Vai trò của già làng người ê đê trong phát triển bền vững vùng tây nguyên

VAI TRO CUA GIA LANG NGlTOfl EDE TRONG PHAT TRIEN BEN V I T N G V U N G T A Y NGUYEN (Qua nghien cmi trircmg hop buon Chu, xa Easel, huyen Eahleo va budn Tong Jii, Thanh Buon Ma Thuot, tinh DSk Lak) BUI MINH DAO, NGUYIIN VAN THANG' D dk Lak la tinh mien niii, cd dien tich tu nhien la 13.125,37 km^ cd 73 km dudng bien gidi vdi tinh Mondulkiri ciia Campuchia; dan sd toan tinh cd 1.75 trieu ngudi, vdi 44 tdc ngudi anh em; dd, dong bao cac tdc ngudi thieu sd tai chd chilm gdn 20% dan sd (tinh ca cac ddng bao cac tdc ngudi thieu sd la gan 30% dan sd ciia tinh)' Toan tinh cd 13 huyen va 01 vdi 108 xa, phuong, thi trdn, 2.295 budn, thdn, td dan phd Trong dd, cd 548 budn ddng bao tai chd Den nay, toan tinh cdn 27 xa dac biet khd khan ve phat trien kinh te - xa hdi La tinh nam d trung tam ciia viing Tay Nguyen, phia Bac giap tinh Gia Lai, phia Ddng giap Phii Yen va KJianh Hoa, phia Tay giap Campuchia va phia Nam giap Lam Ddng va Binh Phudc, cao trung binh tu 450m den 700m so vdi mat nudc bien va nghieng tu Ddng sang Tay^ Cd nhieu nggn mil cao nhu: Chu Yang Sin (cao 2.405m), Chu Yang Ldk (1.687m), Dak Lak cd nhieu sdng chay qua nhu Serepdk (do hai sdng Krong Ana va Krong Knd hgp thanh), Krong Buk, Krong Pak, Khi hau chia hai miia rd ret, mua mua bat dau tir thang va ket thiic vao thang 10, mua-khd bdt ddu tir thang 11 den thang nam sau Tdng so ngudi E De sinh sdng tai Viet Nam la 194.710 ngudi^ dd, tai Dak Ldk la 179.134 ngudi, chilm^ 92%, cho thdy Dak Lak la noi phan bd tap trung nhdt cua tdc ngudi Ngdn ngir ciia ngudi E De thudc nhdm Malayo Polynesien (Nam Dao), cung nhdm ngdn ngii vdi mdt sd tdc ngudi khac nhu: Cham, Gia Rai, Chu Ru, Rag Lay I M P T SO VAN DE LY THUYET VA KHAI NIEM Thiet che gia lang la mdt dac diem ndi bat ciia xa hdi Tay Nguyen Gia lang la hdi tu ciia nhieu yeu td, nhung tim chung lai, nd mang hai yeu td co ban \ayeu to xd hoi vd yeu to tin ngudng Dd la mat xich then chdt nhat de van hanh ddi sdng cdng ddng budn lang truyen thong Trudc tien can phai nhan dinh rang, khai niem gid Idng, hoi dong gid Idng, trudng bdn, la thuat ngii cac nha nghien ciiu dat cho mdt ngudi hay mdt nhdm ngudi cdng ddng lang, va nd chi xuat hien sau nam 1954 Trong cdng ddng ngudi tai chd, hg chi cd nhiing khai niem nhu: "ngudi dung dau mdt budn", "ngudi dung dau mdt vung dat" (chii bin nudc, chii budn, chii dat, ), tieng E De ggi la: Po pin ea, P6 Idn hay Mtdo (ngudi Mo Ndng ggi la: Kruanh bon, U manh bon, ngudi Se Dang ggi la: Krd pie, ngudi Ba Na ggi la: Bookkrdplei ) Theo nha nghien cuu Linh Nga Nie Kdam, Gid lang la tong hgp y thiic ciia hai khai niem ca nhan va cdng ddng, ca nhan d day dugc sang Igc va lira chgn theo nhiing tieu chuan nghiem ngat nhu: tudi tac, kinh nghiem, su tin * Bui Minh Dao, TS - Nguyen VSn ThSng, Ths, Vifn Phat trien ben viing vung Tay Nguyen UBND tinh Dak Lak: Bao cao tinh hinh ddu tranh chlng am muu "Dien bien hoa binh" cila cac th^ luc thii dich nhijng nam qua tren dia ban tinh nam 2008 Linh Nga Nie Kdam (2007): Gia lang Tay Nguyen; Nxb Van hoa dan toe, Ha Noi T6ng cue dilu tra dan so Viet Nam - 1989 (1991): Kit qua dilu tra toan dien, Ban chi dao tong dilu tra dan s6 TW, Ha Noi ^ Bui Minh Dao, NguySn Van Thang - Vai trd gia lang ngirdi EDE nhiem, dugc tap the cung ddng Idng tdn vinh Theo GS Phan Hiiu Dat, Gid Idng la Idp ngudi cao tudi, dugc chuyen tir lap ngudi nien sang Idp ngudi cao nien Khi ndi den gia lang, ngudi ta mudn ndi tdi ngudi khdng cdn d tudi nien vdi tat ca nhiem vu va quyen lgi dugc luat tuc quy dinh, ma chuyen sang Idp tudi khac Nhu vay, gia lang la ngudi cao tudi nhung khdng nhat thiet la ngudi cao tudi nhat budn nhung nhat thiet phai la ngudi khdng cdn d Idp tudi nien, theo luat tuc quy dinh ddi vdi timg cdng ddng"* Hoi dong gid Idng la tap hgp mdt sd ngudi cd uy tin, lao hang lang, hg la nhiing ngudi tham van y kien cho gia lang Khi can giai quyet mdt van de gi, bao gid hdi ddng gia lang ciing tu hgp lai, trao ddi, va dua quyet dinh cuoi cung, dac biet la nhiing van de mang tinh quyet dinh tdi ddi sdng, sinh ke ciia dan lang Gia lang se lay y kien cua Hdi ddng gia lang de tham khao, va dua vao dd de quyet dinh van de Y kien ciia Hdi ddng gia lang bao gid cQng la y kien quan trgng cdng ddng dan tdc thieu sd tai chd tren cao nguyen, Hdi ddng gia lang cd the dugc hgp lai bdi nhiing chu bep Idn (ngudi diing dau cac ngdi nha), song, hdi ddng ciing cd the dugc hgp lai bdi nhiing ngudi lao hang cd uy tin lang Theo TS Luu Hiing, hdi ddng gia lang la mdt hinh thai cd xua viec quan ly budn lang, nd tdn tai trudc su quan ly