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PHAN BO DAN Cl/VA CAC HINH THAI KINH TE CUA Cl/ DAN VAN HOA HA LONG NGUYEN GIA DOI* LJ ieu kien ttr nhien khu vtfc Ddng Bic Toan bd mi^n Ddng Bae ke't thiic bang mdt dai da't ven bien keo dai theo ria tay bSc ciia vinh Bae Bd, kd ca mdt canh cung duydn hai bi chim ngap, chi cdn ndi len Id nhd tram nghin hdn dao ldn nho Dpe theo bd bidn Ddng BSc, dia hinh chu yd'u la nhung day niii, ddi, dd cao san san nhif Cac ddng ban hep duyen hai nam gin nhu ngang vdi muc nudc bidn viia la san pham tich tu cua phii sa bien va phu sa sdng, nd cdn tie'p tuc lan rdng phia bien bc(i nhiing bai, dUdng cat bien xen ke nhiing bai ngap trieu phii diy sii vet Dia hinh khu vuc duyen hai Ddng Bae ndi bat vdi vdng cung khae gdm hang nghin cac dao ldn nho sap hai hang nd'i dudi chay tu Miii Ngpc cho de'n phia nam Hdn Gai Cac dao tii Tidn Ydn trd ldn phia bae thudng la eae niii dao dai, chii ye'u ca'u tao bdi da phien chay song song vdi canh cung Ddng Tri^u d phia da't lien nhu dao Virih Thue, dao Cai Chidn, dao Cai Vvtac va eud'i eiing la dao Cai Bdu - dao ldn nha't d Ddng Bae hrnh tam giac ma cd mdt canh thang bang nhu phin tie'p tuc cua dilt gay Dinh Lap - Tien Yen Day dao ciing gin nhu bao bpc hai vinh ndng la Ha Cdi va Ddng Rui d phia va la clu nd'i vdi quin dao Cd Td d ngoai khdi phia ddng Tii dao Cai Biu trd xud'ng phia tay nam la hai vdng eung hang tram cac dao ldn nho keo dai gin 100km bao bpc vinh Bai Tu Long va Ha Long ndi tie'ng Phin ldn cae dao la da vdi, xen ke da phien, nd mang diy dii dac trUng ciia mpt mien nui da vdi ed tudi Caebon - Peemi nguyen phat trien tren da't lien roi Sau dd nirdc bidn dang len lam chim ngap Phia tay nam ciia hd thd'ng dia hrnh Karst cdn keo dai qua Udng Bi, Mao Khd, Thuy Nguydn dd'n tan Kim Mdn, Hai Dudng (Ld Ba Thao 2004) Ve hau thuy van, ludng mua d Ddng Bae cd nhung diem tap trung ldn, vao miia he ddi ed mua da, miia ddng kha lanh ed sUdng mud'i He thd'ng sdng sud'i kliu vuc ngan dd dd'c tUdng dd'i ldn, them phii sa sdng kha han hep Nhin ehung dieu kien hau va thd nhuong khdng thu^n ldi cho san xua't ndng nghiep Tuy nhien viing Ddng BSe lai cd rat nhieu ldi the've vi tri dia ly ciing nhu cac ngudn ldi tu nhien khac Nguon khoang san vd ciing phong phii la than da, ngoai cdn cd quang sit, eat ti-ing lam thuy tinh Tai nguyen ve lam nghiep khdng nhieu nhUng cung cd nhieu loai quy hiem Bie'n d khu vUc rat giau hai san kd' ca cac viing vinh ven bd va ngoai khdi eho nen khai thae hai san la mpt nhiing * TS Vien Khao co hpc 12 Khdo cd hpc, sd 112010 nganh kinh te q u a n trpng hidn eiing n h u lich sii Bie'n d khu vuc cung ddng vai trd quan trpng giao didng, giao thUdng vdi nhieu vimg Do cd n h i i u viing vinh kin gid nen tau be ed the d i dang di lai va neo dau tao he thd'ng nhieu cang bien ldn nhd Tii day, vdi cac phUdng tien tau thuyen nho ciing ed the di ngude len phia b i c tdi vimg ven bie'n va hai dao ddng n a m Trung Qud'c, h u d n g ve phia ddng ed thd' ddn dao Hai N a m , xudi vi n a m dpe tlieo cac vimg ven bien nUdc ta Nhirng dae diem ve dia ly t u nhien ciia vimg Ddng Ble ndi sd bd d tren cd vai trd ra't quan trpng trorig viec dinh h u d n g