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62 ^ u feien - mW tiini) Xahoi hoc so (110), 2010 NHAN TU" CHUYEN T H A M M O T C O N G DONG DAN NGHEO VEN DO T H A N H PHO BU SAN, HAN QUOC M O T VAI C A M DUdNG CHI THIEN* Tfl - 11/5/2010 doan d n bd khoa hgc Vien Xa hdi hgc, Vien KHXH VN da den tham va lam viee, trao dd'i khoa hge vdi Trfldng Dai hgc Ddng - A, phd' Bu San va Trfldng Dai hge Sogang, phd' Seoul, Han Qud'c Doan gdm ngfldi, GS.TS Trinh Duy Luan lam trfldng doan Tai hai trfldng Dai hge tren, doan trao ddi va tim hieu v i ba ehu de ldn vdi phia ban la: - Md hinh phat trien xa hdi eua Han Qud'c; - He thd'ng an sinh xa hdi eua Han Qude; - Quan ly sfl p h i t trien xa hdi Han Qud'c - kinh nghiem va bai hge eho Viet Nam; Ngoai ra, theo d i nghi eiia Doan, phia ban da td chflc eho Doan den tham mdt edng ddng ngfldi ngheo ven phd' Bu San Nam ggn mdt thung lung nhd gifla hai sfldn nfli, d e h trung t l m phd' Bu-San khoang hdn 40 phut xe d td, ehung tdi de'n tham mdt edng ddng dan ngheo ven phd' Dd la khu vflc ed cai ten "Mun man edn edng tdng ehe" - ehi phien dieh da dich va vie't bang tieng Han Qud'c Con dfldng nhfla kha nhd dan vao khu vflc "cdng dong ngfldi dan ngheo ven dd" da dfldc trai nhfla Dgc hai ben dfldng la nhflng ngdi nha mdt t i n g nhd, m i i ldp tdn xanh, tren mdi nde nha thfldng ed mdt thflng ehfla nfldc nhd nhd len, trdng kha ngd nghinh Trflde san nha d hoae ven dfldng ed nhflng chie'c xe d td nhd, du loai mau sac nhfl dang ehd ehu nhan cfla nd Thinh thoang ed nhflng chiec xe Bus va xe ehuyen ehd hang hda chay qua, nhfl de ket ndi ngfldi dan ndi day vdi trung tam phd' Con ngfldi, canh vat, mau sle ndi day dem lai mdt cam giae binh va yen tam eho nhflng ngfldi khach l l n d i u den day Chflng tdi dfldc mdi vao mdt can nha nhd n i m ven dfldng, ndi day dfldc ngfldi dan ggi la "Nha cdng ddng" Dd la ndi td chflc cac cudc hgp va sinh boat chung cua edng ddng dan efl d day Tiep ehung tdi la mdt bae sy - dai dien eho nhflng ngfldi lanh dao edng ddng va ngfldi quan ly "Nha cdng ddng" Vdi nhflng anh mat, cai b i t tay, ldi chao than mat va thai niem nd eua eae vi chfl nha, chung tdi cam tha'y thoai mai va am cflng nhfl dfldc sd'ng cdng ddng ngfldi dan d Viet Nam TS, Viin Xd hoi hoc Dddng Chi Thiin 63 Sd lufdc ve sfl h i n h t h a n h va p h a t t r i e n cong d o n g Cdng ddng dan ngheo b i t d i u dfldc Mnh tfl nhflng nam 1950 Ban diu ed khoang 1500 ngfldi Hg deu la nhflng ngfldi dan eae vflng ndng thdn ngheo di cfl phd' kie'm viec lam Nghe nghiep va viee lam ehu ye'u ciia hg la di lam thue cho nhflng ngfldi chu xay dflng eae cdng trinh phd' Khi phd lam viee va kie'm sd'ng, ban d i u hg khdng ed nha d, hg tfl tap trung de'n dinh cfl va xay dflng nhflng ngdi nha nhd d khu vflc thung lung nay, hg tfl lap nen cdng ddng, tfl quan ly cdng ddng cua hg Trfldc nhflng nam 2000, vi bdi canh kinh te' - xa hdi chung cua Han Qud'c thdi ky dd dang phat trien, nhflng d nhflng vflng ndng thdn ngheo edn thfla nhiiu lao ddng, nen cd nhiiu ngfldi dan ngheo d cae vflng ndng thdn de'n day nhap efl de tim viec lam, nen dan sd' eua edng ddng ed xu hfldng tang len Nhflng tfl sau nhflng nam 2000 de'n nay, n i n kinh te' - xa hdi Han