budn lang mdt ca nhan la chii lang Khai niem "Nhiing ngudi tieu bieu, co uy tin ddn toe vd d dia phuong" la khai niem dugc dua Nghi quyet Dai hdi IX ciia Dang ve van de dan tdc Nhiing khai niem nhu: gia lang, trudng ban, trudng thdn, cho thay, nd da khdng bao bam het ndi dung ciia van de dang dien ra, vdi nhieu khai niem khac d nhieu vung khac da gay nhiing khd khan cdng tac quan ly Vi vay, can cd mot khai niem chung nhat de chi nhung vi tri nay, nhung khdng lam mat di vai trd ciia hg ddi vdi ddi sdng cdng ddng, khdng lam giam uy tin, trach nhiem ciia ho IQ II VAI TRO CUA GlA LANG E-DE TRONG P H A T TRIEN BEN VCTNG VUNG T A Y NGUYEN Trong xa hdi truyen thdng Tay Nguyen, Gia lang la mot thiet che dac biet, cd vai trd quan trgng, la ngudi coi sdc va cham lo toan bd ddi sdng tinh than va ddi sdng xa hdi cua cdng ddng, la ngudi thay mat cdng ddng "thong ngdn " vdi than linh, truyen dat nhiing nguyen vgng cua mgi ngudi den than linh Trai qua nhieu giai doan lich sii va nhiing bien dgng ciia xa hdi dudi tac dgng ciia nhieu yeu td khac (nhu cac chinh sach phan biet ddi xii, lgi dung va su dung gia lang nhu cdng cu, muu xau ciia cac the luc xam chiem trudc day, cac chinh sach phat trien kinh te-xa hdi cua Dang va Nha nudc sau giai phdng (1975) nhu chinh sach di dan xay dung kinh te mdi, chuyen ddi ca cau cay trdng vat nudi, cdng nghiep hda hien dai hda dat nudc, cac chinh sach ve tdn giao, ) da anh hudng to Idn tdi vai trd ciia gia lang dieu tiet cac hoat ddng budn lang Tdi nay, vai trd ciia gia lang Tay Nguyen ndi chung va gia lang ngudi E De d Dak Ldk ndi rieng da va dang bi mai mdt, tham chi d mot sd nai, mdt sd van de, vai trd ciia gia lang rat md nhat Thuc trang dy ddi hdi chiing ta can nhin nhan than dao, quan tam va danh gia diing miic ve vai trd ciia gia lang tinh hinh mdi, ke thira, phat huy nhung dilm hay, diem tdt nham dn dinh an ninh chinh tri, phat triln kinh tl xa hdi vi muc tieu phat triln bin viing vung Tay Nguyen Khi md hmh hoa he thong xa hdi xua cua Tay Nguyen,^ Bui Minh Dao (2008)^ da dat ngudi dung dau lang moi tuong quan vdi nhiing ngudi cd uy tin khac cdng ddng Ngudi dting dau lang la ngudi chi phoi mgi mat hoat ddng xa hdi; gia lang, chii rimg, thdy ciing, chi huy nien va ba mu la nhiing ngudi coi Phan Hiiu Dat (2004): Xac dinh khai niem cac thuat ngu Gia lang, Truong ban, Mot s6 giai phap nham phat huy vai tro cua gia lang, truong ban vi?e thuc hien chinh sach eiia Dang va Nha nuoc ta; De tai Khoa hoc cdp bo, tr Bui Minh Dao (2008): Vdn hoa truyen thong cdc ddn toe viing Tay Nguyen, Tai lieu giang day, tr.20 NQhien ciru Phat then ben vurnQ so (26) - ThanQ 3/2010 Bui Minh Dao, NguySn Van Thang - Vai trd gia lang ngudi ED^ sdc mot ITnh vuc nhu ddt dai, tam linh, tinh than, ciia budn Va he thdng xa hdi dugc dilu chinh bdng luat tuc, luat tuc chi phdi ngugc trd lai vdi nhiing vi tri HINH So thiet che tu quan d cac budn lang Tay Nguyen Gia i^ng Chu dat (chu rung) Chi huy nien Thay ciing I LUAT TUC Vai tro ciia gia lang ddi song cong dong Trong hoat ddng kinh te truyen thdng, gia lang la ngudi thuc hien cac nghi le ciing than linh cau cho mua mang bdi thu, dan lang lo dii, vdi nhiing tri thiic da dugc tich luy nhieu nam, gia lang la ngudi chi bao cho ba each SII dung hgp ly cac ngudn tai nguyen cd tu nhien nhu each chgn dat, nudc, cay trdng, de cd nang suat cao san xuat, cay trdng khdng bi sau benh, dat dai khdng bac mau; dinh hudng cho ba gieo trdng cac loai cay luong thuc theo diing miia vu tu phat ray, don ray, gieo trdng, lam cd tdi thu hoach va mimg miia mang Cung vdi dd la viec td chiic gill gin dat dai canh tac ciia lang Trudc day, ddt dai ciia dong bao chi dua vao nhimg sudi, sdng, cay cd thu, hdn da, khe nudc, de phan dinh ranh gidi, dieu nhieu dan tdi viec khdng thdng nhat va mat doan kit cdng ddng lang hay giiia lang vdi lang khac, ddi hdi gia lang thay mat cho than linh dl phan xii, phai nam rd vi tri ddt dai ciia lang va luat tuc de giai quyet mdi mong dugc thuan Idng cac ben Viec td chiic khdng gian sdng cho dan lang nhu chgn ddt lap lang, chgn noi lam nghia dja, ngudn nudc, vai trd ciia gia lang ciing quan trgng Khi lang xay dich benh, thien tai, ddt dai san xudt khdng dap ung dugc nhu cdu sinh ton ciia cdng ddng, chien tranh, thi gia lang la ngudi dung chii tri, td chiic viec di chuyin noi sinh sdng ciia mgi NQhien ciru Phat then ben virnQ so (26) - ThanQ 3/2010 gia dinh lang tdi nai sinh sdng khac Dau vay, viec chuyen lang ciing chi dien pham vi ranh gidi cua budn lang ma thdi Can phai ndi them rang, ranh gidi ciia mdi budn lang Tay Nguyen truyen thdng dugc tinh bao gdm: dat d, dat sinh hoat, dat