cac phUdng thiic kinh te', dac trUng van hoa tie'n trinh lich sii eiia khu vUe Dac die'm p h a n bd' d a n cU va phitOng thxic k i n h te cua cU dan van hoa Ha Long Trong cac di chi van hoa Ha Long hien bie't mdt so n a m tren nhiing dUdng cat, nhiing gd da't tlia'p thupc them bien - eua sdng sat bien hoac each bien khdng xa n h u vimg eua sdng Bach D i n g - Sdng Chanh; vimg ciia sdng Tien Yen, Ha Cd'i va Ka Long Mpt so' di chi khac phan bd d ven cac dao viing vinh Ve mat sinli thai - n h a n van, he thd'ng eu trii eiia ngudi Ha Long n a m he sinh thai rat dac trUng bien Trong h e sinh thai d i i u kidn v i thd' n h u d n g khdng thuan ldi eho san xua't ndng nghiep m a thich h d p cho kinh td' khai thae bien va giao thUdng, trao ddi Tu lieu khao cd hoc hien bie't eho tha'y m a y khuynh h u d n g ca'u true kinh t e - xa hdi vdi cac tieu he mdi trudng sinli thai d k h u vuc n h u sau: - Lam ndng ke't h d p vdi khai thae hai san ven bd (eua sdng; vimg n g a p man), khai thae lam san, lam mud'i, lam dd gdm la the' manh ciia n h d m cif d a n ven bien - cua sdng vimg Hoanh Bo - Yen Himg; vimg hd'triing Tidn Ydn - cua sdng Ha Cd'i va vimg ven bien Mdng Cai Nhiing di chi cU trii d p h u hd thd'ng ed ve n h u kha dn dinh, kha n a n g t u cung tu cap cao hdn, n h u c l u trao ddi san p h a m khdng thue s u cap thie't - Khai thae hai san viing vinh va xa bd, lam thuyen be, lam ludi d a n h bat hai san ke't h d p vdi giao thUdng tren bien la khuyng h u d n g ciia nlidm cu dan cu tru tren eae dao n h u Cat Ba, Cai Biu, Ngpc Vimg.v.v Do tren cae dao ngudn nudc ngpt kha h a n ehd'ndn khdng cd Uu the'lam ndng vi vay n h u c l u trao ddi hai san va eae ehe'pham khae de ddi lay ludng thUc la tat yeii BCha nang hang hai va giao luu xa la the'manh eiia n h d m eu dan - San xua't thii cdng nghiep, giao thudng trao ddi san p h a m la n i n tang ciia n h d m eu dan d ven bien va hai dao phia n a m n h u Ba Viing, Bai Ben va Trang Kenh N h d m cu dan thudng d nhirng vi tri thuan ldi cho giao thdng d u d n g bidn n h u vimg ciia sdng, viing vinh cua bien Nhiing san p h a m thii cdng nghiep ciia h p mang tinh chuydn hoa n h u miii khoan, miii nhpn hoac trang siie, khdng ehi phue vu n h u c l u ndi bd ma ed le ehu yeu de trao ddi vdi cac nhdm cu dan khac xa hdn Su phan chia cac dang tieu he sinh thai - ca'u triic kinh te'xa hdi n h u tren ehi ed gia tri tUdng dd'i Thu'c cau triic td'ng thd' ciia nd, mpi khu vUc, mpi ye'u to deu cd md'i lien he mat thid't p h u thude l l n nhau, bd' sung cho nhau, khdng bao gid ton tai nhiing ye'u td' thira - phi chiic nang - mpt he thd'ng hoan chinh Su phan viing dan cu va p h a n edng lao dpng xa hpi tu nhien he thd'ng cpng ddng xa hdi Ha Long chii ye'u xuat p h a t tir yeu c l u thuc te v i kha nang eung cap cae nguon nang litdng tu nhien dinh h u d n g hoat ddng Nguyin Gia Ooi - Phan bo dan cu va cac hjnh thai kinh te 2T_ kinh te (thd' nhudng khdng thieh hdp de lam ndng), ve mdt khiing hoang nao dd ca'u true xa hdi (tang dan so' xa hdi ddt bid'n) va ciing khdng loai trit v i mdt tae ddng ngoai suih nao dd gay hieu iing lam bie'n dd'i thdi quen va tri thiic truyin thd'ng Thue te hien tUdng ehuyen mdn hoa san