Qud'c phat trien ra't manh, nen dan sd' eiia cdng ddng cd xu hfldng giam din, vi hai ly chu ye'u: 1/ Tinh trang thfla lao ddng, thie'u viee lam d vflng ndng thdn giam di, ngfldi lap ddng tfl de'n day cang it di; 2/ Nhiiu ngfldi dan d day kiem, dfldc viec lam td't hdn d ndi khac, hg liy vd, lay chdng nhiiu hdn, nen hg rdi day di cang nhiiu hdn De'n nay, cdng ddng ngfldi dan d day ehi edn khoang 950 ngfldi P h i n ldn hg vln la nhflng ngfldi lam thue eho eae ehu xay dflng phd' Hg la nhflng ngfldi ngheo ven dd thi Tuy nhien, vi sfl phat trien ehung, vdi nhflng cd' gang va nd lfle ehung eua ca edng ddng Men nay, hg da ehung tiin vdi de mua dfldc khoang 30 000 m^ d i t tai ndi hg dang d Va hg da thue ehuyen gia xay dflng ban mdt ban "Qui hoach phat trien edng ddng Mun man edn edng tdng ehe" Ban qui hoach da dfldc giii len ehinh quyin phd' each day g i n mdt nam va ngfldi dan d day rat mong ddi chinh quyin phd' phe duyet cho hg, de tfl dd ehinh thflc hg dfldc trd ngfldi dan cua phd' Va dieu quan trgng hdn la hg se ed cd sd phdp ly de khdng phai la cdng ddng ngfldi dan sd'ng "ehfla hdp phap" tai day, va hg cd the xay dflng, phat trien cdng ddng eua hg nhanh ehdng, to dep hdn T i n h "Tfl q u a n " t r o n g to chiJfc va q u a n ly p h a t trie'n c g n g d o n g Ngfldi dai dien edng ddng eho bie't: Theo dinh ky, dai dien t i t ea nhflng hd gia dinh va ngfldi dan edng ddng tfl hgp lai va tfl b i u len mdt "Hdi ddng quan ly edng ddng" Hien nay, Hdi ddng quan ly edng ddng bao gdm 25 ngfldi Ben canh viec la vien cua Hdi ddng quan ly edng ddng edng ddng bau ra, hg diu dang ed it nhat mdt n g h i nghiep hay viee lam khae Viee lam eiia d e vien "Hdi ddng quan ly edng ddng" diu hoan toan mang tinh tfl nguyen, p h i t triin xa hdi va khdng dfldc tra Ifldng Hg thfldng la nhflng ngfldi cd uy tin, cd trach nhiem xa hdi, cd hgc v l n va ed nang lfle va ed quyin dai dien eho ldi ich eua t i t ca nhflng ngfldi dan mgi quan he, giao dieh ddi ndi va ddi ngoai eiia edng ddng, ddng thdi hg dflng tfl nguyen quan ly, giai quye't t i t ca cae mdi quan he gifla cac vien edng ddng va cac mdi quan he gifla cdng ddng vdi cac edng ddng/nhdm xa hdi rdng ldn hdn 64 Mgt vdi cdm nhdn td chuyi'n thdm mgt cgng dong Mgt vi du da eho thay vai trd to ldn cua tinh chit "tfl quan" kha ro net cfla cdng ddng: Dd la cdng tac tfl quan ly xay dflng nha d tai khu dan efl tam ggi la "chfla hdp phap" d ven mdt phd ldn Sau khoang gin 60 nam hinh va phat trien mdt cdng ddng, de'n tat ca cae ngdi nha d day diu dfldc xay dflng mdt tang, tuyet nhien khdng t h i y bat efl mdt ngdi nha nao xay dflng qui md to ldn hdn Hdi ngfldi dai dien cgng ddng, chung tdi dfldc bie't rang: nhflng ngfldi dan cfla cdng ddng dang sd'ng tren khu vflc da't "ehfla hdp phap", nen chfla dfldc ehinh quyen dia phfldng eho phep xay dflng nhflng ngdi nha kien ed', nhiiu ting, to va dep hdn Hg ehi dfldc lam nhflng ngdi nha mdt ting, nhd ma thdi Ne'u nha d eua hg hi hfl hdng, dot nat, thi hg chi sfla chfla lai de dap flng nhu elu tdi thieu de d tam thdi Ngfldi dan eua edng ddng da nhieu nam phai sd'ng tinh trang ehinh quyen ed the liy da't d khu vflc b i t cfl Mc nao, neu tha'y d n thie't eho sfl phat trien ehung eua