canh tac, dat chan tha gia siic, Vi vay, ndi la lang chi dugc chuyen ranh gidi ciia lang nhung ranh gidi ay la rat rdng Gia lang la ngudi dung dau td chiic cac cudc khai khan Cling nhu giir gin dat dai ciia budn lang, dat dai ciia lang dugc cac chii dat (Po Idn) di kiem tra nam nam mdt Ian, xii phat nhiing gia dinh vi pham nlu cd*" Neu dat dai cua budn lang bi lang khac idn chiem thi gia lang la ngudi huy ddng cac vien lang ddi lai Vdi cac tdc ngudi tai chd d Tay Nguyen, dat dai d dau ciing cd chii, hg thudng gan cho nd mdt the gidi tam linh, vdi mdt vi than cai quan, vay, hanh ddng lam chiem dat dai la hanh ddng xiic pham thdn linh, hanh ddng phai bi trimg tri nghiem khac Vai trd cua gia lang duoc the hien qua luat tuc Gia lang la ngudi quan trgng viec dieu hda cac mdi quan he budn lang, van hanh cac mdi quan he ay thdng qua luat tuc Xua kia, lang la mdt xa hdi thu nhd, cac mdi quan he lang va cac mdi quan he vdi lang khac ludn can nhirng ngudi cd hieu Vu Dinh Lgi, Bui Minh Dao, Vu Thj H6ng (2000): So huu va sir dung dat dai a cac tinh Tay Nguyen; Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi; Ha Noi, tr 45 SD Bill Minh Dao, NguySn Van Thang - Vai tro gia lang ngirdi EDB biet de dam duang, tri thiic dugc trao truyen thdng qua sinh boat ddi sdng hang ngay, qua truyen khau, va luat tuc - day cuong cho cac mdi quan he xa hdi, ciing dugc trao truyen nhu vay Nhiing ngudi ITnh hdi dugc tri thuc dd khdng nhieu va duong nhien hg trd nhirng ngudi hieu biet ban ngudi khac lang, cung thdi gian, ren diic, hg trd nhiing ngudi cd uy tin, dai dien cho dan lang de phan xu cac thac mac, mau thuan giiia cac ca nhan cdng ddng cu trii thdng qua tri thuc ma hg da ITnh hdi dugc qua luat tuc Luat tuc vdi nhiing quy djnh bat van, cd chiic nang dieu chinh hanh vi cua mdi ca nhan nham tri su dn dinh ddi sdng kinh te, van hoa - xa hdi, van hanh xa hdi dem tdi cho cdng ddng nhung dieu tdt dep, nd dugc the hien qua cac khia canh: che sd bun, hdn nhan gia dinh, cac nguyen tac ung xu cua cac ca nhan cung cdng ddng va vdi cdng ddng khac, cac nguyen tac ling xii vdi than linh, vdi tu nhien, Trong 236 dieu cua Luat tuc E De thi cd tdi 33 dieu quy dinh ve cac hinh phat ddi vdi nhung hanh vi xiic pham tdi ngudi diing dau lang, ddng thdi ciing cd tdi 11 dieu quy dinh nhung tdi ciia ngudi diing dau lang phai nhan Dieu phan anh tinh hai mat ciia mdt vi tri, tiic la: ngudi dau lang cd nhiing vai trd va vi tri quan trgng ddi vdi cdng ddng thi hg phai thuc hien vai trd van hanh ddi sdng sinh boat ciia budn lang mdt each diing dan, khdng dugc vu lgi tu vi tri nay, nhu vay, hg nhan dugc su tdn trgng ciia cdng ddng Ngoai ra, vdi 27 dieu quy dinh ve cac hanh vi vi pham lgi ich cdng dong, 48 dieu quy dinh hdn nhan, 06 dieu quy dinh ve mdi quan he giiia cha me va cai cho ta thay vai trd ciia ngudi chii lang, gia lang bao triim len hau bet cac mat cua ddi sdng cdng ddng, tu viec quan, hdn, tang, te, tdi nhiing viec vi pham lgi ich cdng ddng, trgm cap, danh nhau, dat dai, giai quyet cac mdi quan he lang, giiia lang minh vdi lang khac, Dieu 27 ghi rd: "Co cay da thi phdi hoi edy da, eo cdy sung thi phdi hoi cdy sung, CO me cha thi phdi hoi me eha eo edy da ddu sudi, cd edy sung ddu lang Nhu vay la chuyen sai lam can dua xet xu" Hay ban ve viec bau chii lang, dieu 28 ghi: "Hay nhen lua len, trieu tdt ed ddn lang, hay mdi tdt ed nhimg ngudi anh em eon ehdu, tdt cd bd me, dng cha, tdt ed nhiing ngudi ong, bd, ed nhiing bd me goa eon coi Hay mdi tdt ed ve giUa lang khong dugc giii kin suy nghi eua mink ve viec he ndy"^ Dieu 30, dieu 59, dieu 65, 66, ciing ghi rd van dl Vai tro ciia gia lang thoi ky chdng Phap - My Khi dat chan len Tay Nguyen, thuc dan Phap da cd nhieu cudc nghien ciiu vung dat va ngudi nai day, nham phuc vu cho muu khai thac thudc dia ciia minh Trong do, nghien ciin phong tuc tap quan, vai trd ciia chii lang, gia lang, ddi sdng chinh tri, ddi sdng tinh than, dia ly, tai nguyen, dugc quan tam, dac biet la xa hdi cua vung Ve chinh tri, ngudi Phap thuc hien chinh sach chia de tri, duong cao khau hieu "dat thugng ciia ngudi thugng", cam khdng cho ngudi Kinh len lam an, sinh sdng, lap lien bang cao nguyen thuoc Phap Ve xa hdi, Phap chu truong khdng can thiep vao xa hdi cii, tdn trgng phong tuc tap quan, de cao vai trd cua gia lang Vl tdn giao, ngudi Phap chu truong phat triln Ki - Td giao de nam dan Ve kinh tl, khai thac Tay Nguyen bang each mi dan khdn kheo nhu lgi dung gia lang de bao chiem dat xay dung dudng giao thdng, ddn dien, can cii quan su Viec nghien cuu ky xa hdi, ngudi Tay Nguyen dugc the hien qua cac cudc tham hilm, truyin dao va khai pha cac