xuS't va phSn cdng lao ddng xa hdi cdng ddng eu d t o tien sii Ha Long la mdt su dieu ehinh nhu clu ndi tai eiia he thd'ng nhung cau true truyin thd'ng bi giai the nd da vUdt khoi pham vi bao quat ciia trat tU eii, nd vUdn lien ke't va trd mot td' ciia mdt he thd'ng bao trum hdn Ndi mdt each cu the thi diiu cd nghia la, vide chuydn mdn hoa san xuS't va phan cdng lao ddng xa hdi khdng cdn la sU can bang giiia cung va clu giiia eae phu he thd'ng khu vUc, ta't ca cac yd'u td' dd lai ddng vai trd la bd dd eho mdt xu hudng mdi - trao dSi - lien kd't kinh te tren mdt pham vi rpng hdn vdi cac cdng ddng cu dan d sau lue dia miin Bic Viet Nam, vdi vimg duyen hai nam Trung Qud'c va tham chi xa hdn ve phia nam duyen hai nude ta Di tim dau vet giao thUOng cua Ha Long vdi cac mien gan xa 3.1 Ha Long voi cac cpng dong din cxi d Bic va Trung B6 Viet Nam Cd the ndi, the manh eiia eu dSn Ha Long la eae ngudn hai san, mud'i, phudng tien danh bat hai san, phUdng tidn giao thdng tren sdng bien, tri thiic kinh nghiem v i hai dUdng va kha nang ky thuat ciing nhu san phSm thii cdng che tac da Chae chan nhiing thd'manh va kha nang da dude eu dan Ha Long phat huy de tri sU can bang dd'i vdi kha nang thie'u hut ngudn lUdng thue Cimg binh tuyen vdi Ha Long ed cdng ddng eU dan Phimg Nguydn d trung du - chau thd' Bae Bd; edng ddng Mai Pha, edng ddng Ha Giang d miin mil Bae Bd; nhdm eu dan Man Bae - Hoa Lde; edng ddng Thach Lac - Bau Trd; nhdm eu dan Xdm Cdn h miin Trung va eae cdng ddng eud'i Da mdi d Tfty Nguyen va Nam Bd Nhiing san pham vat chat ciia qua khii phin nhiiu da bi buy hoai nha't la vdi nhiing san pham chat hiiu cd nhu gd xUdng Chinh vi vay khdi phuc lai dien mao hoan chinh ciia cac nin van hoa tiin su ciing rihU cac md'i lien he giiia chiing la cdng viee diy khd khan va Mu dai Trong van hoa Ha Long, vide ehd'tao thuyin be, ludi danh bat hai san ehac chan da diin ra, nhien cho de'n van chua tim dude bat ky dau vet nao Hien tai, tim hieu su giao thucfng giiia Ha Long vdi cac cpng ddng dan cu khac khu vuc chii ye'u dua trdn nhiing di v^t gd'm, da, ludng thdng tin tir dd eiing khdng nhiiu Nhiing phue dung sau chii ye'u mang tinh cha't phac thao Trong dia ban phan bd' ciia van hoa Phiing Nguyen, khao ed hpc da phat hien dUdc mdt sd' di ehi ma san pham vat ehSt kha tUdng ddng vdi Ha Long Do da va gd'm ciia eae di ehi Gd Ma Ddng, Con Ldn, Quang Hiic, Doan Thudng, Ddng Ba Tram, cd nhiiu riu bdn cd vai cd na'c va mdt ty le gd'm xd'p gid'ng Ha Long (Ha Van Phiing 2005; Pham Ly Hudng 2004) Sle thai Ha Long ciia cac di ehi kha dSm net chinh vi vSy khdng the' ndi chii the' sang tao ciia nd la ket qua giao luu van hoa giiia Ha Long va Phimg Nguydn theo kieu ludng cUc tir ca hai phia Theo quan diem ciia chiing tdi chii nhan ciia nhdm di chi da di tru tit duydn hai Ddng Ble vao, hp da dem theo hanh trang tri thiic, kinh nghidm de'n cu tru gin nhu xen ke vdi edng ddng Phimg Nguyen Nhdm di tich Ma Dd'ng cd xu hudng lam ndng ke't hdp vdi giao thudng trao dd'i, hp ed the cung cap mud'i va hai san cho cu dSn Phimg Nguydn va dd'i lay ludng thUc m Khdo cd hpc, sd 1/2010 eung nhu nhiing san pham khac Nhdm cu dan ed le tit phu he thd'ng vimg ciia sdng ven