma la dan ngu efl Anh ta la ngfldi tfl ndi khae de'n ehfla qua lau, ehi dfldc lam nha ngoai ria lang, tham ehi ngoai ddng, khdng d khu vflc efl tru chinh thflc cua lang, khdng ed dat eanh tae rieng Cd' ndng khdng dfldc chia rudng edng nhflng lai phai thflc hien trach nhiem thue khda vdi nha nfldc He thd'ng cai tri Hien tfldng xa hoi hoe ve he thd'ng cai tri Ik mot nhflng van de quan phan tieh ehinh tri ndng dan hoae eae the che ehinh tri eua cac xa hdi phat trien hdn .Cd the phan biet hai loai hinh ehu ye'u: he thd'ng cai tri dUa tren ldng trung eua da so'vdi mot thieu sd'nao dd va ehe quan lieu Ndi tdi bd may quan lieu la ndi de'n sU tdn tai eua mot t i n g ldp vien chflc mot he thd'ng tdn ti nhat dinh va viec ho tie'n hanh sfl thd'ng tri dd'i vdi eae t i n g ldp khae (Bilton va dong nghiep, 1993) Trai ngfldc vdi nhflng he thd'ng dfla tren ldng trung thanh, net dae trflng ve quyen lUc eua ehe quan lieu la qua trinh quye't dinh khdng diin khudn 14 Ldng xd: ddn vdo mgt nghiin cdu vd cdc the chi'xd hoi khd quan he ea nhan ma nhflng lien he t h u i n chflc nang Dfldng nhien, khdng loai trfl viee ed the ed mot nhan vat (dng Vua chang ban) uy nhiem cho eae vien chflc thflc thi quyen lfle Mat khae, nen nhd rang bd may quan lieu theo nghia rdng, vdi sfl tdn tai eiia mot he thd'ng vien chflc la hien tfldng phd bien, chfl khdng nha't thie't gin lien vdi nen kinh te hien dai Nhieu cdng trinh nghien cflu da chflng minh sfl tdn tai cua cbe quan lieu tfl rat sdm, sau he thd'ng cd'ng vat hoac thi tde tan Lich sii eho thay qua trinh hinh ehe quan lieu dien hinh eho Tay Au nhieu hdn so vdi cac nfldc Ddng A bay Ddng Nam A Che phong kie'n chau Au phan manh eao ve san xuat va quyen lfle ehinh tri Che dfla tren hoat ddng san xua't ndng nghiep tai ndng thdn vdi cac chua da't gifl dia vi dde quyen kiem soat kinh te va ehinh tri tren tflng khu vflc rieng re Tuy d day cd mot tdn ti tfl eae ehua d i t ldn xud'ng eae ehua dat nhd, nhflng dd vln la mot he thd'ng lien minh quan sfl long leo khdng eho phep hinh mot ehinh the tap trung quyen lfle Quyen lfle eiia lanh ehua thude vao viee chie'm doat cac san pham va lao ddng thang dfl cua ndng dan (ndng nd) va vao kha nang bao ve lanh dia cua y Cae nha nfldc ldn hdn ehi la sfl lien ke't eae dia phfldng va chi thdng qua viec chie'm dat dai ma budn ban va thi trfldng quy md ldn mdi cd the xua't hien Sfl suy vong ciia che phong kie'n gin lien vdi sfl banh trfldng eua nhflng nen quan ehu cac ehfla dat manh nhat lam ehu, nhflng ehua da't tie'n tdi thd'ng tri cac vung dat rdng ldn hdn Mat khae, sfl suy vong dd cflng di ddi vdi sfl phat trien cac thi vdi tU each eae trung tam budn ban hdi nhap gidi thUdng nhan va eae nganh edng nghiep Chinh sU dde lap eua eae thi nhU the la khdi d i u eho qua trinh pha huy ed sd ndng thdn eua ehe phong kie'n The ky XVII d Tay Au xuat hien mot hinh thai thd'ng tri tap quyen Nen hanh ehinh tap quyen mdi xua't hien cin mot he thd'ng quan chflc de quan ly nd va thoat d i u dd la nhflng "ddng minh" cua da'ng Quan vfldng Ve sau nay, nhflng quan chflc dd dan d i n cd tinh ehuyen nghiep hdn, ho trd nhflng nha cai tri ma quyen lfle khdng phu thude vao cae the lfle quan sfl ma ehi phu thudc vao dia vi eua ho Song song vdi qua trinh nay, cac nha lam luat ehuyen nghiep cang ddng vai trd quan trong, ho la nhflng ngfldi soan thao eae bd luat va sU cai tri bang luat phap thay the' dan sU cai tri eua quy tdc hay theo eae tap tue dia phUdng Nhflng sfl kien dd chflng td xu hfldng tap trung quyen Iflc va sU hdp ly hoa ehinh tri Nha nUde trd bd may quyen lUc hdp phap nha't tren lanh thd va viee cai tri tie'n hanh dUa tren eae nguyen t i e va thu tuc Xu hudng tie'n tdi sU cai tri hdp ly thdng qua he thd'ng quan chflc dat tdi dinh cao vdi ehe quan lieu eua Tay Au i Trong dd, phd' bie'n d ea Trung Qud'c l l n Viet Nam thdi tien hien dai la he Llid'ng quan lai, d dd ddng doi quy toe cha truyen nd'i khdng cd vai trd ldn va gidi tinh hoa dfldc tuyen lfla thdng qua eae ky thi Cae nha quan sat phfldng Tay, nhflng Biii Quang Ddng 15 ngudi lan d i u tien gap cac be thd'ng quan lai thudng bi ngac nhien Mdt tac gia Phap, quye'n sach ve Viet Nam (1874), tham ehi l l n ldn eho r i n g xa hdi Viet Nam thdi tien hien dai la mdt "nen dan ehu khoa bang" ThUe ra, ea Viet Nam va Trung Qud'c thdi xUa deu la cae che quan chu tuyet dd'i NhUng, ve ly thuye't, gidi tinh hoa phuc vu eae che' quan ehu chflng td ho xflng dang vdi quyen uy thdng qua edng hoe van; ho khdng ed quyen lfle xa hdi cha truyen nd'i eua gidi quy toe Thai bay quy toe Ma Lai, chfl chfla ndi de'n ddng ddi quy toe Ddng Au nhfl ddng ho nha Potoekis hay Esterhazys, nhflng ngfldi kiem seat hang ngan ndng nd