Dl CHOYEN LflOOQNG 0TKai1G QOOC THirC TRANG VA KINH NGHIEM I S PHAM TH! THANH BINH Vien Kinh te vd Chinh tri the gidi TS LE TO HOA Dai hgc Kinh te'Qudc ddn lao ddng tfl ndng thdn t h a n h phd y m Trung Qud'c thflc hien cang tang Khac vdi cac nfldc dang phat C_^^ chfnh saeh eai each va md trien khac, di chuyen lao ddng Trung Qud'c e i a kinh te (1978), cd khoang 130 trieu ed dac trflng la lan chuyen n h a n h sfl ngfldi Trung Qud'c di chuyen tfl ndng thdn phan ehia lieh sfl tdn tai gifla ndng thdn va len phd' de tim kiem viec lam (chfla t h a n h thi cfla he thd'ng hp khau Trong tfnh den so' di chuyen nfldc ngoai lam thdi ky d i u cai each chi ed mdt sd' Ifldng viec) Ddng di cU nay, theo Lien hdp qud'c, la nhd lao dpng di cfl, ehu yeu la lao dpng thu ldn nha't tren the gidi, da tie'p sflc eho mflc cdng, di chuyen d khu vflc ndng nghiep dp tang trudng t h i n ky cfla Trung Qud'c, Cung vdi mflc tang eua nang sua't lao dpng eai thien dieu kien sd'ng eho nhflng ngUdi ndng nghiep, lUc lUdng lao dpng ndng lao ddng ngheo ddi Bai viet p h a n tieh thUe nghiep bat d i u chuyen ngoai khu vUe trang di chuyen lao dpng (trong nUde va vdi qui md cang ldn So' lUdng lao nUde ngoai) eua Trung Qud'c va rflt mpt ddng di chuyen tang tfl trieu lao dpng so' bai hpc kinh nghiem eho cac nfldc dang (1983) len 30 trieu lao dpng (1990) Dae biet sfl hflng nd kinh te sau nam 1992 dan phat trien tdi qui md di chuyen lao dpng tang r a t I DI CHUYEN LAO DONG TRONG NUOC nhanh Tang trfldng kinh te d eae khu vflc Cai each nong nghiep cua Trung Qudc: ven bien - ndi ehfl yeu tap trung lao dpng cdng nghiep va lao dpng cd xu hfldng xua't Budc chuyen ddi di chuyen lao dpng Nam 1978, Trung Qud'c ed 283 trieu lao khau - thu bflt cang nhieu lao dpng dpng ndng nghiep, chiem 93% tdng Iflc ndng thdn tfl eae vflng khac cua Ifldng lao dpng xa hdi Cflng vdi sfl phat Trung Qud'c den tim kiem viec lam ngoai trien va cai each kinh te, qui md di chuyen ndng nghiep Lao dpng di cU da tang tfl 63 ^ ^ ^ • i W r o n g hdn 30 nam qua, ke tfl NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC s d 8(108) - 2010 25 PHAIVI THI THANH BINH - LE TO HOA trieu ngUdi (1993) len 75,5 trieu ngUdi (2000) va tdi 136 trieu ngUdi (2007) Lao dpng di chuyen cd vai trd quan trpng thi trUdng lao ddng cfla Trung Qud'c Nam 2007, lao dpng di chuyen chiem 46,5% tdng so'viec lam d phd' Bdng 1: Dl CHUYEN LAO DONG VA VIEC LAM THANH PHO CUA TRUNG QUOC, (2000 - 2007) Nam Lao dong di chuyen (1) Viec lam phd (2) (Trieu (Trieu ngirdi) ngudi) Tile (%) 2000 78,49 212,74 2001 83,99 239,4 35,1 2002 104,7 247,8 42,3 2003 113,9 256,39 44,4 2004 118,23 264,76 44,7 2005 125,78 273,31 46,0 2006 132,12 283,1 46,7 2007 136,49 293,5 46,5 36,9 Ngudn: National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), China Statistical Yearbook (various years), China Statistics Press; China Yearbook of Rural Household Survey (various years) Cupc khflng hoang tai chfnh toan c i u nam 2008 da lam cham xu hudng di chuyen lao dpng ngan b a n khflng hoang tai chfnh tac ddng tieu cflc den viec lam Hdn nfla, mot so' lao dpng ndng nghiep dUde dao tao deu lam viec d cac cdng ty, nha may Vi the' khflng hoang tai chfnh da mang lai nhflng cfl sdc manh