bie'n vimg Hoanh Bd, Ydn Hung, Tien Ydn hoac Mdng Cai di cu dd'n thdng qua he thd'ng sdng Bach Ding - Luc Diu Giang d i dang thdng thudng vdi vimg trung du va chau thd' Bae Bd Chic hin giiia Ha Long va Phung Nguydn phai cd mdt md'i quan he dae biet nao dd nhu lien minh bd lac, lien kd't nao khac ve kinh td', hay hdn nhan ngoai tdc? Ne'u khdng se d i dang d i n den xung ddt vi quyin quan ly cac ngudn pham vi eua mdi bd lae va cd the vi nhiing ly khae nhu gin giii ve tap quan tin ngudng Cd the ndi nhdm di ehi Ma Dd'ng ddng vai trd nhu nhiing diem trung gian ciia md'i quan he Ha Long - Phimg Nguyen Thdng qua quan he giao thudng nhiing san pham ciia cU dan Phimg Nguydn nhu mdt ty le dang ke riu tii giac nho nhln ciing nhu dd gd'm chae kieu Phimg Nguydn hien didn nhiiu di ehi Ha Long, dac biet la cae di ehi phan bd' d khu vue phia nam nhu Diu Ram, Lang Bang, Xich Thd, Cai Beo, Bai Ben (Trjnh Hoang Hiep va Pham Thi Nuih 2004) Mpt di ehi trpng ye'u eiia md'i quan he Ha Long va Phimg Nguyen la TrangKkenh (Hai Phdng) d cue nam ciia vimg Ddng Bae Dd gd'm di chi Trang Kdnh chii yd'u la gd'rn xdp, gdm khdng thuc xdp nhu cac di chi Ha long khae nhung cd le la nguyen lidu da't set eiing nhu dp nung cd su khae chiit it edn cd ban ehiing tUdng ddng Gd'm eiing min, loai hinh va hoa van kieu Phimg Nguyen ciing ed mat d Trang Kenh nhimg ty le tha'p Trai lai vdi dd gd'm, dd da Trang Kenh chu ye'u la riu bdn tii giac kieu Phimg Nguyen, rat hie'm riu bdn cd vai Dae biet d Trang Kenh la mdt edng xUdng ehe' tao dd trang siic bang da ngpc (nephrite) va nhiing loai da ban quy khae San pham eiia nd la vdng tay, khuyen tai, hat chudi cimg nhiing cdng cu che' tac nhu miii khoan, ludi eua, ban mai, nhiing ban pham va phe'vat minh chiing rd rang cho mpt chu trinh che'tac dd trang siic hoan ehinh (Nguyin Kim Dung 2005) Cimg vdi Trang Kenh cdn ed nhiing di chi khae nhu Bai Tu (Bae Ninh), Diu Rim (Yen Hung, Quang Ninh), Bd Chuyen (Hoanh B6, Quang Ninh) eiing la nhiing ndi chd'tae dd trang siic nhimg ed ve chiing chi la nhiing diem ve tinh eiia trung tam Trang Kenh San pham trang sue ciia Trang Kenh ed mat d hiu khap cac di chi Phimg Nguyen, Ha Long eiing nhu nhiing edng ddng dan cu khac d Ble va Trung Bd Viet Nam Nghi thii cdng ehe'tae da d Trang Kenh mang tinh chuyen hoa, the hien sU phan cdng lao ddng xa hdi kha ro rang Mdt ddi ngii thd thii edng da ddi tach khoi san xua't ndng nnghiep, di kem vdi nd chic chin la mdt he thd'ng khai thae, cung cap nguyen lieu va he thd'ng trao ddi giao thudng san pham Vi tinh chat tde thude eiia cu dan Trang Kenh thi edn nhiiu y kie'n chua thd'ng nha't nhung ro rang Trang Kdnh dude tao tir hai ngudn chii ye'u: Ha Long va Phimg Nguyen d vad giai doan khoang 4.000 BP Trong sd' nhiing ngudn hcip Trang Kenh hay Diu Rim, cd le cU dan Ha Long ddng gdp mdt phin tri thiic va kinh nghiem ky thuat che' tac da kha tinh xao nhu ky thuat lam miii khoan vdi cac cdng doan gia edng tif nguydn lieu hach da, qua tach manh, tu chmh tao hinh dang nhu chiing ta da tha'y d cae edng xUdng khac thudc van hoa Ha Long nhu Bai Ben va Ba Viing Ngudi Ha Long ehac han ciing nam dudc nhieu thdng tin ve nguon nguyen lieu da dac biet la nhiing loai da