d Ba Lan, Hungary va Nga hai the'ky trUdc (Woodside, 2002) Van de dae thfl hdn eua ehinh tri la sfl thiet che hod cua bg mdy cai tri; dd ehinh la mot qua trinh xa hdi hoe hdn la mdt van de tam ly xa hdi hay dao dflc hoe Sfl tai tao bd may cai tri the hien mdt each ro net nhflng dae diem eiia he thd'ng phan t i n g va elu true xa hdi Khi ma eae vai trd da dfldc tao nen, thi cung se tao eae tdn ti thfl bae, cae md binh flng xfl, eae quyen ldi Nhflng vai trd dd rat khd thay dd'i va chung cd khuynh hfldng tai tao, tham ehi ngoai ea nhflng chflc nang ma eae vai trd dd dfldc tao de thflc hien Tai Trung Qud'c chang han, mac d i u ed ehe thi cii tuyen chon he thd'ng quan lai cai tri, song sfl di chuyen gifla cae t i n g ldp khdng phai de dang Tren thflc te, sd' quan lai tuyen ebon chii ye'u van tap trung vao mdt thieu sd' dac thu, nhfl nhflng ddng ho dia ehu, quy toe giau cd Mot thd'ng ke cho bie't vao nam 1880 nhflng ngfldi dfldc quyen flu dai hdp phap d Trung Qud'c (Quy) la 1,5 trieu, dd 1,6% dfldc bd nhiem chflc vu (Stover, 1974) Vi du khae rut tfl mot cdng trinh nghien cflu gin day hdn, tai mot xa d mien Ble Viet Nam, ngfldi ta phat hien rang, nhin chung bd may lanh dao dia phfldng van gdm qua nhieu nam gidi Phu nfl ehi cd mat d mot sd'linh vflc nhfl y te, giao due, cac doan the nien va phu nfl Cae the he tre eung it ed mat Mat khae, ehi ed 15% can bd thflc hien cae chflc vu lau dai va dd la nhflng edng viee ddi hdi dao tao chuyen mdn Cdn cac can bd eua xa va hdp tae xa thi h l u he't la ndng dan h l u tflng thdi gian va he't nhiem ky thi lai quay ve lam rudng Ne'u thu tue viee b i u cii tranh dfldc viec tao nen mot "dang cap can bd" thi cung khdng tranh khdi viee mot sd' can bo dd dfldc b i u lai nhieu nbiem ky (Houtart, 2001) Trong tai Trung Qud'c ngfldi ta cd the chflng kien vai trd cua eae quan he tdng toe viec xae lap gidi lanh dao lang xa, thi d mdt sd' qude gia ndng nghiep khae tinh hinh lai khdng phai nhfl vay Gourou tflng nhan manh rang vai trd ehinh tri eua quan he ho bang la mot net dae trflng eua xa hoi ndng thdn Trung Qud'c (dieu dd the hien viec cac toe trUdng cai tri lang dUdi quyen mdt vien ly trudng dfldc chi dinh); mat khae dng eung cho r i n g ho hang ciia ngUdi Viet khdng he cd vai trd tfldng tfl Nhan xet cd the dfldc xac nhan bang chinh nhflng tU lieu eua lieh sii Viet Nam trung dai: nam 1466, xa quan dfldc thay b i n g xa trUdng, va de chd'ng nan gia dinh tri, mot chieu ehi ban vao nam 1488 quy dinh rang cac tri phu hay tri huyen chi dUdc cxi mot ngUdi so anh em rudt'hay anh em ehu bae dam dfldng chflc vu 16 Lang xd: ddn vdo mgt nghiin cdu vd cdc the che xa hgi nky (din theo Nguyin Tung, 2003) Tai dia phfldng, d p cai tri ed sd thudng la lang Mot sd' lang hdp mot huyen Trung Qud'c tien hien dai ed khoang 1.300 huyen Tren huyen la phu, dao va cap eao nhat la tinh Ddi Thanh ed tat ea mUdi tam tinh Tai Viet Nam xUa, lang eung la ddn vi cai tri cd sd NgUdi dflng d i u lang la vien trfldng lang, hay ly trfldng Thfldng ed hai hinh thflc chu ye'u de ebon ngfldi dflng d i u lang: ehi dinh va h l u cii Bd m i y cai tri lang Trung Qud'c tien hien dai minh boa cho trfldng hdp diu tien; nhfl da ndi, vien ly trfldng mdt cap eao hdn eua he thd'ng quan lai ehi dinh Lieh sii lang Viet eho thay ea hai hinh thflc deu da dfldc ap dung Nhfl nhieu hoe gia nha'n manh, nhan vat "xa trfldng" (tflc ly trfldng), tfl khoang the ky XV, thay vi dfldc nha nfldc chi dinh lai dan hang xa (hay mot td' chflc ed' truyen dai dien eho dan hang xa) b i u len Sfl kien nay, dfldc gidi nghien cflu goi la nen "dan cbu lang mac" Ndi them rang, Condominas eoi "ehe dan ehu eiia ngfldi An Nam" la mot ba td chflc ehinh tri xa hdi khae ein nghien cflu, ben eanh cac Vfldng qude Lao va che thd'ng tri dae biet eiia ngfldi Thai Tuy nhien, du la dfldc ehi dinh hay h l u ect thi nhflng nhan vat n i m quyen hanh cai tri xa hdi lang thfldng thudc ve cae t i n g ldp tren Tai san mot mat la dieu kien de trd nhan vat gidi chflc quyen eua lang, mat khae, nd lai la mot nhflng ly khien nhflng ngfldi ed the sam vai trd eua ho mot each tich cflc Hirkey, mot nghien cflu ve lang Khanh Hau tai Nam Bd Viet Nam (1960), ghi nhan rang hdi ddng lang gdm eae dan lang thude "giai cap thfldng lflu" Khdng ke tien Ifldng, ho la nhflng ngfldi doe nhat cd dii phfldng tien tai chinb de gifl chflc vu Tien Ifldng thfldng dfldc tra rat cham va mot edng chflc d lang thfldng phai bd tien tui de ehi tieu Nhflng ngfldi giau ed dii kha nang tai ehinh de thue nhan edng lam rudng eho ho, nhfl the ho ed the ranh rang thi hanh nhiem vu edng chflc lang Minh boa sau day ve "nen dan ehu lang mac" dfldc tdm Ifldc tfl mot vai nghien cflu eua gidi hoc