cho lao dpng di cfl thdi gian Lan sdng di chuyen lao dpng thdi ky khung hoang da dao chieu Nhieu lao dpng ndng nghiep lu lUdt keo ve ndng thdn, trd nan nhan cfla cupc khung h o i n g tai chi'nh toan cau Theo Bp An sinh xa hpi Trung Qud'c, 10% so'lao ddng da di chuyen ve ndng thdn Di chuyen lao dong: Cac giai doan tien trien Trfldc nam 1978, xa hdi Trung Qud'c bi phan chia rd ret dUdc dac trflng bdi cac 26 phan doan kinh te' va td chflc gifla cac khu vUe ndng thdn va t h a n h thi Liic lUdng lao dpng ndng thdn khdng dfldc phep lam viec cac linh vUc ngoai ndng nghiep hoac ngoai cac t r a n g trai tap the hdp tac xa Di chuyen lao ddng Trung Qud'c chi thUc sfl dfldc bat d i u tfl sau cupc eai each md cfla nam 1978 Giai dogn 1979-1983: Di chuyen lao dgng bi hgn che Trong giai doan dau cai each, mac du lao ddng ndng nghiep dUde phep thue hien cac quyet dinh ve san pham ndng nghiep cua minh, song sU di chuyen lao ddng cdn rat ban che viec eung ca'p lUdng thUe, thflc p h i m cho phd' chfla d i y dfl Vi vay, viec kiem soat lao ddng ndng nghiep di chuyen ngoai khu vUc dUde thUc hien nghiem ngat Them nfla, chfnh sach Uu tien thdi ky danh cho nhflng lao dpng NGHIEN Cl)U TRUNG QUOC sd 8(108) - 2010 Di chuyen lao dong d Trung Qudc t h a t nghiep d t h a n h phd va nhflng lao dpng da td't nghiep phd thdng tfl ndng thdn trd ve cupc cai each da thflc day tinh hieu N h i m can trd lao dpng ndng thdn di thdn Xu hfldng di chuyen lao dpng tfl chuyen phd', Chfnh phu Trung ndng thdn t h a n h thi bat d i u xuat hien Qud'c da ban che' tuyen lao dpng tfl khu vflc de dap flng nhu c i u lao dpng cho cac ndng thdn Ben canh dd, cac chfnh quyen dia doanh nghiep va cac boat ddng xay dflng qua kinh te d t h a n h thi va lam tang nhu c i u lao dpng cho lao ddng dU thfla ndng phfldng da thay the toan bp lao dpng lam mdi d t h a n h phd' Chinh phfl da ban hanh viec cila khu vflc ndng thdn b i n g nhflng lao hang Ioat chfnh sach mdi ve di chuyen lao dpng thi thdng qua viec thUe thi cac dpng, cho phep lao ddng ndng nghiep dfldc chinh saeh lao dpng bd sung quyen ban san pham ndng nghiep cfla De ndi long sflc ep di chuyen lao dpng khdi khu vflc ndng nghiep, Chfnh phfl Trung Qud'c da khuye'n khfch phat trien cac nganh cdng nghiep ndng thdn de tao cd minh va tim kiem lao dpng phu hdp tai t h a n h phd' Giai dogn 1989 — 1991: Di chuyen dgng gidm lao ddn hpi viec lam ngoai ndng nghiep cho Iflc Di chuyen lao dpng cd xu hfldng cham lUdng lao dpng ndng thdn Vi vay, xu lai tang trudng kinh te' eua Trung Qud'c hfldng dac trUng thdi ky cfla Trung thdi ky suy giam Khi tang trudng Qud'c la chfnh sach cdng nghiep hda ndng kinh te d t h a n h thi giam, cac nha hoach thdn dinh chfnh saeh ed xu hUdng bao hp ed hpi Giai dogn 1984 — 1988: Di chuyen lao dgng dugc bdt ddu Gifla nhflng nam 1980, Trung Qud'c da viee lam eho lao dpng t h a n h phd' thdng qua chfnh saeh ban ehe' di chuyen lao dpng ndng thdn Vi vay, sU sut giam kinh te hoan cd ban giai doan d i u cfla cai giai doan 1989 - 1991 chfnh each ndng nghiep Ben canh do, nhflng nguyen nhan cfla chfnh sach ban che di cupc cai each ed che kinh te ndng nghiep chuyen lao ddng cfla Trung Qud'c Nhieu khae nhU xda bd che dp cdng xa nhan dan dfl an