quy de' lam dd trang siie, hp cd kha nang giao luu xa vdi cac vimg ven bie'n va hai dao de khai thae hoae trao dd'i Cu dan Phimg Nguyen ddng gdp ngudn luc tif san xua't ndng nghiep va kha nang lien ke't vdi nhung thi trudng rpng ldn sau hdn luc dia Ndi N g u y i n Gia Ool - Phan bo dan c u va c a c hinh thai kinh te 23 n h u ngdn ngii hien dai thi day la mdt nhiing die'm lien ke't kinh te cd td' ehiic chat ehe giiia hai cdng dong cU dSn vao loai sdm nha't lich su Nhiing phat hidn khao cd' hpc g i n day d m i i n niii phia Bae Viet N a m eho thay mdt sd' san p h a m ciia Ha Long ciing cd mat d khu viic Trong van hoa H a Giang p h a n bd' d Ha Giang, Yen Bai, Tuyen Quang, Cao Bing chiing ta tha'y ed kha n h i i u riu bdn ed vai ed na'c kieu Ha Long Trong van hoa Mai Pha phan bd' chii ye'u d Lang Sdn, bdn canh riu bdn tii giac ciing cd mdt sd' riu bdn cd vai, riu bdn cd vai cd na'c, gd'm pha vd n h u y i n the, cac md tip hoa van dap ndi, trd Id, nhiing vd de bien Cypraea gid'ng Ha Long ( N g u y i n C u d n g 2001) Viee trao ddi giiia Ha Long vdi cac cdng ddng dan eU d m i i n mii phia Bae cd thd qua eon difdng dia m a n g Tien Yen - Lang Sdn, tif Lang Sdn qua dia m a n g Cao - Lang dd'n Cao Bang, Bic Can, Tuydn Quang, Ha Giang Md'i quan he trao ddi giiia Ha Long vdi cac cdng d d n g cU dan ndi trdn la rd rang nhung tren thUe te nd khdng d e m lai nhieu ldi ich thie't thuc vi giao thdng khdng thuan ldi va thi trUdng han hep, dan cu thua thdt Nhiing san p h a m trao ddi giiia hai k h u vuc cd le chii ye'u la mud'i, san vat rimg va nguydn lidu da, cdn nhiing san p h a m khae n h u riu bdn hoac dd gd'm kha nang chi la he qua cua giao lUu tri thiic ky thuat n h u nhiing chiec riu ed vai lam bang vo trai d Mai Pha, hoac la nhiing mdn qua ban tang lan giiia cac thu lirih bd lac, chiing ehii yd'u la nhiing ddn chie'c Cu dan Ha Long cdn ed thd giao luu vdi nhiing edng d d n g d a n eif d xa hdn doc ven bidn v i phia nam Gd'm xdp kidu Ha Long tha'y d di chi Man Bae (Ninh Binh), d di chi Hoa Lpc (Thanh Hoa) Mdt sd' loai riu bdn cd vai van hoa Bau Trd ciing p h a n g phat bdng dang Ha Long Suu tap riu bdn khdng vai, tie't dien ngang hinh b i u due d di chi Quat Ddng N a m kha gid'ng vdi riu bdn d Khanh Hoa eiing n h u d m i i n Trung Trung Bd ( N g u y i n Gia Dd'i 1991) Nhin chung nhiing yd'u td' tUdng ddng ve di vat ciia nhiing cdng d o n g n g u d i cU trii dpe ven bidn mien Trung Viet N a m vdi Ha Long, mdt mat phan anh h a n h vi thieh iing dd'i vdi mdi trudng sinh thai bien, mat khac ciing phan anh cae md'i quan hd giao luu van hoa, tri thiic, kinh nghiem, trao ddi san pham, nguydn lidu, qua tang.v.v Ciing khdng loai trif kha nang giiia hp ed md'i quan he v i ngii he, tde thudc ciia cae n h d m cu dan eu trii d ven bien va hai dao mdt khdng gian van hoa rdng hdn 3.2 Ha Long vdi vung duyen hai dong nam Trung Quoc Do can k i v i dia ly va kha nang di bien ciia cac cdng dong cu dan t i i n sii ndn md'i quan he giiia vimg duyen hai ddng bae Viet N a m va ddng n a m Trung Qud'c rat gan giii Md'i quan he chae han khdng phai ehi la quan he than tdc ma diem quan trpng la quan he trao ddi ve nguyen lieu va san pham Trong nhiing loai