gia nfldc va qud'c te Tai lieu eho bie't ed cau chinh tri d cap xa dfldi trieu Nguyen va eho tdi tan budi d i u eiia ehe thude dia, gdm bd phan: dan bang xa, hoi ddng ky mue va eae ly dieh Dan hang xa la toan bd nam gidi tfl 18 tudi trd len, nghia la nhflng ngfldi ed trach nhiem ddng thue, thflc hien lao dieh va binh dich Dan hang xa ed quyen b i u cii vk tham gia ban viee lang viee nfldc d cap xa Hdi ddng ky mue bao gdm nhflng ngfldi vfla ed dien san, vfla cd chflc vu bay pham ham, ed chflc trach de eae ehu trfldng va bien phap cai tri Nhflng ly dich la chflc vien cap xa eiia ehinh quyen, dflng d i u la ly trfldng Ly dich thflc hien nhflng chu trfldng ciia hdi ddng ky mue va chiu trach nhiem ve vide lang trflde ehinh quyen trung fldng Nhfl the, ta tha'y dan hang xa ed quyen b i u cxi, hdi ddng ky muc ed quyen dai dien va ly dieh thi ed quyen "hanh phap", tdm lai, dd la cai nguyen tie phan quyen nd'i tie'ng lam ed sd eho viee td' chflc nha nfldc cua cac nen dan ehu hien dai Biii Quang Ddng Ca can chinh tri xd hgi cua mgt ldng Viet cudi the'ky 17 XIX Tri h u y e n Huyen Td'ng C h a n h td'ng \ i Xa Tien chi Thfl chl Cac ky muc khac Ly dich Ly trUdng Pholy HUdng trudng An ninh Nghi le Thu thue Tang ll Bat linh Bao ve de dieu TUdng trd, vui chdi To chflc lang Giap Tu van Tuvo Cac to chflc khac "^ Nguon: Nguyin Tung va edng sfl (sdeh dd ddn: 72) Trong sd dd nay, ly dieh phai chap banh eae nghi quye't eua hdi ddng ky mue, ngbia la phu thude vao hdi ddng Vi tri tfldng dd'i thap eiia-ly dieh ed e l u quyen lfle the hien ehd ngdi d Dinh Vao.nam 14 dfldi Trieu Tfl Dflc (1897), mot dao du quy dinh rang ly trfldng chi dfldc ngdi eung dan dinh tai gian phai eua dinh, tflc la thudc hang tha'p Trong dd, gian gifla eao hdn dfldc danh eho nhflng ngfldi ed pham ham ldn nha't, edn gian trai danh eho nhflng ngfldi cd pham ham thap hdn Tdm lai, ea dfldi eon m i t eua ehinh quyen quan chu, ly dieh, nhflng vien chflc cua chinh quyen v l n khdng chie'm vi tri eao he thd'ng ngdi thfl lang xa Ndi them la p h i n ldn ly dieh cae lang Viet vung ddng bangVva trung du Ble Bd, thfldng ehi la trung ndng ldp tren, ne'u ed dia ehu, thi eung ehi la dia ehu nhd Cle bd lao eao tud'i n h i t edn dfldc vong hdn ea ly dieh Vay la de'n the ky XIX, ma che quan eliu Viet Nam dat tdi dinh eao vdi Trieu Nguyin, thi nha nfldc v l n phai tdn nen "dan ehu lang mac" (Nguyin Tfl Chi, 1996) Che tu tri dia phucing Nhfl da ndi, dinh ngbia eua Wolf ve ndng dan nhan manh vao sfl phu thude eua ngfldi ndng dan vao mdt toan the rdng ldn hdn Robert Redfield va eae nha nhan hoc eung ban luan nhiiu tdi mau t h u i n gifla "truyen thd'ng ldn" eua xa hdi td'ng the va "truyen thd'ng nhd" eua xa boi ndng dan va eoi mau t h u i n dd nhfl la net dae trflng cua eae xa hdi ndng nghiep Nhflng ban luan eua ehung tdi ve tinh chat tfl tri eua eae cong ddng ndng thdn eung se dfldc dat quan he vdi xa hoi td'ng the, hoae ddn 18 Lang xd: ddn vdo mgt nghien cdu vd cdc the che xd hoi gian hdn, vad nha nfldc Ve mat xa bdi hoe, khai niem che td tri (autonomy) de ehi kha nang cua mdt ddn vi cai tri (hay hanh chinh) ed the boat ddng va theo dud'i nhflng mue dieh rieng mot each hieu qua, doe lap vdi nhflng ap lfle cua cae to' chflc khac Lien quan tdi khai niem nay, ngdn ngfl xa hoi hoe ehinh tri edn de cap tdi hai khai niem khae la phan quyen va tan quyen Khai niem phan quyen ham nghia mot qua trinh ehuyen giao trach nhiem va quyen quye't dinh tfl mot thflc the chinh tri trung tam cho eae td' chflc cdng doe lap Ngfldi ta phan biet phan quyen vdi tan quyen, mot khai niem khae chi qua trinh chuyen giac mot p h i n quyen quye't dinh eua trung fldng eho eae nha chflc trach dia phfldng (Badie, 1979) Trong tan quyen van cdn nhieu "dau an" cua quyen lfle trung tam, thi phan quyen eho thay mot hinh thflc td' chflc hanh ehinh va quan ly gdi y nhieu tdi cbe tfl tri dia phfldng That vay, phfldng phap phan quyen cd chflc nang bao ve quyen ldi cac dia phfldng va tao dieu kien cho ngfldi dan tham gia nhieu hdn vao edng viee cai tri tai dia phfldng Phfldng phap nay, ve ly thuye't, gia dinh rang dia phfldng nao eung cd tai san rieng va bd may hanh ehinh se ngfldi dia phfldng dieu khien Chinh quyen trung fldng ehi gifl vai trd kiem soat chfl khdng can thiep trflc tie'p vao edng viee hanh ehinh eiia dia phfldng; ehinh vi the ma nhan vien eua bd may hanh ehinh dia phfldng khdng ehinh phu trung fldng bd nhiem ma dan ehung dia phfldng dd lfla ebon, thfldng la b i n g each b i u cxi Viee tdn tai mot hinh thflc hay hinh thflc khae md'i quan he gifla trung fldng va eae dia phfldng gan lien vdi nhflng dieu kien kinh te - xa hdi nhat dinh, hoae nd eung ed the ehi la pham vi cai tri