vung dat mdi ciia cac nha tham hiem, cac nha truyen dao va nhiing vien cdng sii dugc chinh quyen Phap cdt cu cai tri Tay Nguyen Md ddu la cudc tham hilm ciia Neis va Steptans cudi nam 1890, tilp sau la A Gautier nam 1982, Paul Nouet nam 1882, Ngo Due Thjnh, Chu Thai San, Nguyen H&u Thdu (2001): Luat tuc E De (Tap quan phap); Nxb Van hoa Dan toe, Ha Noi, tr.l27 Sdd: Ngo Due Thjnh, Chu Thai San (2001): Luat tuc EDe.tr 128 NQhien ciru Phat then ben viJrnQ so (26) - ThanQ 3/2010 \ • Bui Minh Dao, Nguyen VSn Th^ng - Vai tro gia lang ngudi ED^ Humann nam 1884, Navelle nam 1884, Mayrenanam 1888, Pavie nam 1890 Henry Maitre 1907, Sabatier 1912, Qua viec to chiic tim hieu ve vung dat va ngudi Tay Nguyen, thuc dan Phap rat chii trgng tdi viec khai thac va su dung vai trd ciia gia lang, chii lang, Hg thay dugc vai trd ciia tdng Idp xa hdi, nhat la viec van ddng quan chiing thuc hien cac chinh sach cai tri va trach nhiem vdi nhiing thiet che phuc vu cai tri Sau 1954 Viet Nam bi chia hai miln, Miln Bac phat triln theo dudng xa hdi chii nghTa dudi sir lanh dao cua Dang cdng san, Mien Nam va Tay Nguyen bi dat dudi sir cai quan cua chinh quyen Sai Gdn va dl qudc My Ngay len nam quyen, Ngd Dinh Diem yeu cau Bao Dai buy bd "Hoang trilu cuang thd" ddi vdi Tay Nguyen, cho thuc thi nhieu chinh sach khde ddi vdi ddng bao cac tdc ngudi tai chd, thi hanh chinh sach "cai each dien dia" vdi viec dua 60.000 ngudi d vung ddng bang len Tay Nguyen lap nghiep, ma ban chat ciia nd (chinh sach cai each dien dia) la bai bd quyen chii dat ciia cac poldn, buy bd toa an phong tuc, phii nhan quyen sd hiiu dat dai ciia ngudi dan (bd vai trd ciia cac Poldn), mgi viec mua ban trao ddi dat dai dIu phai dugc phii Tdng Thdng cho phep, ban chi day tieng me de ddng bao, khdng tdn trgng nhiing tri thiic dia phuong, ban che hg vao lam viec cho cac ca quan cdng quyIn, Chinh sach khac va phan ddng khdng hgp Idng dan da vap phai sir khang cu quyet liet tu cac phong trao dau tranh ciia nhilu tdc ngudi tai chd Cac cudc ddu tranh cac tu trudng, nhan sT tri thuc yeu nudc lanh dao da nd khap nai tren cao nguyen, noi bat nhat la phong trao Bajaraka cua bdn tdc ngudi tai chd Idn nhat Tay Nguyen nam 1958 Nam 1967, Nguyin Van Thieu len nam chinh quy In d Sai Gdn, md thdi ky thii hai cho chinh quyen tay sai cua My d Mien Nam Do ndm bdt dugc nhiing bai hgc tir thdt bai ciia chinh quyIn Ngd Dinh Diem va nhiing viec ma ngudi Phap da lam dugc thdng qua nhiing chinh sach cai tri cdng ddng ngudi tai chd, chinh quyen Sai Gdn da ap dung chinh sach mem deo ban ddi vdi ngudi va vung dat Thua nhan vai trd cua cac chii dat, gia lang, chinh quyen Thieu da ke thira nhirng bai hgc cua Phap viec van dung vai trd nhiing ngudi cd uy tin tai dia phuong ket hgp vdi nhiing chinh sach mdi nhu: dua chii lang truyen thdng (Po buon hay Po Pin Ea, Po Idn) lam trudng budn, cac vien cd uy tin khac nhu chii ben nudc, thay xu kien, chii dat, tirng ngudi ma dugc cat nhac vao cac vi tri phd trudng budn nhu la mdt chiic dich ciia che Trudng budn (khoa buon) va cac phd trudng budn deu cd che va luang ciia nha nudc Nhu vay, da ke thira uu diem ciia Phap viec van dung vai trd ciia nhiing ngudi cd uy tin cdng ddng, chinh quyen Thieu cdn kheo leo biln hg trd mdt chiic dich thuc thu vdi nhiing quyen lgi thudng xuyen va cd dinh ban Vai trd cua gia lang tir nam 1976 den cuoi the ky XX Trudc tien, can nhin nhan vai trd ciia cac gia lang Tay Nguyen ndi chung va gia lang E De d hai budn nghien ciiu ndi rieng, tir 1976 din cudi thi ky XX chua dugc quan tam nhieu Khoang thdi gian nay, chiing ta da tap trung xay dung mdt md hinh quan ly vdi viec ap dung hau het cac thiet che da va dang dugc thuc thi d cac vung, mien khac ca nudc cho Tay Nguyen ma it chii y din nhiing dac diem dac thu vdn cd cua viing ddt Chiing ta xay dung cac td chiic doan the nhu: td chuc Dang, chinh quyIn cdp thdn, xa, huyen, tinh, Doan nien, Hdi phu nii, Hdi ndng dan, Hdi Cuu chiln binh, Ddi san xuat, nhung tat ca cac thilt chi dd, khdng cd vi tri nao danh cho "nhiing ngudi tieu bieu va cd uy tin" von cd vi tri quan trgng cac budn lang Cd nhilu ly dk giai thich cho viec nay, song, theo chiing tdi, dieu quan trgng nhdt chinh la: chiing ta da chua thay bet NQhien ciru Phat then ben vurno so (26) - Th^nQ 3/2010 IS Bill Minh Dao, NguySn Van Thang - Vai tro gia lang ngudi EDE dugc anh hudng ciia cac gia lang sir nghiep phat trien kinh te-xa hdi d Tay Nguyen qua trinh xay dung chii nghTa xa hdi ciia dat nudc Mdt mat, sau giai phdng, chiing ta qua chii trgng vao nhiem vu khac phuc hau qua ciia chien tranh, xay dung nen kinh te va giai quyet nhiing hau qua ciia chien