nguyen lieu thdi tiin su, nguydn lidu da ddng vai trd cue ky quan trpng de chd' tac cdng cu Mdt sd' loai da ma cu dan tien sii khu vue duydn hai Ddng Bic sii dung cd thd' khai thae tai chd nhung mdt sd' da khae hien chua tim tha'y ngudn m o tu nhien eiia chiing.Ngudn nguyen lidu ed dUde kha nang thdng qua trao doi vdi eae khu vuc xa hdn Da nephrite dimg lam dd trang siie d Trang Kenh, D i u Ram ciing n h u m d t sd lam riu bdn van hoa Ha Long hien chUa xae dinh dudc ngudn gd'c khai thae n g u y e n lieu Nhiing ndi ed ngudn da hidn bie't la vimg phia b l e Tawmaw (Myanma), viing Tan Cudng (Trung 24 Khdo cd hpc, sd 1/2010 Qud'c) g i n bien gidi vdi Turkestan, khu vuc Lieu Nuih, Hdng Sdn,Thudng Hai va Dai Loan (Jenny F.So et al 1998) Hien tai ehua the khang dinh dupe ngudn da ngoc d Trang Kenh, D i u Ram hay d mpt sd di chi Ha Long khac cd ngudn gd'c tif dau nhuiig cd nhieu kha nang nd dudc cung cap qua d u d n g giao luu trao ddi vdi khu vUe ddng bae Trung Qud'c hoac vdi Dai Loan Ba Viing va Bai Be'n la hai di chi cdng xUdng che tac da kha chuydn hoa eiia eu dan Ha Long San p h a m chinh ciia nd la nhiing miii khoan nho ehi mdi d u d c tu chinh ehua ed vet mai n h u d Trang Kenli Nguydn lidu da lam miii khoan d Ba Viing va Bai Bd'n chii ye'u la felsite nguon gd'c ntii liia, chi cd mdt sd' it la eae loai da chert va opal Nguydn lieu thd d hai edng XUdng deu la nhiing manh nhd da qua sd che' chiing to nd khdng phai dudc khai thae tai ehd ma d mdt ndi nao dd kha xa Cac loai hach da, manh tude eiia hai di chi la cue ky phong phii bao gdm cac kfch cd va kieu loai khac hinh thanli mdt chudi cac bid'n thai giam dan ciia quy trinh che' tac (Nguyin Trudng Ddng 2C|^6) Khao ed hpc Trung Qud'c tif 1958 da phat hien cum di chi Tay Tiiu Sdn d huydn N a m Hai, tinh Quang Ddng Khu vuc ciing kha g i n bien va cd mdt loat day nui da ngudn gd'c mii lUa (Vocano), chu ye'u la da felsite Xung quanh khu VUc da phat hien mdt so' di tich md khai thae da cua nhieu thdi dai cd cac cdng xUdng che' tae da thdi tien sU gdm mdt loat cac di ehi XUdng die' tac riu cd vai cimg vd so' nhiing ban pham, hach da, manh nguyen lieu va manh tudc (Quang Ddng tinh Bae Vat Quan 1983) (Anh 1) Cac di chi da bang felsite d Tay Tieu Sdn d i u phat hien dUdc it gd'm, gd'rn van thimg, gdm Cling pha cat van khae vach Nien dai ciia van hoa Tay Tieu Sdn keo dai tif trung ky qua van ky thdi dai Da mdi de'n sd ky thdi Kim Chiing ta tha'y rang ngudn nguyen lieu dimg de chd' tac cac miii khoan d Ba Viing va Bai Be'n hoan toan gid'ng nguyen lieu da felsite d Tay Tieu Sdn Tay Tiiu Sdn kiidng tim tha'y miii khoan n h u n g nhiing hach da d day thi hoan toan gid'ng Ba Viing va Bai Ben ke ca chat lieu loai hinh va ky thuat (Anh 2) Anh: Ma Mankwong, Bao tang Hong Kong Hach da d ca ba khu vUc p h i n ldn cd hinh khd'i lang tru, da didn, hinh chdp cut hoac hinh nem Nhiing hach da kich thudc nhd n h l n , mpt sd kha gid'ng hach da eiia ky nghe da nhd (mierolith) cd le la hach de tach cac phien tudc nhd de lam miii khoan Tuy nhien, d Tay Tiiu Sdn ehua tim tha'y miii khoan ma ehii ye'u la cac phac vat va riu mai Ngude lai, d Ba Vung va dae biet la Bai Be'n rat hie'm cac phac v^t riu bdn ma