ve mat dia ly cua nha nfldc trung fldng qua ldn Tai Trung Qud'c chang ban, vi eae dia phfldng each va each quyen lfle trung tam rat xa; giao thdng khd khan, lai edng them nhflng ehi phi td'n kem de nudi mot dao quan du ldn n h i m bat cac dia phfldng tuan phue, nen ehinh quyen trung fldng, mot so' trfldng hdp, danh phai trao quyen tfl tri cho mdi tinh Ta bie't r i n g cai tfl ed ma Trung Qud'c hien sxi dung de diin dat khai niem mot "tinh" ("sheng"), thi thdi trung dai vd'n nguyen cd nghia la mot "sd/ti" d ehi nhanh hay mot "bd phan hanh ehinh" eua ehinh quyen trung fldng, chfl khdng phai la "tinh" theo nghia dung d chau Au (Woodside, 2002) Trung Qud'c thdi tien hien dai ed nhflng bd may hanh ehinh td'n kem va hinh hai tfldng dd'i khdng ro rang, dd quyen uy bi phan manh va ed mot cudc dau tranh dai dang de dinh hinh sfl phan bd' quyen lfle gifla trung fldng va eae tinh P h i n nao dd, dieu phan anh sfl thie'u ving d qud'c gia dd truyen thdng ve mdt khdng gian phan each dfldc hie'n phap quy dinh Nha nfldc da ke't hdp eae truyen thd'ng tap doan ndng thdn vdi truyen thd'ng quan ly rudng da't, nhfl qua khfl da the hien qua viec dang ky dan sd' va viee tri cae kho thdc cflu ddi Nhflng truyen thd'ng khdng chi bao gdm eae ddng doi dfldc dao ly Khd'ng giao ca tung va bao ve, ma bao gdm ea nhflng "giao keo edng ddng" tfl giae bdn, ma gidi flu tu ndng thdn to chflc de giai quye't cac tranh chip va eung ca'p sfl trd giup eho Khdng ro Bui Quang Dung 19 nhflng giao keo edng ddng nhfl the tren thflc te diin rdng rai de'n mfle nao, nhflng eae tri thflc Td'ng Nho d Trung Qud'c ehle chin da lap thuye't ve ehung, dae biet tfl the ky XI trd ve sau Trong nhflng xa hdi ma d dd eae ddn vi deu da tich hdp vao mot qud'c gia vdi sfl ed mat eua nha nfldc, thi lang trd ddn vi hanh ehinh cd sd, dfldi quyen quan ly eua cac ca'p hanh ehinh eao hdn Mat khae, dd'i vdi nhflng nha nfldc dfldc xay dflng tren nhflng xa hdi lang xa vdi truyen thd'ng tap doan ndng thdn vflng chae, ta thay tdn tai mot khuynh hfldng tfl tri kha ro ret cua eae ddn vi ed sd (lang xa) Mdt tae gia eho r i n g tinh chat tfl tri eiia lang (Viet Nam) ed the tdm tat nhflng diem sau day: lang ed mot bd may cai tri, ed tai san rieng va quyen sfl dung tai san dd, ed mdt "phap dinh" rieng de xet xfl eae vu kien tung eua dan, ed mdt ed quan t u i n phdng rieng phu trach viee an ninh, cd den thd hoang rieng va sau cung, ed mdt phong tue tap quan rieng (Vu Qud'c Thdng, 1972) Tinh chat tfl tri eiia lang, theo Gourou, edn bieu hien d sfl "giao hie'u" gifla nhflng lang eanh hay gifla nhflng lang each xa Ngudn gd'c eua quan he giao hie'u ed the la viee di dan de lap lang (nhflng ngfldi dan lang mdi lap van gifl quan he vdi lang cu); hoae vi nhflng ly lien quan tdi an ninh Vi du, vao nhflng nam 40 eua.the ky trflde, d Trung Qud'c, ngfldi ta edn thay tdn tai eae hiep hdi eanh sat gifla cae lang, mot lang bi efldp thi cac lang khac de'n giup Tai Vidt Nam, eae lang eung tfl ddng td chflc hd trd lan bd' tri an ninh tap the va giai quye't cae tranh chap chfl khdng dfla len ehinh quyen Quan he giao hie'u gifla eae lang mot sd' trfldng hdp cdn ed ly tdn giao: hoang cac lang la anh em rudt, v.v Dang ehu y la vdi nhflng ndi dung nhfl the tbi mot lang Phap eung ed p h i n tfldng tfl nhfl cac lang xa chau A Nhflng dieu ma Braudel ndi sau day la ban ve ehe tfl tri cua mot lang d Phap: "Mot lang ehi can ed dfldc chflng 500 dan, ed the tim dfldc tai chd nien nam nfl de ga ban, du de tri sfl tdn tai sinh boat eua lang Nhfl vay lang ed khu5Tih hfldng sd'ng biet lap: nd ed eae dinh ehe, ed mot hay nhieu lanh chua, cdng ddng, ed tai san tap the, le hdi, quan he than thude, phong tue tap quan Do ma ed lam eude tranh chap vi uy tin eung nhfl ham mud'n sau sle dfldc tfl tri" (din theo Nguyin Tung, 2002: 41) Net ndi bat n b l t bieu hien eho tinh chat tfl tri cua lang ed le la viee nd tfl cai tri nhfl the nao Nhieu quan diem khang dinh lang la mot ddn vi ehinh tri doe lap va cai ddn vi khdng he suy ye'u ea ehe chinh tri nhat dinh bao trum len nd da sup dd' Dd la quan niem ve lang An Do: lang xa gid'ng nhfl mot nfldc edng hda nhd be mot vi than hao elm d i u vdi mot ta ky mue giup viee Vdi tfl each tap the, cai hoi ddng quan ly eae edng viec noi bd cua lang va ho cung thay mat dan lang eae edng viee dd'i ngoai Tfldng tfl, ngfldi ta tim thay tinh c h i t tfl tri cua lang xa Viet Nam d viee nd tU giai quye't mau t h u i n gifla cae vien, tfl thu thue eho nha nfldc: Nha nfldc khdng lam viec vdi edng dan ma vdi lang, va mot lang da hoan 20 Ldng xd: ddn vdo mgt nghiin cihi vd cdc the chi'xd hgi eae nghia vu dd'i vdi ehinh quyen thi nd ed the cai tri mdt each tfl do.' Dien hinh