tranh, ddng thdi, day la giai doan chiing ta vira phai bao ve nen thdng nhdt mdi danh dugc vira phai dap ling nhanh nhiem vu phat trien kinh te - xa hdi Mat khac, d giai doan nay, chiing ta chua khach quan nhin nhan vi tri gia lang nhu la mdt bd phan cau thiet che quan ly budn lang d Tay Nguyen, chua thay bet nhiing mat tich cue va vai trd ciia cac gia lang dn dinh va phat trien kinh te, xa hdi ciia ddng bao cac dan tdc Vai trd ciia gia lang cdng tac dinh canh dinh cu la khdng rd ret, ma dai dien la gia lang budn Chii va budn Tang Jii, day la chuong trinh ciia chinh phii, nham muc dich dn dinh ddi sdng va san xuat ciia ddng bao tai chd Viec khai hoang nhieu viing dat dugc coi la "vd chii", hay cd chii da anh hudng nhieu tdi khdng gian sdng ciia ddng bao Vdi chinh sach nay, 50% dien tich dat canh tac ciia budn Chii da dugc chuyen cho Nha nudc trdng cao su, hoac cac td chuc, ca nhan khac su dung Dien tich dat canh tac ciia budn Tang Jii ciing da chuyen ddi ca ban, ngoai nhiing dien tich dat thap ven hai sudi sir dung trdng liia nudc thi dat ray da chuyen sang trdng ca phe hoac dugc dua vao dien quan ly ciia Nha nudc Chuang trinh di dan xay dung cac vung kinh tl mdi (trong nhiing nam 1976 - 1995) dien gan nhu ddng thdi vdi chuong trinh dinh canh dinh cu cua Chinh phii va nd mang nhiing ndi dung chinh: Nghi dinh 82/CP, di dan xay dung cac ndng - lam trudng qudc doanh, vdi phuong thuc tuyen lao ddng cd mang theo gia dinh; Nghi dinh 95/CP vdi ndi dung: di dan de xay dung hgp tac xa, tap doan san xuat, chuyen dau tu phan tan sang dau tu vao mdt sd viing trgng diem; Nghi dinh 254/CP vdi ndi dung ca ban la thuc hien chinh sach xen canh, xen cu nham khuyin khich cac gia dinh cd tien vdn, lao ddng di khai thac cac vung dat hoang boa, nhd le theo tinh than "nha nudc va nhan dan cung lam" Ngoai viec di dan theo chuang trinh, cung thdi diem cdn cd mot Ian sdng di dan tu tdi Tay Nguyen Cdng tac van ddng ngudi cd uy tin tai chd tham gia thuc hien chinh sach, chii truong ciia Dang va Nha nudc hai chuang trinh chua phat huy dugc vai trd ciia cac gia lang ddng bao cac dan tdc it ngudi Do vay, chinh sach dinh canh dinh cu va chinh sach di dan gap nhieu khd khan cdng tac trien khai, va d mdt sd noi da khdng thu dugc ket qua nhu mong dgi, tham chi cdn de xay nhiing bat boa, xung dot keo dai nhieu nam, tdi nay, day van la viec quan tam hang dau cua Nha nudc Khao sat thuc te ciia chiing tdi tai budn Chii (xa Ea Sol, huyen Eahleo) va budn Tang Jii (thanh phd Budn Ma Thudt, tinh Dak Lak, 2008) ve vai trd ciia gia lang viec thuc hien nhiing chinh sach phat trien kinh te Idn ciia Dang, Nha nudc va cac cap chinh quyen dia phuong cho thay, ddi vdi Chuang trinh dinh canh dinh cu, Chuong trinh di dan, gia lang va nhiing ngudi cd uy tin khac khdng cd vai trd gi; cdn ddi vdi viec di dan tu cua cac tdc ngudi tdi dia ban hai budn sinh sdng thi d budn Chii, vai trd ciia gia lang it quan trgng, d budn Tang Jii, gia lang khdng cd vai trd gi Vdi ddi sdng xa bdi, gia lang giai doan la bien than cho thien chi cua cac ca nhan va gia dinh budn lang, dilu hoa mdi quan he va ngoai budn, cd kit, gdn bd cac mau thuin gia dinh, cac ho cung cu trii tren mdt dia ban, mau thudn giiia cac ddng hg vdi nhau, mau thuIn giiia cac budn vdi nhau, mau thuIn giiia cac ca nhan vdi nhau, va luat tuc la sgi day cuang dieu chinh mgi hanh vi dugc moi ngudi xa hdi thuan theo phap luat ciia nha nudc chi tiem can dugc tdi cac mdi quan he chu chua dilu chinh duac nd m NQhien ciru Phat then ben vana, so (26) - Thano 3/2010 Bill Minh Dao, NguySn Van Th^ng - Vai trd gia lang ngudi £D£ Hop Loi ke cua mot gia lang Gia lang Nay Thiit (buon Chur, xa Ea Sol, huyen Ea Hleo, tinh DSk Ldk) kl lai: "Khoang nhirng nam 80, 90 ciia the ky truac, buon vdn dung nhilu kiln thurc ong ba truyen lai dl giao d\ic chau Neu chiing danh co thi phat heo, ga, rugu va bit chiing lam hoa vdi theo ly cua ong ba, neu tpi nang CO thi phat nang hon ma chiing van nghe theo, xii kilu nha nudc thi minh khong bilt, nhung noi chung la moi ngudi van nghe theo luat tuc truyen thing nhilu idm !"