lai phong phii cac san p h a m m u i khoan Phai chang ngudn nguyen lieu qua sd che' d Tay Tieu Sdn cd le ehii yd'u dimg dd' trao Nguyin Gia Ooi - Phan bo dan cu va cac hinh thai kinh te 25^ dd'i Vdi nhiing tu lidu hien cd, chiing tdi cho rang cu dan Ba Viing va Bai Bd'n kha nang ed quan hd kha chat che vdi cU dto van hoa Tay Tiiu Sdn thdng qua trao dd'i nguyen lieu da felsite Nhu da bie't d Tay Tiiu Sdn cdn mdt sd' di ehi ed nien dai sdm hdn, cd the eud'i hSu ky Da eii - sd ky thdi dai Da mdi, dd da mang phong each dd da nhd anh hucfng eiia truyin thd'ng da nhd tif phia Bic Trung Qud'c Phai chang thdng qua TSy Tiiu Sdn, ky thuat tach manh tii hach va tu chinh ep da lan truyin de'n Ba Viing va Bai Bd'n vao giai doan eud'i cua truyin thd'ng Mdt van de khac dudc dat la san pham miii khoan cua Ba Viing va Bai Ben ra't phong phii, hien tai chua tim tha'y thi trudng ciia loai san phSm Tuy nhien, ehac chin nd phai dude dem di trao ddi vdi nhiing cdng dong dan cu khac ngoai pham vi ciia cdng ddng Ha Long Cae nha khao cd hpc Trung Qud'c eiing eho rang Tay Tiiu Sdn la ndi d i u tidn san sinh nhiing dd da cd vai Tif Tay Tiiu Sdn dd da bang felsite lan truyin rat rdng, bao gdm khip cac huydn thi ciia tam giac chau thd ChSu Giang, phia ble de'n Phong Khai, phia nam dd'n Chu Hai, Hudng Gang Dd da cd hai vai xua't hien c( vimg phia nam Quang Tay vao khoang trung ky thdi dai da mdi, de'n van ky thdi dai Da mdi nd deu ed mat c( luu vue Ta Giang va Htfu Giang Vao khoang 4.500 nam trudc, dd da cd hai vai xuS't hidn van hoa Vien Sdn cl ven bien phia tay bic Dai Loan, sau dd dude thay the' bdi bdn ed nac Xa hdn v i phia nam, dd da cd hai vai qua ban dao Ldi Chau truyin nh^p vao dao Hai Nam Trong tUdng quan khu vUc chiing tdi cho rang nhiing dd da ed vai van hoa Ha Long gin giii nha't vdi khu vifc ven bien Quang Ddng nhu Chu Hai, Hudng Cang va d dao Hai Nam, dd la ke't qua ciia qua trinh giao luu van hoa mdt mdi trudng sinh thai nhan van gin giii Tdm lai, diiu kien dia ly d ven bien va hai dao eU dSn Ha Long cd diiu kien thuan ldi de giao lifu vdi cac cdng ddng cu dan khac kd ca luc dia va ven bien hai dao Viec chuydn mdn hoa san xua't, dac bidt la phat trien nghi thii cdng chd' tac da diin kha sdm va manh me Cd the ndi khu vuc ddng bic thdi tien sii diln cae hoat ddng giao luu trao ddi nguyen lidu va san pham kha sdi ndi vdi nhiiu vimg gin xa Hai san, san pham thu cdng va kha nang giao thudng trdn bidn chinh la the'manh eiia khu vue Ha Long la edng ddng edi md va cd quan hd rdng rai nhat nhiing cdng ddng dan cu cimg brnh tuye'n Nd nhU chid'c clu nd'i giiia viing ddng nam Trung Qud'c rdng ldn vdi nhieu vimg luc dia ciing nhu ven bien d nude ta Mdt cau hoi ludn thudng true la, vao thdi ky viec trao ddi giao thifdng nguydn lieu san pham cd thdng qua mdt gia tri trung gian nao dd khdng? TrUdc day Colani eho rang eu dan khu vuc la nhiing thudng nhan va nhiing chie'c riu da nhd xiu khdng ed chiic nang thuc td' ma nd nhu vSt trung gian de tie'n hanh trao ddi (Colani 1939) Vdi kha nang tu lieu hidn chi cd the bie't rang vide trao ddi giao thUdng thdi Ha Long chii ye'u diln dudi hinh thiie vat ddi vat, mdt hinh thai phd bid'n ciia quan he kinh te