xay dUng thdi ky bi hfly bo hoac va phat trien cae doanh nghiep lang xa va tri hoan Tang trfldng kinh te cua Trung thi tra'n (xi nghiep hUdng tra'n) cung Qud'c dat mflc tha'p n h a t ke tfl nam eai khuyen khfch tang di chuyen lao dpng va each 1978 tien hanh cai each ed ehe kinh te' d Chinh phfl khan cap ban hanh chfnh sach ban che di chuyen lao dpng ndng thdn Ddng thdi, lao ddng ndng thdn dang lam viee d thi cung budc phai di ddi trd ve Chfnh phu Trung Qud'c da de vdi phfldng cham "rdi bd da't dai nhflng khdng dfldc rdi bd lang xa" dd'i vdi lao dpng ndng thj Nhflng linh vflc cai each chfnh bao gdm: Trao quyen quyet dinh kinh doanh cho cae doanh nghiep nha nfldc, nang cao kha nang tao viec lam cho eac xf nghiep, khuyen khfch phat trien cae doanh nghiep ngoai qud'c doanh d phd' NhQng NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC s d 8(108) - 2010 la 27 PHAM TH! THANH B I N H - LE TO HOA nghiep va khuyen khfch chfnh quyen cae dia phfldng tao cd hdi viec lam cho lao dpng ndng nghiep trd ve lao ddng di cfl Nam 2003, Qudc vu vien Do chfnh sach b a n che di chuyen lao phf dao tao Cac chfnh saeh lao ddng viee dpng, qui md di chuyen lao dpng thdi ky lam gifla ndng thdn va t h a n h thi ed sfl lien giam Lao dpng viec lam cac xf ket g i n bd chat ehe va binh dang vdi nghiep hUdng tra'n Nam 2006, Quyet dinh so' cua Qud'c vu Giai dogn 1992 ~ 2000: Di chuyen lao dgngtdng ban hanh ke hoach dao tao nam (2003 2010) eho lao dpng di efl va cap mpi kinh vien vdi muc tieu "cdng nghiep hda va thi hda da't nUde" da tap trung giai quyet Do mflc chenh lech thu nhap gifla ndng mpi van de ldi ieh cfla lao ddng di cU ndng thdn va thi cang tang, di thdn va de xua't nguyen tac "flng xfl binh chuyen lao dpng bat d i u cd xu hfldng tang ding, khdng phan biet" Nam 2007, Luat Cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach Trung hdp ddng lao dpng dfldc ban hanh ed t i m Qud'c thfla nhan khdng the b a n ehe' di quan trpng Idn dd'i vdi quyen ldi ngfldi lao chuyen lao ddng va chinh sach di cU lao dpng, khang dinh "lao dpng ndng nghiep di dpng thflc la cd tac dung tfch cUc De chuyen t h a n h phd' phai ed quyen ldi binh thUdng hda boat ddng di cfl thdi ky ngang bang vdi lao ddng thi, mpi sfl nay, hang Ioat chfldng trinh dao tao cho phan biet deu hi nghiem cam" Nam 2008, Iflc Ifldng lao ddng ndng thdn va dich vu Bd Ngudn nhan Iflc va An sinh xa hpi cong viec lam dfldc hinh Nam 2001, Bp Lao dpng va An ninh Xa hdi ban hanh luat thue day viec lam cho lUc lUdng lao ddng ndng thon va ban hanh cd che bao lUu ngudn lao dpng Nang cao ky nang cho lao dpng di cU va t h a n h lap he thd'ng thdng tin thi trUdng lao dpng Ldn ddu tien phu Trung Quoc khuye'n khich Chinh sii di chuyen lao dgng nong thon Giai dogn 2000 de'n nay: Quan tdm hdn tdi lao dgng di chuyen Tfl nam 2000, chinh sach di eU lao ddng ndng nghiep cfla Trung Qud'c bat d i u cd sU thay ddi Thay ddi tfch cflc nhat dd la: xda bd phf di chuyen lao ddng (phf dinh cfl tam thdi, phi hanh chfnh, phi dich vu dd'i vdi lao dpng di chuyen) Ben canh do, Chinh phu tien hanh md cac ldp hpc dao tao cho 28 n h a n sfl chuyen ddi hflu trf cua lao dpng ndng thdn di chuyen pho' dUa tren tieu chf neu cd cdng viee dn dinh d