^ Vai tro cua gia lang tir nam 2000 den Dang va Nha nudc ta da cd nhiing danh gia diing muc ddi vdi vai trd ciia gia lang d Tay Nguyen ndi chung va d tdc ngudi E De ndi rieng Chiing ta da thay dugc vi tri quan trgng ciia ngudi cd uy tin cdng ddng va chii trgng hon viec van dung vai trd ciia hg de bao ve cdng ddng, giii dn dinh trat tu d dia phuong, phat triln kinh te xa hdi, doan kit tdc ngudi, xay dung ddt nudc Hang loat cac cudc nghien cuu, hdi nghi, hdi thao da dugc trien khai nham phat huy vai trd ciia tang Idp tinh hinh mdi nhu: De tai nghien cuu "Mot so gidi phdp phdt huy vai tro cua gid Idng trudng bdn" GS Phan Hiiu Dat chii nhiem (2004); Hdi nghi "Ndng eao vai tro cua gid Idng" a Dak Ndng (2004); Hdi nghi ''Gid Idng trudng bdn tieu bieu tinh Ddk Ldk" (2004); cdng trinh nghien curu "Gid Idng Tdy Nguyen " cua Linh Nga Nie Kdam, de tai khoa hgc "Vdn de gid Idng vd vai tro cua gid Idng eong dong ede ddn toe thieu so d buon, Idng Tdy Nguyen" TS Bill Minh Dao lam chii nhiem (2003), da phan nao ndi len tam quan trgng ciia gia lang xa hdi mdi, ddng thdi, nd ciing phan anh tinh khach quan, bien chung ciia Dang va Nha nudc ta van de Tdng sd gia lang tren Tay Nguyen hien cd 3.160 ngudi tren 6.762 budn, lang, ban'°, nhu vay, sd gia lang chi gan bang V2 sd budn, dieu dd ndi nen sir anh hudng to Idn ciia ca che thi trudng tdi khdng gian truyen thdng ciia cac tdc ngudi tren cao nguyen Tir nhung nam dau the ky tdi nay, Dang va Nha nudc ta da cd mdt sd chinh sach nham phat trien kinh te - xa hdi mien niii ndi chung, Tay Nguyen ndi rieng Nhiing quyet dinh dd da tac ddng true tiep tdi ddi sdng cac tdc ngudi thieu sd theo hudng tich cue, hang van hd gia dinh da dugc hudng lgi tir nhiing quyet dinh nay, gdp phan cai thien dang ke nhiing khd khan ma hg dang gap ddi sdng Hop Mot so chii trirong, chinh sach quan cua Dang va Chinh phu ve phat trien Tay Nguyen nhirng nam gan day - Quylt dinh 168/2001/QD - TTg cua Thu tudng Chinh Phii 30/10/2001, yl Djnh hudng dai ban, ke hoach nam 2001 - 2005 va nhung giai phap ca ban phat trien kinh te - xa hdi viing Tay Nguyen - Nghi quylt sd 10 - NQ/TW ciia Bd Chinh tri 18/01/2002 vl Phat triln kinh tl - xa hdi va dam bao qudc phdng an ninh vung Tay Nguyen thdi ky 2001 - 2010 - Quylt dinh sd 132/2002/QD - TTg 08/10/2002 ciia Thii tudng Chinh phii vl Giai quylt dat san xuat va dat d cho ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd tai chd Tay Nguyen _ - Quylt djnh sd 235/QD - TTg 05/03/2005 ciia Thu tudng Chinh phii vl viec phi duyet de an Mot sd giai phap ciing cd, kien toan chinh quyen ca sd vung Tay Nguyen - Quylt dinh 134/2004/QD -TTg 20/7/2004 ciia Thu tudng Chinh phii vl Mot sd chinh sach ho trg ddt san xudt, ddt d, nha d va nudc sinh boat cho ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd ngheo ddi ^ ^ _ _ ^ sdng khd khan Theo lai kl ciia gia lang Nay Thiit buon Chii, da duoc tac gia bien tap lai 10 Nguyen Hong San: Vdn de gia lang cpng dong cac dan toe thilu s6 voi viec giii viJng on dinh NQhien ciru Phat then ben vurnQ so (26) - ThanQ 3/2010 chinh tri a Tay Nguyen giai doan hi?n nay; sach: Mot so giai phap nham gop phan on dinh a Tay Nguyen hien nay; Nxb Chinh trj Quie gia, Ha Noi, 2007, tr 324 Bui Minh Dao, NguySn VSm Th^ng - Vai tro gia lang ngudi ^D£ Vdi nhung chinh sach cu the ciia Dang va Nha nudc quan tam va phat trien kinh te, xa hdi d dia phuang thi vai trd ciia gia lang Tay Nguyen ndi chung va hai budn dugc nghien cuu ndi rieng, ciing dugc quan tam thich dang Y thiic dugc vai trd ciia hg cdng tac van dgng quan chiing, he thong chinh quyen va Mat tran Td qudc (MTTQ) cac cap ciia tinh Dak Lak da ban hanh nhiing van ban cu the nham phat huy vai trd ciia gia lang tinh hinh mdi, hudng dan cac thdn, budn xay dung hdi dong gia lang, nhu: - Kl hoach sd 38/KH- MT cua MTTQ tinh Ddk Ldk 20/01/2005 ve viec van ddng cac gia lang, trudng ddng hg va nhan sy tri thiic ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd tai chd tinh Dak L3k tham gia xay dung va bao ve td qudc giai doan 2005-2010 - Hudng ddn sd 170/HD - MT ciia UBMTTQ Viet Nam phd Budn Ma Thudt 01/06/2005 ve viec van ddng cac gia lang, trudng ddng hg va nhan sy, tri thuc ddng bao dan tdc thilu sd tai chd tren dia ban phd Budn Ma Thudt tham gia xay dung va bao ve Td qudc giai doan 2005 - 2010 - Quylt dinh sd 01/QD - MT ciia UBMTTQ xa Ea Kao 09/03/2006 ve viec cdng nhan Ban chap hanh Hdi ddng gia lang xa va ban hanh Quy che lam viec ciia Hdi dong gia lang xa (Hdi ddng gia lang xa Ea Kao gdm 18 ngudi, cd nhiing bao cao thudng nien cho cap tren Quy che lam viec ciia Hdi ddng gia lang xa neu rd chuc nang, nhiem vu, quyIn ban, nguyen tac, che lam viec ciia Hdi ddng gia lang, ) Nhu vay, he thdng van ban chinh sach da dugc xay dung va triln khai tii cdp cao nhdt (chinh phu) xudng den cdp xa, budn va da cd nhung ket qua tich cue Trong ITnh vuc kinh te, cac gia lang d Tay Nguyen hien ndi chung ciing nhu cac gia lang d hai diem nghien cuu (budn Chii va budn Tong Jii) ndi rieng, hg khdng tham gia toan dien vao qua trinh san xuat miia vu, khdng cdn hudng dan dan lang each trdng trgt, chgn ray, phat ray, dot ray hay thuc hien cac nghi le lien quan tdi mua mang niia, hoac