trudc bude vao thdi dai van minh TAI LIEU DAN COLANI M 1939 Recherches Prehistoriqes en Baie d'Along Cahiers de L' Ecole Francaise de Extreme Orieitt, 14: 12-19 "^ Khdo cd hpc, sd 112010 HA HtJU NGA 2004 Khao co hpc D6ng Bae Viet Nam: Tir nhirng he ihong sinh thai nhan van tdi cau tnic xa hpi tien nha nude Trong Mpt the'ky Khdo cd hpc Viet Nam, Tap 1, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi Ha Npi HA V A N PHUNG 2005 Mdi quan he ciia van hoa Ha Long kh6ng gian va thdi gian Khdo cdlipc, sd 3(135): 47-50 JENNY F SO AND JANET G DOUGLAS 1998 Understanding and Identifying Jades from the Hong.shan culture Trong Dong A Ngpc Khi ed By Tang Chung, Vol LE BA THAO 2004 TMen nhien Viet Nam Ha Npi NGUYfiN CUdNG 2001 Vdn hod Mai Pha Nxb Van hoa Thong tin Lang Son N G U Y £ N GIA DOI 1991 Ghi chu ve mpt nhom riu bon a Quat Dong Nam (Quang Ninh) Trong NMing phdt hiin mai ve Khdo cd hpc ndm 1991 Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi Ha Npi: 32 NGUYfiN KIM DUNG 2005 Mpt so va'n de loai hinh di chi a vung bien Dong Bae Khdo cdhpc, so (135): 51-65 NGUYfiN TRUdNG DONG 2006 Cat ngang di chi Bai Ben bang mP hinh bien ddi giam dan Khdo cdhpc, "•: sd 3: 64-81 PHAM LY HUONG 2004 Nghien ciru gom tien sit - so sii Viet Nam the ky 20, nhirng hilu bie't can ban Trong Mpt the'ky Khdo cd hpc Viet Nam, Tap 1, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Npi QUANG DONG TINH B A C VAT Q U A N 1983 Quang Dong Nam Hai huyen Tay Tieu Son di chi Khdo cd, so 12-1983 TRmn HOANG HIEP vA PHAM THI NINH 2004 Do gom di chi Dau Ram he thdng gdm co viing ven bien Dong Bic Viet Nam Trong Mot the'ky Khdo cd hpc Viet Nam, Tap 1, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hoi, Ha Noi •'it, >v,i ;.,: • =;, ^io;; .; - i :- POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND ECONOMIC MORPHOLOGY ^^"' •' OF HA LONG-CULTURE INHABITANTS NGUYIN GIA OOI Ha Long culture was distributed along northeastern coastal area with two sub-regions: estuary-coast and island-bay The inhabitants in estuary-coast sub-region tended to the farming in combination with exploitation of coastal seafood, production of salt and ceramics I '' ' The inhabitants in island-bay Ha Long specialized in exploiting far offshore seafood and < - •• trading on sea, A part of the population from the southern coast and islands specializing in stone-tool making such as Trang Kenh, Ba Viing and Bai Ben exchanged materials and products and had much relationship with the population communities in Viet Nam as well as southern China ... phUdng thiic kinh te', dac trUng van hoa tie'n trinh lich sii eiia khu vUe Dac die'm p h a n bd' d a n cU va phitOng thxic k i n h te cua cU dan van hoa Ha Long Trong cac di chi van hoa Ha Long hien... Long chii ye'u xuat p h a t tir yeu c l u thuc te v i kha nang eung cap cae nguon nang litdng tu nhien dinh h u d n g hoat ddng Nguyin Gia Ooi - Phan bo dan cu va cac hjnh thai kinh te 2T_ kinh. .. Di tim dau vet giao thUOng cua Ha Long vdi cac mien gan xa 3.1 Ha Long voi cac cpng dong din cxi d Bic va Trung B6 Viet Nam Cd the ndi, the manh eiia eu dSn Ha Long la eae ngudn hai san, mud'i,
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