phd' dfldc phep gia nhap he thd'ng hUu trf t h a n h phd' IL DI CHUYEN LAO NGOAI DONG RA NUOC Ke tfl nam 1978, Trung Qud'c b i t dau cai each kinh te, so' dan Trung Qud'c chuydn sinh sd'ng d nUde ngoai gia tang nhanh Nhieu qud'c gia dang phat trien tren the gidi van tiep tuc n h a n vd'n cua Trung Qud'c de xay dUng dUdng sa, cang bien va mang ludi vien thdng Su tie'p can cang rpng cfla Trung Qud'c vdi cac dfl an cd sd tang d nUdc ngoai cang thue day nhanh ddng ngfldi di eU NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC sd 8(108) - 2010 Dl chuyen lao dqng a Trung Quoc Lan song di chuyen lao dpng dau tien (bat dau tiir nixa cudi nhung nam 1980) Di chuyen lao dpng cfla Trung Qud'c ehfl yeu den Thai Lan va Philippinnes Vdi sfl giflp dd cfla ngUdi than b Thai Lan, ngUdi Trieu Chau, San D i u da den Thai Lan tren danh nghia dfldc ngfldi than, ban be mdi Sau chfnh quyen Thai Lan md rpng visa du lieh cho ngUdi Trung Qud'c (1988), lan sdng di eU sang Thai Lan tang nhanh Nam 1995 d Bangkok, Udc tfnh ngUdi Trung Qud'c len tdi g i n 20 van ngUdi Mpt nfla so' dd nau minh d Thai Lan de dUde chuyen di nUde thfl ba NhQng nam g i n day, kinh te khu vUc ven bien Trung Qud'c phat trien manh, thu nhap cfla ngfldi dan tang len, lan sdng di eU sang Thai Lan cd p h i n giam bdt G i n 10 nam trd lai day, r a t nhieu ngUdi dan tfl cac khu vflc ndi dia Trung Qud'c den mflu sinh d Philippinnes Theo udc tfnh, lao ddng Trung Qud'c den Campuehia cd the len tdi 300 ngan ngUdi Trung Qud'c hien dang la nUdc cd so' dan di eU vao Australia nhieu nhat, so' dan di eU eua Trung Qud'c vao Australia vUdt qua sd' ngUdi New Zealand va ngUdi Anh Chi thang d i u nam 2009, so' ngUdi Trung Qud'c di cU sang Australia len tdi 6350 ngUdi, nhieu hdn sd' ngUdi Anh la 5800 ngUdi va so' ngUdi New Zealand la 4740 ngUdi Trong so' ngUdi Anh di eU vao Australia giam 28% va so' ngUdi New Zealand di cU vao Australia giam 47% Lan song di chuyen lao dong lan thur ba (bat dau tir nhurng nam 2000) Thdi ky lao dpng Trung Qud'c chii yeu den Bae Mianmar, Campuehia, Lao va Bic Thai Lan Lao ddng tap trung p h i n ldn nganh trdng trpt Lao dpng Trung Qud'c den Campuehia nhflng nam g i n day chiem khoang tfl 5-30 van ngUdi Lan song di chuyen lao dong thir hai (bat Nam 2006, di chuyen lao dpng Trung Qud'c dau tir giGa nhirng nam 1990s) den Lao len tdi 100 nghin ngUdi va van Di chuyen lao dpng Trung Qud'c thdi ky ehu ye'u den Singapore, Malaysia va Indonesia Lao dpng Trung Qud'c sang Ddng Nam A khdng ehi qua cac dfl an d i u tfl ma cdn theo eac hdp ddng thi cdng cdng trinh Tfl nam 1999, Myanmar trd thi trfldng ldn ehi sau Singapore ve bao thau cdng trinh cfla Trung Qud'c d Ddng Nam A Nam 2002, lao dpng Trung Qudc den Singapore len tdi g i n 100 nghin ngUdi, da so' lam nganh xay dUng Tfnh den nam 2007, ed hdn 3.000 cdng ty Trung Qud'c dang ky d Campuehia, tap trung ehu yeu vao nganh dien, det, vat lieu xay dUng tiep tuc tang cflng vdi cac chUdng trinh NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC s d 8(108) - 2010 hdp tac, d i u tU va vien trd cfla Trung Qud'c cho Lao Trong thdi gian tfl nam 2000 - 2005, gia tri eac cdng trinh n h a n t h i u cfla Trung Qude d Myanmar len tdi hdn 1,7 ti USD, td'c