cd cGng rat it Day la quy luat khach quan sir phat triln ciia xa hdi Trong ITnh vuc van hoa xa hdi, vai trd cua gia lang cd phdn quan trgng ban, hg la ngudi true tiep van dgng nhan dan thuc hien ddi sdng van boa, xoa bd hii tuc lac bau, khdi phuc va phat huy nhiing thuan phong my tuc mang ban sac van hoa tdt dep ciia ddng bao Trong cac le hdi van hoa ciia budn, thdn, cac gia lang van la linh hdn, hg ludn la nhiing ngudi nam gift cac khau then chdt le hdi, la ngudi thay mat cho budn, thdn thdng quan vdi the gidi than linh, cho dii cac le thiic da khac xua nhieu Ben canh viec van ddng ba tham gia gift gin cac gia tri van hoa truyen thdng, cac gia lang cdn phai tham gia vao cac mat ddi sdng xa hdi khac cua budn minh nhu: van ddng nghTa vu quan su ddi vdi nhiing nien den tudi lam nghTa vu, van ddng nop thue, gift trat tu tri an, tu van cho Ban tu quan thdn, budn, van ddng nhirng ngudi theo Phulro trd ve, khdng nghe ke xdu xiii due, khdng tham gia cac td chuc phan dgng, Dd la nhiing nhiem vu khdng dl thuc hien, dac biet la budn Tang Ju vdi hon 80%) sd dan la tin dd dao Tin lanh Lgi dung su nhe da ciia mdt bd phan quan chiing it hieu bilt, bon phan ddng da Idi keo bd phan vao nhiing viec chdng pha chinh sach cua Dang va Nha nudc ta da va dang triln khai tren dia ban Ddi vdi ddi sdng xa hdi d budn, vai trd ciia gia lang noi bat cdng tac hoa giai Sd dT nhu vay la vi chinh quyen va cac ban, nganh, doan the da thay dugc uy tin ciia cac gia lang vdi cdng dong thdn, budn va giao cho ho trgng trach "dilu hoa cac mdi quan he bi dan nut cdng ddng", va hg, bdng vi thi va uy tin ciia minh ludn thuc hien tot cdng viec, tu hoa giai ly hdn, danh nhau, trgm cdp, idn chiem dat dai, tranh chdp cac nguon lgi din van ddng thuc hien cac chu truong ciia Dang, phap luat ciia Nha nudc Trong cudc khao sat thuc tl cua chiing tdi nam 2008 tai budn Chii va Tong Ju, hdu hit nhftng ngudi dugc hdi deu danh gia cdng tac hoa giai, cac gia lang boat dgng cd hieu qua chiem tdi 39%, va NQhien ciru Phat then ben vQnQ, so (26) - Th'ana 3/2010 Bui Minh Dao, NguySn Van Thing - Vai trd gia lang ngudi EDE chi cd 9% ndi la khdng hieu qua Nhu vay, trach nhiem ciia minh vdi cdng ddng va vdi vdi cdng tac boa giai, cac gia lang da lam tdt chu truong cua Dang ta Bang Hieu qua hoat dong cua gia lang buon Chii- va buon Tong Ju cong tac hoa giai Tan suat thong ke Ty I? (%) Khong CO y kien 37 37,0 Hieu qua 39 39,0 Binh thuong 15 15,0 Khong hif u qua 9,0 100 100,0 T6ng Nguon: Ket qua khao sat, dieu tra thuc te eiia De tai khoa hoc cap Bo "To ehiie va hoat dong buon lang phat trien ben vung viing Tay Nguyen"; Vien PTBV viing Tay Nguyen, 2008 III KET LUAN VA KIEN NGHI VE GiAi PHA'P NHAM PHAT HUY VAI TRO CUA GlA L A N G GOP PHAN ON DINH VA PHAT TRIEN BEN VUNG VUNG TAY NGUYEN Gia lang la mdt thiet che dac biet ddi sdng xa hdi truyen thdng ciia cac cdng ddng dan tdc it ngudi d Tay Nguyen, nd the hien niem tu hao va sir minh triet cua tdc ngudi tren cac mat nhu: van hoa, xa hdi, kinh te, giao luu, dn dinh trat tu budn lang, dieu tiet cac quan he xa hdi, dam bao mgi ngudi cdng ddng dugc sdng va phat trien Bang uy tin ciia minh, gia lang la nggn cd dau cho boat ddng ciia lang Hien nay, vai trd ciia gia lang da mai mdt nhieu, nhien, d mdt sd ITnh vuc nhu van hoa truyin thdng, dieu tiet cac mdi quan he xa hdi budn thi gia lang van la ngudi cd tieng ndi quan trgng Phat huy vai trd ciia gia lang dieu kien mdi la mdt van de khd, ddi hdi cd nhung nghien cuu thuc te, mdt mat phat buy dugc uy tin ciia cac gia lang viec dieu tilt hoat ddng budn lang, mat khac, phai nang cao hieu bilt cua cac gia lang nham dap ling tinh hinh phat triln kinh tl xa hdi dia phuang D I dn dinh vl an ninh, chinh tri, phat triln kinh te - xa hdi thi vdn dh phat huy vai NQhien ciru Phat then ben vurnQ so (26) - ThanQ 3/2010 trd cua gia lang ciing la mdt nhung giai phap can nghiem tiic dugc quan tam Qua dd, chiing tdi xin cd nhung kien nghi sau: 1) Can hieu diing vai trd, vi tri ciia gia lang viec xay dung budn lang mdi d Tay Nguyen hien Theo dd, tranh tinh trang tdn trgng gia lang mdt each hinh thiic, chung chung ma can phai tdn trgng hg thuc sir, coi gia lang la hien than, la bieu tugng, la truyen thdng, la tinh hoa ciia tdc ngudi 2) Trong bdi canh Tay Nguyen hien nay, nen chang can coi gia lang la mdt thiet che Ban tu quan ciia thdn, budn 3) cdn cd chi thoa dang ban vdi gia lang tdc ngudi E De ndi rieng va gia lang cac tdc ngudi khac ndi chung, khac phuc tinh trang tdn trgng nhung khdng cd che nhu hien 4) Chii trgng viec xay dung cac thiet che truyin thong de nhan dan cd dia diem tien hanh nhung boat ddng van hda cdng