eho tinh each tfl tri kieu dd la trfldng hdp mdt lang tai tinh Thai Binh ma Gourou ndi tdi thien khao cflu eua dng ve ngfldi ndng dan chau thd sdng Hdng Mdt hdm ngfldi ta phat hien r i n g mot vien ly trfldng, tren ly thuye't da dam nhiem edng viee tfl 30 nam, lai mdi ehi ed 30 tud'i Sau kiem tra, mdi phat hien la h l u ly trfldng, n h i m tranh eae phien hanh ehinh, ehinh quyen eua lang quye't dinh, ve danh nghia efl de ly trfldng eu dam dfldng edng viee nhflng tren thflc te lai giao eho eon hay chau eua ngfldi ly trfldng da man nhiem lam Vien ly trfldng mdi v l n gifl ten cua ngfldi tien nhiem va trd ngfldi dai dien eho lang xa trfldc chinh quyen cap tren Va dd la trfldng hdp k h i phd bie'n; ngfldi ta edn tha'y eae lang, nhieu ngfldi khdng dfldc cap tren bie't tdi lai dam dfldng eae chflc trach ehinh thflc cua lang Nhieu trfldng hdp lang xa ehe giau cap tren danh saeh ho khau thflc va nhflng the thue than thfla se trd vat mua ban: ly trfldng dem ban eho nhflng dan ngoai lang mud'n dd'i can cflde vdi cai gia thay dd'i thuy theo tinh chat nghiem eua viee an lau Nhin ehung, lang khdng bao gid mud'n cho chinh quyen d p tren n i m dfldc tinh hinh thflc eua minh Tinh cha't tfl tri cua lang xa nhieu xa bdi chau A hien tao mdt thfl "di san" tinji t h i n tdn tai dai dang va anh hfldng khdng nhd tdi eae nd lfle hien dai hoa Chinh dieu dd khien ngfldi ta phai dat cau hdi r i n g , lieu ngfldi ndng dan cae xa hdi ndng nghiep dang hien dai hoa ed the cd mfle tri giac ve xa hdi dd'n dau Trong nghien cflu ve eae phong trao ndng dan tai Ddng Nam A, Scott phat hien rang d dai da sd' ngfldi ndng dan hau nhfl khdng cd kha nang tri giae va khdng hinh dung dfldc nhflng ed d u xa hdi vfldt qua ed d u lang eua ho Houtart, nghien cflu tai Sirilanka, va dae biet la lue tie'n banh eude dieu tra thap ky 80 tai mot xa eua tinb Nam Dinh (Viet Nam), eung di de'n ke't luan tfldng tfl ' Ve thdi diem xudt hien che tiC tri cua ldng xd Viet Nam, quan diem cua cdc hgc gid cd mgt sddiem khac Tuy nhien the ky XV cd the coi la cdi mdc ddnh ddu cho sU thay doi, bdng chdng la ndm 1466, Le Thdnh Tong thay xd quan bdng xd triidng Dgc biet Id vdo ndm 1488, mgt chieu chi dugc ban bd cdc quan lgi chi dugc cd mgt ngUdi sd anh em rugt (hay anh em chu bdc) ldm xd tnidng Nguyin Tiing, cdn cd vdo tdc phdm cua Phan Huy Chd, cho rdng tdi ndm 1732, xd triidng mdi diigc chgn ddn vd td dd trieu dinh mdi thoi khong can thiep trUc tiep vdo cdc cong viec ngi bg cua ldng xd Td vdn bdn ndy vd cdn cd tren nhiing ngudn khde, Nguyen Tiing neu gid dinh rang "sU tU tri cua xd thon co le la mgt hien tiiOng mdi xudt hien vdo the'ky XVHI" (Nguyen Tiing vd cgng sg, 2002: 66) Vu Qudc Thong cho rdng ndm 1467 la thdi diem then chdt cda sU thay doi hdnh chinh cdc triiu dgi phong kien: tnidc bg may qup,n tri xd thon la triiu dinh bo nhiem vd sau dd thi chuyen vi ddn xd bdu ra, che xd triidng thay cho xd quan (Vu Qudc Thong, 1972:163) Nguyen Td Chi, cdn cd vdo hai van kien cong bd diidi triiu Hdng Ddc (the'ky XV), dac biet Id Hong Ddc thien chinh thu, cd ndi tdi sU kien bdu xd triidng, nhdn dinh rdng "tap qudn bdu xd triicfng dd ton tgi it nhdt cung td theky XV" (Nguyin Td Chi, 1996: 263) Lien quan den sU kien ndy co chuyen bdu Cdu duang the'ky XIII, nhitng khdi niem ndy cho den van chiia ro nghia nen tdc gid tgm thdi khong bdn tdi Tom lgi, quyin tU tri cUa cdc ldng mgc Id cdi diigc xac lap td cdc triiu dgi phong kien, vd nhd Nguyin the'ky XIX cung chdp nhgn quyin tU tri ndy cua ldng mgc ThUc dan Phdp mdi dgt chdn len Viet Nam cung chdp nhdn che tU tri ldng xd Nhin td mgt goc ndo do, tinh chdt tu tri ndy lgi cd the diigc coi la mot cdng cu cai tri toi td phia nhd cdm quyin thuoc dia Pasquier, mgt quan cai tri thuoc dia cU'tgi Dong DUOng bdn vi che hdnh chinh Viet Nam thdi ky thuoc dia, dd ddnh gid cao tinh chdt hodn bi cua he thdng cai tri ndy vd cho rang khong nen xod bo no (Pasquier, 1907) Bui Quang Ddng 21 Tai lieu ehung tdi d i n sau day tfl mdt nghien cflu ve "mau thuan va hoa giai" lang xa Viet Nam dfldng dai, minh boa them ve "tlm vdc" cua van de Nhdm nghien cflu phat bien rang lang d mien Bae van tie'p tue la cai khung nhan dien xa hoi ed ban eua ndng dan va the' ngfldi ta mong mud'n giai quye't em tham eae mau thuan ndi bd lang xdm Khai niem "chinh quyen xa" y thflc ndng dan b i t dau eho mdt khdng gian xa hdi khac, ndi ngfldi ta khdng may quen thudc va rat sd bi mat the dien d dd Cd xich mieh, mau thuan, ne'u dng trfldng thdn doa mdt eau, kieu nhfl "ne'u dng ba edn to tie'ng xin mdi len gap uy ban" la moi ngfldi deu im lang "Dua ehinh quyen" cd nghia la khdi cai khudn khd quen thude eua "tinh lang nghia xdm", ndi ngfldi ndng dan thfldng "chin bd lam mfldi" cho Thai dfldc day tdi mfle cflc han: ngfldi ndng dan eoi lang eua la mdt the' gidi rieng, dd'i lap vdi "xa hdi" xung quanh: "ra ddi khae la lang khae, la xa hdi khae xa la xa hdi rdi, theo tdi la nhfl the!" (Bfli Quang Dung, 2002) Cae td chdc xd hdi se ket thue phan trinh bay ve ehe' tfl tri dia phfldng xa hdi ndng thdn Trong trfldng hdp tdi se khdng de cap tdi b i t ky hinh thflc td chflc xa bdi nao, ma chi ban tdi eae td chflc khdng ed tinh chat ehinh quyen (nha nfldc) va hinh dfla hoan toan tren sfl tham gia tfl nguyen eua ngfldi dan Trong mot sd' nghien cflu hien ve ehu de nay, mot sd' tae gia edn gdm them ea viee "khdng dinh hfldng vao ldi nhuan" vao dinh nghia ve eae td chflc xa hdi Ngfldi ta nha'n manh nhieu tdi nhflng ldi the so sanh eiia eae td chflc xa hdi so vdi eae kieu to' chflc khle, dd ndi bat sfl kien cle td' chflc gin gui vdi ngfldi ngheo va thu hut dUde sU tham gia ddng dao eua nhan dan Cae td chflc xa hdi vdi nhflng gia tri nhfl "khoan dung", "doan ke't", "cdng bang" the Men cae boat ddng eua nd, edn dfldc eoi la mdi trfldng de ngfldi dan tap dfldt dan ehu (Wisehermann va ddng nghiep, 2002) Diem quan trong dinh nghia ve eae td chflc xa hdi la d tinh chat doe lap eiia nd dd'i vdi cac the che edng (nha nfldc); dd la dae trflng eiia each tie'p can eae edng ddng ndng thdn tfl quan he "nha nfldc - xa hdi" Chang ban, Jamielson, theo each hieu dd, mdt nghien cflu ndi tie'ng ve Viet Nam da eoi "ngfldi Viet Nam truyen thd'ng la mot ngfldi ed tinh xa hdi eao", la tdn tai lang vd sd' "nhflng tap the ed tinh xa hdi" nhfl hdi nudi chim, bdi ddng nien, hdi ddng mdn v.v (Jamielson, 1984) T r i n Dinh Hfldu cd le eung theo mot each ly giai tfldng tfl, dng neu nhan xet ve tinh trang "khdng ed xa hdi ma chi ed gia dinh va nha nfldc" thdi xa hdi Viet Nam xay dflng tren ehe kinh t e t a p trung, quan lieu bao d p (Trin Dinh Hfldu, 2001) To chflc xa hdi theo nghia luan ban eung khdng gid'ng vdi eae td chflc bang hdi cua Trung Qud'c tien hien dai Durant cho bie't "thfldng thfldng ngfldi Trung Qud'c gia nhap mot hdi kin hay mot phfldng" (Durant, 2002: 304) Khdng phai ehi d Trung Qud'c ma phai ndi la ngfldi Trung Qud'c di dau eung sd'ng bang hdi, to' chflc bang hdi; dd la cai quan he le thudc va ddng thdi dd eung la eho dfla, cai bao hiem cho Chang ban, kieu "xa hdi bi mat" phd bie'n lieh stt Trung Qud'c thdi can dai; dd la nhflng doan the bi mat boat ddng tdn giao, xa hdi va ehinh tri dac biet, ed tdn chi va l i nghi bi mat Xa hoi bi mat gdm nhflng doan thd q u i n ehung t i n g ldp dfldi 22 Ldng xd: ddn vdo mgt nghien cdu vd cdc the che xd hoi ehu ye'u la ndng dan lflu tan va chflc nang eua eae td chflc la bao hiem va tri ddi sd'ng cho vien eua nd Xa hdi bi mat la td chflc xa hdi ed tinh chat ben le, nam ben eanh xa hdi hien hflu, va dd'i lap vdi trat tfl dd Nhu the, sfl tdn tai cac td' chflc xa hdi lien quan tdi van de eua nhflng eau true xa hdi eu the; eung la nhflng hinh thflc ke't nhdm tfl nguyen, nhflng g i n lien vdi nhflng ca'u true xa hdi khae se tdn tai eae kieu hdi, doan the khae Trong eae xa hdi ndng thdn Viet Nam tien Men dai, sfl ed mat eua eae td' chflc tfl nguyen gia dinh nhflng dieu kien nhat dinh lien quan tdi "dia vi xa hdi" eua ndng dan Theo tinh t h i n nay, Nguyin Tfl Chi, ban ve eae td chflc xa hdi da neu len van de "ca tinh" eua ngfldi ndng dan Ong dat eau hdi sau day: lieu vet tieh eua cac the ehe edng xa lln trat tfl eua ehe quan ehu xa hdi lang xa trflde nam 1954 ed tao qua nhieu rang bude ea nhan va ngan can ngfldi ndng dan phat huy ca tinh hay khdng? Nghia la, cac td chflc xa hdi, tfl each nhin nay, lien quan tdi van de "than phan" eiia ngfldi ndng dan mot xa hdi eu the Ngfldi ndng dan Viet thdi ay khdng phai la ngfldi ndng nd hay ngfldi ndng dan ban tfl eae lanh dia Trung cd; dd la "ngfldi ndng dan tfl dd" sd'ng gifla mot xa hdi gdm nhflng tieu ndng tU hflu, nhflng lang xa it nhieu tfl tri dd'i vdi chinh quyen quan ehu Va net dang ehu y nha't ddi sd'ng xa hdi cua lang Bae Ky la xu hfldng eua ngfldi ndng dan mud'n hop cae phe nhdm Trong nhflng hdi nhdm dd, ngfldi ndng dan tre lam quen vdi cudc sd'ng edng edng, tap dfldt vai trd ho se ddng lang, hoe each "an ndi" Chinh dieu dd la mot nhflng ly khieh ton tai gifla xa hoi lang eae td chflc xa hdi tfl nguyen danh cho nam gidi de'n tud'i trfldng Mdi lang ed nhieu phe, nhflng quan hdn ea la "phetvi van", vien eua td chflc deu la nhflng ngfldi ed hoe thflc Dieu kien eu the de tham gia phe Tfl van cdthe bie'n ddi theo tinh hinh eiia tflng lang la vi sd' Ifldng ngfldi cd hoe thflc, dae biet ngfldi dd dat, eiia eae lang rat khae La nhflng ngfldi ed hoe thflc n h i t lang, phe tfl van