dp tang n h a n h hdn cac qud'c gia khac d Ddng Nam A Tfl nam 2003 den nam 2008, dau tu trfle tiep nUdc ngoai eua Trung Qud'c da tang vpt tfl 75 trieu len 5,5 ty ddla tai chau Phi, ty ddla len 3,7 ty ddla tai My Latinh va tfl 1,5 ti ddla len 43,5 ty ddla tai chau A Trung Qud'c dUde xep la nha d i u tU so' mdt tai nhieu qud'c gia khac 29 PHAM THI THANH BINH - LE TO HOA nhu Sudan, Campuehia "Di dan cua Trung Qud'c" sang khu viic Vien Ddng cila Nga cflng dang tang nhanh nhflng nam g i n day thdi phfl hdp vdi xu hfldng di chuyen lao Lao dpng Trung Qud'c di chuyen sang Myanmar lam an, sinh sd'ng 10 nam (2000 - 2009) len tdi hdn trieu ngfldi, nang tdng so' ngfldi Trung Qudc d Myanmar len xap xi trieu, dd d hai phd' ldn nhat, Yangon va Mandalay, mdi ndi khoang 800.000 ngUdi Dd'i vdi h i u het cac nUde dang phat dpng tflng thdi ky a Di chuyen lao dgng dUdc xem la cdch tie'p can tdi sUphdt trien trien, cflng vdi cac nhan to' san xua't thi lao ddng dfldc xem la ngudn lUc quan trpng eho sfl phat trien va cung la ngudn Iflc bi du thfla nha't Cac nfldc dang phat trien deu ed dae trflng la nen kinh te kep ed Iflc lUdng lao ddng dU thfla ndng nghiep Nam 2010, so' ngUdi Trung Qud'c cd mat va nang sua't lao ddng ndng nghiep tha'p tai Lao len tdi 500.000 va den 2015 cd the Vi vay, di chuyen lao ddng la mpt len tdi 1,5 trieu ngUdi Nam 2009, Trung nhflng each thflc khai thac, tan dung Qud'c bat d i u t h a m nhap Campuehia trd ngudn n h a n Iflc va cd dfldc sU phan bd nha d i u tU ldn nha't, nUdc tai trd ngudn n h a n lUc hieu qua nha't Kinh nhieu nha't (5,7 ti USD) tai nUdc nghiem cua Trung Qud'c da chi rang, di III KINH NGHIEM DI CHUYEN LAO DONG CUA TRUNG QUOC Cach tiep can ddi vdi di chuyen lao dong cU la khfa canh gia tri thflc chat nha't cua ddi sd'ng kinh te va xa hpi bdi ngUdi ludn tim kiem cd hdi de nang eao mflc sd'ng eua ban than va gia dinh Tuy nhien, di cU Di chuyen lao dpng la khai niem phat khdng phai ludn ludn dUde dflng nhfl cdng trien dUdc qud'c te' thfla n h a n rpng khap d cu phat trien cd hieu q u i Bai hpc kinh cae nfldc dang phat trien Tuy nhien, tae nghiem thfl nha't cfla Trung Qud'c la van dpng cua di chuyen lao dpng khac de chfnh saeh gifla cac nUdc Trong ndi bp qud'c gia, di chuyen lao ddng khdng phai ludn ludn la dpng Iflc cua tang trUdng kinh te t h a n h cdng, tham chf ddi nd gay nhflng bat binh dang ve kinh te va xa hpi ban chat tli phat va sU kim ham cua td chflc hanh chfnh Dd'i vdi qud'c te, neu nhfl di chuyen lao dpng dem de'n ngudn thu nhap tang cho gia dinh, cdng ddng va da't nfldc thi khd long tao sU phat trien nUdc Di chuyen lao dpng Trung Qud'c da dem lai hieu qua va ldi ich cho tat ca cae ben tham gia nhd cd kinh nghiem va thay ddi kip 30 Chfnh sach di chuyen lao ddng la mpt p h i n chfnh sach phat trien kinh te cfla Trung Qud'c Bang viec thfla nhan di cfl lao dpng la cdng cu thflc day tang trudng kinh te', Chfnh phu Trung Qud'c ludn dieu chinh chfnh sach di eU lao dpng phfl hdp vdi tflng giai doan cai each va phat trien kinh te' O giai doan d i u cai each, t h a n h phd' chUa s i n sang vdi viec tiep n h a n lao dpng di cU ndng thdn, Chfnh phu Trung Qud'c khuyen khfch lao dpng ndng nghiep chuyen ddi sang lam nghiep, danh