ddng Tu day, vai trd cua gia lang cd khdng gian dl phat huy Quan tam den cdng tac nghien ciiu, suu tdm nham bao tdn cac loai hinh van hda cd ndi dung va hinh thiic lanh manh, phii hgp vdi truyen thdng va tinh thuc tien ciia thdi dai 5) Khuyin khich gia lang van dung nhftng gia tri tdt dep luat tuc truyin Bill Minh Dao, NguySn Van Thang - Vai trd gia lang ngudi EDE thdng ciia cha dng viec dieu chinh cac mdi quan he cdng ddng cu dan Day la sir kit hgp tich cue, nd vua thi hien dugc nhftng tinh hoa ciia cha dng de lai, phu hgp vdi van hoa truyen thdng ciia ddng bao; mat khac, nhftng net truyen thdng ay da tdn tai hang ngan nam nen de tham thau, de dugc chap nhan vdi ba han, va quan trgng la nd phii hgp vdi chii truang va chinh sach ciia Dang va Nha nudc 6) Bao luu mdi trudng tdn tai ciia vai trd gia lang Trong thdi gian qua, chiing ta da thay dugc vai trd ciia gia lang vdi cdng ddng va vdi sir phat trien xa hdi; vay, de phat huy dugc vai trd ciia gia lang tinh hinh mdi, can phai gan vai trd ciia hg vdi sir phat trien va xay dung Td qudc Mudn thuc hien dugc, can phai bao ve tich cue va cd hieu qua "mdi trudng" tdn tai cua vai trd gia lang, gan vdi khdng gian sinh tdn, khdng gian xa hdi va khdng gian muu sinh ciia cdng ddng Cd nhu vay, vai trd ciia gia lang mdi dugc phat huy mdt each tich cue 7) Cac cap liy, chinh quyen tu huyen, phd den cac xa, phudng, thdn, budn can phdi hgp vdi cac phuang tien thdng tin dai chiing td chuc tuyen truyen, giao due sau rdng ddng bao cac dan tdc y thuc gin gift, phat huy van hda truyen thdng, xu ly nghiem minh nhftng trudng hgp tuyen truyen xuyen tac vi pham phap luat d cac budn lang 8) Quan tam dao tao cho cac gia lang Coi trgng viec phd bien kien thuc phap luat, nhftng tien bd ciia khoa hgc - ky thuat cho cac gia lang, nhat la kien thuc, kinh nghiem ve san xuat, chuyen ddi ca cau cay trdng, vat nudi, phat trien kinh te hd gia dinh, each thuc td chuc cudc sdng van minh, de cac gia lang cd dieu kien van ddng ddng bao thuc hien cd hieu qua 9) Viec td chuc gap mat, giao luu cac gia lang theo tung xa hoac cum xa la mdt hinh thuc sinh boat phu hgp, cd tac dung tdt Can quy dinh che lam viec va tao dieu kien de thuc hien cd nen nep 10) Cd chi do, chinh sach giiip da, hd trg ve vdn, tao dieu kien de cac gia lang phat trien kinh te hg gia dinh, khich le cac gia lang tich cue tham gia cdng tac xa hdi Danh mdt khoan kinh phi hgp ly cho sinh boat ciia cac gia lang nham ddng vien cac gia lang cd trach nhiem vdi cdng viec chung./ ' TAI LIEU THAM KHAO: Bo Chinh tri: Nghi quyet lO-NQ/TW 18-012002 ve phat tri^n kinh te-xa h6i va bao dam quoc phong, an ninh vung Tay Nguyen 2001-2010 M6t sd van de phat trien kinh 16' - xa hdi bu6n lang cae dan tde Tay Nguyen; Nxb Khoa hoc xa h6i, Ha Ndi, 2002 Bui Minh Dao: Van hoa truyen thing cac dan tgc vimg Tay Nguyen; Tai lieu giang day, 2008) B I Vilt Ddng, Chu Thai San: Dai cuang ve cac dan toe E De, M'nong d Dac Ldc; Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi; Ha Noi, 1982 Pham Hao: Mot so giai phap gop phan ori djnh va phat trien a Tay Nguyen hien nay; Nxb Chinh trj Qu6c gia; Ha NQI, 2007 Linh Nga Nie Kdam: Gia lang Tay Nguyen; Nxb Van hoa dan toe; Ha Noi, 2007 Vu Dinh Lgi, Biii Minh Dao, Vu Thj Hdng: So hiru va su dung dat dai a Tay Nguyen; Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi; Ha Noi, 2000 Ngo Due Thinh, Chu Thai San, Nguyen Hiiu Thdu: Luat tue E De (tap quan Phap); Nxb Van hoa Dan toe; Ha Noi, 2001 Trung tam Khoa hoc xa hoi va Nhan van Qu6c gia: Mot so van de phat trien kinh tl xa hoi budn lang cac dan toe Tay Nguyen; Nxb Khoa hoc xa hdi; Ha Ndi, 2002 10 Dang Nghiem Van (chil bien): Cac dan tdc tinh Gia Lai - Cdng Tum; Nxb Khoa hoc xa hdi, Ha Noi, 1981 11 Georges Condominas: Khdng gian xa hoi vung Ddng Nam A; Nxb Van hoa; Ha Noi, 1980 12 Robert Lowie: Khdng gian van hoa nguyen thuy (nhin theo ly thuylt chiic nang; Nxb Tri thiic; Ha Ndi, 2008 13 Henri Maitre: Rimg ngudi Thugng; Nxb Tri Thiic; Ha Noi, 2008 NQhien cihi Phat trien ben viJrnQ so (26) - ThanQ 3/2010 ... khdng lam mat di vai trd ciia hg ddi vdi ddi sdng cdng ddng, khdng lam giam uy tin, trach nhiem ciia ho IQ II VAI TRO CUA GlA LANG E-DE TRONG P H A T TRIEN BEN VCTNG VUNG T A Y NGUYEN Trong xa hdi... mdi trudng tdn tai ciia vai trd gia lang Trong thdi gian qua, chiing ta da thay dugc vai trd ciia gia lang vdi cdng ddng va vdi sir phat trien xa hdi; vay, de phat huy dugc vai trd ciia gia lang... phat huy vai trd ciia tang Idp tinh hinh mdi nhu: De tai nghien cuu "Mot so gidi phdp phdt huy vai tro cua gid Idng trudng bdn" GS Phan Hiiu Dat chii nhiem (2004); Hdi nghi "Ndng eao vai tro cua