phd' Trong diiu kien nhfl vay, theo qui ehe tfl quan ly eua edng ddng, b i t efl mdt ngfldi dan nao eua cdng ddng mud'n xay dflng nha d deu phai xin phep "Hdi ddng quan ly edng ddng", ne'u khdng dfldc phep xay dflng thi khdng dfldc xay dflng bat cfl mdt cdng trinh nao ea Ne'u ed' tinh vi pham qui dinh quan ly cua cdng ddng, thi chinh nhflng ngfldi "Hdi ddng quan ly cdng ddng" va t i t ca ngfldi dan khac cdng ddng phan ddi va gay sflc ep de huge ngfldi vi pham se phai tfl pha bd edng trinh xay dflng sai eua minh Tfl vi du dien hinh neu tren, ehung ta cd the suy ngam ve ba diem ldn - nhfl mdt bai hgc kinh nghiem eho Viet Nam: - Mdt la: Vai trd rat quan trgng va to ldn eua "Tinh tfl quan" etia edng ddng phat trien va quan ly xa hdi - Hai la: y thflc tfl tdn trgng, chip hanh va thflc Men theo cae qui dinh cua edng ddng tfl phia ngfldi dan ra't cao - Ba la: "Tinh tfl quan" cua cdng ddng phai dfldc thflc Men thdng qua cd che "dan chu" thflc sfl cua tat ca mgi ngfldi dan, gid'ng nhfl khau hieu chung ta thfldng ndi "dan bie't, dan ban, dan lam, dan kiem tra" He thong An sinh xa hoi cgng dong tfl quan Theo giai thieh eua ngfldi dai dien edng ddng, chinh vi hg sd'ng dinh efl theo each "ehfla hdp phip" d day, nen hg khdng trflc tiep nhan dfldc bat ky sfl hd trd nao cua ehinh quyin Tuy nhien, tren thflc te', bing mdt so'eon dfldng gian tie'p, edng ddng dan efl d day eung nhan dfldc nhflng so' hd trd/dlu tfl n b l t dinh cua chinh quyen dia phfldng v i cac dieu kien thie't ye'u phuc vu cho ddi sd'ng, dac biet la d i u tfl phat trien he thd'ng t i n g ed sd .-: Vi du nhfl: He thd'ng dien, Ifldi qud'c gia da dfldc d i u tfl va phat trien d day tfl nam 1985 De'n hd gia dinh nao cung ed dien va hg phai ehi tra tiin dien hang thang vdi gia nhfl nhflng hd gia dinh "hdp phap" khae sd'ng khu vflc lan can He thd'ng dfldng giao thdng ke't ndi gifla cdng ddng vdi phd' va he thd'ng dudng giao thdng ndi bd bang be tdng at-phan cung dUdc diu tfl xay dflng kha td't Bao dam viec Dddng Chi Thien 65 di lai va van ehuyen hang hda thuan ldi Cdng ddng dan efl d day hien chfla ke't ndi dfldc vdi he thd'ng nfldc sach chung cua phd', nhflng hg dfldc mdt td chflc phi chinh phu eua Nhat Ban hd trd eho mdi hd gia dinh mdt thflng ehfla nfldc mfla, hoae xay dflng mdt gie'ng khoan bao dam ed du nfldc saeh sxi dung d mfle cin thie't Trong cdng ddng ehfla ed he thd'ng cac trfldng hge eho eae tre em, nhflng tre em den tud'i di hge diu ed the dfldc hgc d cac trfldng hge cflng vdi tre em d khu vflc lan can Tre em hge tieu hge va trung hge ed sd dfldc mien phi hoan toan, gid'ng nhfl mgi tre em khae di hge cflng trfldng Trong edng ddng ehfla ed tram y te rieng, nhflng da ed mdt vai diem la ndi kham ehfla benh ban d i u eho ngfldi dan cdng ddng, mdt sd' bae sy tinh nguyen de'n dd dinh ky kham benh Ne'u trfldng hgp gap benh nang thi ngfldi dan ed the de'n eae tram y te hoae benh vien (eua nha nfldc hoae tfl nhan) g i n n h i t de dfldc kham chfla benh He thd'ng thdng tin lien lae rat phat trien bdi mang dien thoai di ddng, mang internet, song phat va truyin hinh d i u ed the sii dung d day Ddng thdi vdi nhflng hd trd gian tie'p tfl ehinh quyin phd', edng ddng dan efl d day da tfl