b i t ca va cdng nghiep dia NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC sd 8(108) - 2010 Di chuyen lao dgng d Trung Qudc phUdng Do lao ddng ndng nghiep dU thfla qua nhieu, Chfnh phfl cho phep ngUdi ndng dan di cU tdi cae phd', thi tra'n nhd g i n lang xa ndi hp cU tru Do cupc eai each d phd' cang manh va cac doanh nghiep ngoai qud'c doanh dUde md rpng, nhu e i u lao ddng dU thfla d t h a n h phd' tang, di chuyen lao dpng gifla ndng thdn va thi trd nen thfldng xuyen Mac du lao dpng di cfl chfla dfldc cdng khai thfla nhan nhfl mpt Iflc Ifldng thue day tang trfldng kinh te, song quyet sach cua Chfnh phu da rat dung nhd viec quan tam den tang thu nhap cfla lao dpng ndng nghiep Dieu chac c h i n la, di chuyen lao dpng tfl ndng thdn den t h a n h thi da ddng gdp rat ldn eho tang trfldng kinh te giai doan cai each Va Trung Qud'c gia nhap WTO (2001) thi khu vUe phi ndng nghiep cfla Trung Qud'c da dfldc md rpng dang ke Chfnh sach di chuyen lao dpng cang dfldc khuye'n khfch va dUde coi nhfl la nhiem vu chfnh eua nha nUde Qud'c Uu tien dat thu bflt vd'n nfldc ngoai len hang d i u nham muc tieu tang trfldng kinh te, ddng thdi, coi di chuyen lao ddng la n h a n to' flu tien thfl hai sau muc tieu tang trfldng GDP Tang trfldng kinh te nhanh cua Trung Qud'c da tao hang tram nghin viec lam cho lao dpng di cfl Dae biet tfl sau Trung Qud'c gia nhap WTO va trd t h a n h trung tam che tao cua the gidi, nhu e i u cang tang ciia lao dpng di chuyen budc Chfnh phfl thay ddi quan diem chuyen ddi tfl di chuyen bat bupc nham muc dfch tang thu nhap cho ngfldi ndng dan sang khuyen khfch di chuyen nham dap flng du lao dpng eho khu vUe cdng nghiep va ung hp boat dpng di eU de tri sii dn dinh xa hpi Do vay, ldi feh kinh te eua di chuyen lao ddng tang rat nhieu Nhflng ldi feh ma di chuyen lao dpng dem lai eho nen kinh te bao gdm: Thii nhdt, di chuyen eung cap lao dpng dU thfla eho tang trudng kinh te de hien thflc hoa ldi the so sanh cac nganh cdng b Phdt trien tgo nhieu cd hgi cho di chuyen lao dgng nghiep c i n nhieu lao dpng; Thd hai, nen kinh te Trung Qud'c thu dfldc ldi ieh ldn Tang trUdng kinh te, ddng thdi, dUdc hdn tfl viee tai phan phd'i lao dpng; Thd ba, xem la nhan tdbd sung cho qua trinh di cU cac hp gia dinh ndng thdn kiem dfldc Trung Qud'c, di chuyen lao ddng chiem ngudn thu nhap tang tfl cac boat ddng Uu the qua trinh di eU bdi vi nhflng ngoai ndng nghiep khu vUe tang trfldng n h a n h da tao rat nhieu nhflng cd hpi viec lam Va phat trien Mpt sd tac dong va kinh nghiem di kinh te da tao nhieu ed hdi viee lam Di chuyen lao dpng cua Trung Qudc chuyen lao dpng khdng phu thupe vao boat Di chuyen lao dpng d Trung Qud'c b i t d i u tang manh tfl cud'i nhflng nam 1980 va dfldc dae trflng khdng chi bdi sfl chuyen ddi tfl nen kinh te chfl yeu ndng nghiep sang nen kinh te cdng nghiep, ma cdn bdi sU chuyen ddi tfl nen kinh te ke hoach hda dpng phat trien kinh te nhUng tang trUdng kinh te ed vai trd quan trpng cung cap ed hpi viee lam cho lao dpng di cU va la ddng lUc thuc day di chuyen lao dpng Trong giai doan dau cai each va md cfla, Trung NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC s d 8(108) - 2010 31 PHAM THI THANH BINH - LE TO HOA sang