dfldc lang giao thae "van te", bai van ndi len chflc tflde eua "thanh hoang", vi t h i n bao ho lang, tdm tat edng dflc, the Men long tdn kinh cua dan lang Phe edn gan lien vdi eude sd'ng ehinh thflc eua lang (trong eae dip te le tai dinh lang, phe lam eae edng viee eung vdi ly dieh), edn hgi, du the loai nao eung la viec rieng eua cac vien cua nd, boat ddng eua eae hdi khdng khdng dinh de'n sinh hoat ehung lang xa Vi du "hgi tU cdp", mot thfl td chflc tfl nguyen n h i m giup dd ve tien bae pham vi eae vien cua hpi Cdn mdt sd hdi khac dd ngfldi ta tap hdp lai vdi vi muc dieh vui chdi giai tri nhfl luyen vo (hgi vo), diin cheo (hdi cheo), v.v Mot sd' hgi cd vien nfl, "hdi chU bd" chang ban, dd la td chflc Phat giao eiia eae eu ba Nfl gidi edn ed the tham gia vao mdt sd' hinh thflc khac nhu phudng, mdt td' chflc nghe nghiep Trong mot thdn lam nghe ndng, nhflng ngfldi lam cac nghe thu edng hop lai phudng; nhfl the nd la ndi ma nhflng ngUdi cd "than Biii Quang Ddng 23 phan dac biet" (do cung lam mdt nghe) ke't hdp vdi va sU lien ke't dUdc eung ed' thdng qua mdt hinh thflc thd cung dac biet: thd vi "thanh sfl" cua tflng nghe Ldng Viet Nam: cgng dong hay hiep hgi? Khi tie'n hanh mot nghien cflu xa hdi hoc ndng thdn d i u tien tai mien Ble, ngfldi ta phat Men r i n g sau gin bai mfldi nam, ke tfl kbi bat d i u tie'n hanh Hdp tae hea, lang van la mdt ndi "nhan dien" xa hdi cua ndng dan Trong bflde qua len mot hinh thflc td chflc xa bdi va kinh te eao hdn, van edn nhan thay sU hien dien eua lang, hay ndi mot each ehung hdn, vai trd eua cac the ehe truyen thd'ng Cdng trinh nghien cflu ve xa Hai Van la mot dieu dfl bao, la vi cung gin hai thap nien sau, vdi mot tinh hinh khae ban, van de lang va eung vdi nd la eae td' chflc xa hdi ed truyen nhfl gia dinh, ho bang lai ndi len Trong rat nhieu nghien cflu khae nhau, eae hoe gia deu nhan thay mot xu hfldng khdi phuc trd lai eae ye'u to' eiia mot xa hdi truyen thd'ng Giam ngheo dien d khu vflc ndng thdn g i n lien vdi mot sfl thay ddi ldn ve van hoa bieu hien viee khdi phue lai he thd'ng le nghi va tiec tung qua lai ben cung nhfl ben ngoai ddng ho (Lfldng Van Hy, 1994) Thang dfl kinh te cang cao da khien "bdi be dinh dam" cac lang xa dfldc khdi phuc lai manh me, md'i lien he than toe dfldc phuc hdi eung vdi viee trung tu cac ngdi md td va vie't lai gia pha eua cae ddng ho Ta bie't rang dfl dfldc goi b i n g gi tbi cae sfl kien deu dfldc gan lien vdi bfldc ehuyen tfl kinh te tap the (Hdp tae xa ndng nghiep) sang nen kinh te gia dinh Kerkvliet nhan xet rang xu hfldng Ua chudng md hinh san xuat gia dinh "la mot ddng lUc lam phue hdi he thdng tdn ti trgt tU vd'n la ehd dUa eho eae gia dinh Viet Nam" (Kerkvliet, 2000) Va'n de dat la phai hieu the nao ve cai goi la sU "tai d u true" cac quan he edng ddng diin hien ndng thdn Viet Nam? Tinh hinh trd nen phflc tap hdn ne'u ta lflu y r i n g eung ve nhflng sfl kien thi dd'i vdi khdng it ngfldi nghien cflu, dd lai la sfl khung hoang, sfl ran nflt xa bdi eua lang! Boeke, ngfldi cbu trfldng mot quan diem vai trd ed tinh cha't nhi nguyen cua chu nghia thflc dan dd'i vdi eae nfldc dang phat trien, nhan xet ve ban chat edng ddng eiia lang xa thdi ky tien thude dia Ddng Nam A nhfl sau: "ea nhan hi hap thu va bi truyen thd'ng linh thieng thd'ng tri nd kim ham va ebi phd'i ea nhan nhflng ddng thdi eung yem trd ea nhan" (Dan lai Breman, 1995) Nhan xet tfldng tfl nhfl vd so' nhan xet cua cac hoe gia qud'c te va Viet Nam ve lang Viet thdi ky tien thudc dia That the, quan diem dfldc h l u bet cae hoe gia chia se mang ham y ve mot tinh trang xa hdi dd ea nhan khdng he ed mot t l m vdc xa hdi nao he't Trong quan he vdi Nha nfldc, ehi cd sfl tdn tai eua cac edng ddng dia phfldng (lang) la ed thflc Tai Viet Nam, dac biet la tai vung chau thd' sdng Hdng, ngfldi dan dng la ngfldi cua lang va dd la cai quan h§ ehu yeu chfl khdng phai quan he eua vdi gia dinh minh It nha't dd eung la quan diem ehinh thflc eua chinh quyen thude dia Cdc nghia vu nhfl thue ma, lao dieh va quan dieh, deu la ngbia vu eua lang va chinh quyen khdng quan tam tdi viec ea nhan eung nhfl lang mac thflc Men cae nghia vu dd nhfl the nao 24 Ldng xd: ddn vdo mgt nghiin cdu vd cdc the che xd hoi Tie'p can "kinh te dao dflc"- nhfl ta cd the tim tha'y nghien cflu eua Scott ve xa hdi ndng thdn Viet Nam va Ddng Nam A - cung tap trung vao md'i quan he gifla kinh te va eae the ehe xa hdi Luan de ed ban eua ly thuye't la eho rang dfldi cae the ehe trflde kia, sfl tinh toin hfldng flng xfl tdi cho ed tinh dao ly cflng vdi sfl tdn phue ldi ndng dan hdn la dfldi nhflng s l p xe'p xa hdi va cle thi ehe' eua ehu nghia tfl ban Men dai Ddi hdi td'i thieu eua ndng dan