phat trien mdt "mang Mdi an sinh xa hdi phi ehinh thflc", vdi nhiiu hinh thflc hd trd, trd giflp ian cdng ddng Dieu dd eho phep nhflng ngfldi dan edng ddng bao dam nhflng dieu kien td't hdn cudc sd'ng Cu the la: Ddi vdi d e hd ngheo hdn so vdi mfle sd'ng ehung eua eae hd gia dinh cdng ddng, hg diu nhan dfldc tfl nhdm nhflng ngfldi dai dien cho cdng ddng va nhflng ngfldi dan khae giflp dd mdt d e h tfl nguyen va b i n g nhiiu hinh thflc khac nhau, theo diiu kien va nhu elu eu the eua tflng ngfldi Vi du nhfl la hd trd Me gap khd khan hay rui ro (hi d'm dau, benh tat nang keo dai, hi anh hfldng thien tai ); giflp dd de tim viee lam t h i t nghiep; v.v Tfl dd, ehung ta ed the rut mdt sd' bai hge kinh nghiem ed y nghia eho Viet Nam Dd la: - Cdng ddng xa hdi mud'n phat trien bin vflng dfldc d n phai phat trien He thd'ng an sinh xa hdi Trong He thd'ng an sinh xa hdi thudng bao gdm ca bai linh vflc': An sinh xa hdi ehinh thflc chinh quyin nha nfldc trflc tie'p hoac gian tie'p thflc hien va an sinh xa hdi phi chinh thflc chinh edng ddng ngfldi dan xay dflng, phat trien, tfl quan ly va thflc hien - An sinh xa hdi ehinh thflc thfldng dfldc thflc hien thdng qua kenh d i u tfl/hd trd phat trien he thd'ng ed sd t i n g d nhflng vflng ngheo, nhfl he thd'ng dfldng giao thdng, dien, cung d p nfldc saeh, trfldng hge, tram y te, thdng tin lien lae Day la nhflng diiu kien ed ban nhat de mdt edng ddng dan efl ed the phat trien bin vflng, ket ndi va tham gia hdi nhap vao ddi sd'ng xa hdi ndi chung - An sinh xa hdi phi ehinh thflc chinh cdng ddng ngfldi dan xay dflng, phat trien, tfl quan ly va thflc hien thdng qua r i t nhiiu/da dang cae hinh thflc hd trd/trd giflp lln edng ddng, xult phat tfl nhflng nhu d u an sinh rat cu the cua tflng ngfldi dan va eua ea edng ddng dan efl d day 66 Mgt vdi cdm nhdn td chuyi'n thdm mgt cgng dong - Viee tham gia va thflc hidn vao he thd'ng An sinh xa hdi khdng phai eua rieng Nha nfldc lam, ma t i t ea mgi ngfldi dan, mgi td chflc xa hdi, cflng vdi Nha nfldc diu ed trach nhiem tham gia va thflc Men nd - He thd'ng eae To chflc xa hdi tfl nguyen, he thd'ng Cdng tac xa hdi va Cdng tac tfl thien ed vai trd va vi tri rat quan trgng qua trinh xay dflng va phat trien he thd'ng an sinh xa hdi Dae biet la he thd'ng an sinh xa hdi phi chinb thflc tai cac cdng ddng dan efl ngheo Ket l u a n Qua ehuyen tham va trao dd'i khoa hgc tai Han Qud'c vfla qua, doan can bd nghien cflu khoa hgc eua Vien Xa hdi hge da thu dfldc nhiiu bai hge kinh nghiem va y tfldng khoa hgc bd ieh n h i m phue vu trflc tie'p eho he de tai thude Chfldng trinh khoa hge d p Bd nam 2009 - 2010 ma Vien dang thflc Men, dong thdi eung giin tiep gdp phan vao viee dinh hfldng eho he de tai ldn eiia Vien nam 2011 - 2015 s l p tdi ... h i n ldn hg vln la nhflng ngfldi lam thue eho eae ehu xay dflng phd' Hg la nhflng ngfldi ngheo ven dd thi Tuy nhien, vi sfl phat trien ehung, vdi nhflng cd' gang va nd lfle ehung eua ca edng... ddng: Dd la cdng tac tfl quan ly xay dflng nha d tai khu dan efl tam ggi la "chfla hdp phap" d ven mdt phd ldn Sau khoang gin 60 nam hinh va phat trien mdt cdng ddng, de'n tat ca cae ngdi nha
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