thfldng la sfl an toan ve the xae va sinh ke, dd la gd'c r i eua "he thd'ng kinh te dao ly gia trfldng" eua ndng dan, nen tang quan niem ve edng ly va edng bing Nhu elu mflu sinh ay, theo Scott la "cai ngUdng" ma dUdi nd thi chat lUdng sinh sd'ng, bao Mem, than phan va sU ke't gin xa hdi eua gia dinh trd nen bet sflc tdi te va tham hai Trong mdi trfldng kinh te tfl tuc, nguyen tae "an toan tren he't" quye't dinh, ngfldi ndng dan tha giam de'n mfle td'i thieu xae suat gap tai hoa edn hdn la tang de'n mfle td'i da thu nhap trung binh Trong bd'i eanh dd, lang la mdt ddn vi chflc nang dfldc td' chflc de lam giam tdi mfle thap nha't nhflng rui ro ma eae vien eiia nd ed the lam vao Va gidi flu tu ndng thdn (ngfldi giau) cd trach nhiem dao ly bao dam cho nhflng ke ye'u dud'i nhat khdng hi suy sup Tdm lai, lang bao dam cho ta't ea cac gia dinh mdt sfl sinh sd'ng td'i thieu chflng nao ma cac ngudn dfl trfl eiia lang cho phep (Scott, 1976) Cd le ngfldi dau tien sd' eae hoe gia qud'c te dfla each nhin mdi nham chd'ng lai khai niem ve tinh edng ddng la Popkin Trong cud'n sach NgUdi Nong ddn Hop ly, ma cai phu de ham y mdt each tie'p can dd'i lap vdi nhflng quan diem eiia nhflng nha nghien cflu ma dng goi la "kinh te dao ly" (tie'p can kinh te hoe ehinh tri), Popkin khang dinh r i n g ne'u nhflng sfl kien eua ddi sd'ng lang xa gdi y de'n mot thfl tinh cam doan ke't nao dd (ghi hfldng fldc, be luat tue eua lang), thi dieu dd eung khdng ed nghia r i n g tinh edng ddng la cai thd'ng tri va chi phd'i moi trfldng hdp Popkin da tranh luan ve ban chit eua lang xa thdng qua viec phan tieh ve cae boat ddng tfldng trd va hflu ma nhflng nha kinh te dao ly gan eho lang xa Ong lflu y ngfldi doe tdi nhflng hdp ddng dfldc quye't dinh dfla tren nhflng ldi ich hcan toan ca nhan vi ky, xuat Men eae xa hdi ndng dan tien tfl ban Popkin bae bd cai binh anh ve mot cdng ddng lang xa tham n h u I n sfl binh dang va hai hda Ong phan dd'i quan niem cua eae nha kinh te dao ly eho rang sfl chuyen dd'i cua eae lang ddng kin (close village) sang eae lang md (open village) diin song hanh vdi sfl thay dd'i tfl tam ly tap the sang xu hfldng ea nhan sflc ep eua cac quan he thi trfldng Tuy nhien, Popkin eung khdng day sfl phe phan eua dng tdi ehd phu nhan hoan toan quan be tfldng trd va eae hoat ddng hflu cac lang xa Viet Nam thdi ky tien thude dia Trong Scott cung nhfl cac nha kinh te' dao dflc khac nha'n manh tdi "ndi dung dao dflc" nhfl la ed sd eua thflc tiin kinh te va trao dd'i xa hdi eua ndng dan, thi Popkin, tfl mot gdc nhin khle ve ly luan, lai nhan manh tdi "mau t h u i n gifla ldi ich ca nhan va nhdm" Popkin trinh bay ndng dan nhfl nhflng ea nhan ly gan nhflng lua chon eua ho vdi nhflng flu tien va gia tri nhat dinh Scott qua quye't rang ndng dan Viet Nam cd khai niem ve edng b i n g xa hdi, ve quyen ldi va nghia vu, ve sfl ed di ed lai; Ve p h i n Bui Quang Ddng 25 minh, Popkin lai k h a n g dinh "sU tinh toan cbi phd'i h a n h vi" cua ndng dan va a n h ta h a n h ddng bdi sU xui kMen lanh lung eua "viee r a quye't dinh ea n h a n va nhflng tUdng tae ehien lUde" Ngudi ndng dan cua Popkin la mdt n h a n v a t k i n h te bie't tinh toan va dng ta lap l u a n r a n g n e n coi lang nhU mdt "hiep hdi" hdn la mdt "cdng ddng", r i n g td't hdn la xem "ngUdi bao trd" vdi nhflng r a n g budc nhieu tuye'n vdi ndng d a n nhfl mdt ngfldi cd quyen chfl khdng phai la mdt dng ehu gia trfldng (Popkin, 1979) Cae n h a k i n h te' dao ly lap l u a n r i n g sfl t h a y dd'i eua p h u e ldi la nhflng bie'n ddi e l e t h e ehe t h e n chd't ngoai gia dinh: L a n g va eae q u a n h e ehu - td Ho cho r i n g ndng d a n chd'ng lai t h i trfldng, thich tai san cdng hflu h d n la tfl hflu, va khdng fla chuyen m u a ban, r i n g phuc ldi ciia ndng d a n p h u thudc vao cac l a n g xa ddng kin nhfl n h a u cac xa hdi tien tfl b a n va vao nhflng r a n g budc n h i e u t u y e n vdi chu da't Ho lap M a n r i n g bflde q u a s a n g eae lang md vdi t a i s a n tfl hflu va viee m u a b a n da't edng khai, eung vdi bfldc qua s a n g cae q u a n h e ddn tuye'n vdi ehu d i t da budc ndng d a n t h a m gia vao t h i trUdng, ndi m a phflc ldi eua hg trd n e n tdi te hdn C i n ndi t h e m r a n g , Polanyi, ngfldi m a y tfldng da khdi ngudn cho n h i e u nghien cflu theo ly thuye't "kinh te dao ly" edn chd'ng dd'i t h i trfldng m a n h me h d n nfla Theo tfl ngfl eiia Polanyi, ndng d a n k h d n g c i n tdi thi trfldng vi eae n h u e l u cua hg h o a n toan ed the tfl thoa m a n ben eae the ehe eua hg Ne'u ed t h i trfldng lao ddng t h i eae the ehe t r u y e n thd'ng t i t se hi p h a hoai; 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