nen kinh te thi trfldng Nhflng dac diem ndi bat da giflp Trung Qud'c dd thi hda d i n d i n qua trinh eai each va b i t kip dfldc tinh hinh phat trien chung toan khu vflc Nhflng kinh nghiem cua Trung Qud'c dUde xem la bai hpc cho cac nUdc dang phat trien Thd nhdt, di chuyen lao ddng dan den sfl phan phd'i hieu q u i hdn ngudn n h a n Iflc, tfl dd kfeh thfch sfl phat trien kinh te va lam giim sfl bat binh dang gifla khu vflc gfli va nhan lao ddng Tuy nhien, rui ro cd the xay ra, la sfl qua ddng dan so' d thi va lam t a n g chi phf xa hdi, khu vflc ndng thdn thieu vang cd sd dao tao td't nha't Thd hai, mac dfl xu hudng chung la di cU tfl ndng thdn t h a n h phd', song rd rang ndng thdn cung cd sfl phat trien Giai doan d i u cai each, ndng thdn d cae nUde dang phat trien deu cd sU dU thfla lao dpng Khd ed the di chuyen lao dpng dfl thfla khdi khu vflc ndng thdn chi ddn gian dUa vao sfl phat trien cfla khu vUe t h a n h phd' Kinh nghiem cfla Trung Qud'c da chi rang, cdng nghiep hda ndng thdn la giii phap hieu q u i de dat td'c dp tang trfldng kinh te va chuyen ddi lao dpng hdp ly nha't Cung vdi sU phat trien kinh te, phat trien nong thdn kem theo hang Ioat chfnh sach bao gdm: giao due, dao tao, an sinh xa hdi, chfnh saeh thue khoa, ed che'da't dai Thd ba, cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach rat than trpng chpn lUa budc di bdi sU phflc tap chinh tri qua trinh eai each Chien Ifldc iing hp cai each bupc phai quan tam den nhflng flu tien n g i n ban, den hau qua va can b i n g thfldng mai 32 Chien Ifldc eung rat quan tam den lao dpng t h a n h thi mat ed hpi viec lam va phflc ldi xa hpi di chuyen lao dpng mac dfl mue dfch cua di cfl la rd rang La mdt nUde cd nen ndng nghiep phat trien vdi hdn 700 trieu ngUdi sd'ng d ndng thdn, tfl sau k h u n g hoang tai ehinh My 2008 Trung Qud'c da khdng ngflng tang d i u tfl cho ndng nghiep va ndng thon, tfl 300 tl NDT (2003) len 590 ti NDT (2008) va dat mflc ky luc 764,1 ti NDT, khoang 112 ti USD (2009) Chfnh sach hien dai hda ndng thdn Trung Qud'c van khdng can trd dfldc ddng di cfl lao dpng len pho' Hien chinh phfl Trung Qud'c dang bupc p h i i tim kiem nhflng giai phap de dam bao an sinh xa hdi, tao cd hpi viec lam cho lao dpng di cfl va thu hep khoang each thu nhap gifla lao dpng phd' va lao dpng di cfl TAI LIEU THAM KHAO CHINH Cai Fang, Du Yang and Wang Meiyan (2009), Migration and Labour Mobility in China, Human Development Research Paperr, UNDP, N 9, April Ding Lu (2009), The Economic Consequence of Labour Mobility in China's Regional Bevelopment, The Earth Institute at Columbia University and the Musachusetts Institute of Technology Labour Market in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Its Adjustment to Global Financial Crisis ADB Institute, Tokyo, June 2009 PhUdng Nam (2010), Trung Quo'c giai bai toan dan nhap cU tre, Bao Sai Gon Giai Phong, sdra 7/2/2010 NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 8(108) - 2010 ... ngUdi Lan song di chuyen lao dong thir hai (bat Nam 2006, di chuyen lao dpng Trung Qud'c dau tir giGa nhirng nam 1990s) den Lao len tdi 100 nghin ngUdi va van Di chuyen lao dpng Trung Qud'c thdi... nghiep cfla Trung Qud'c bat d i u cd sU thay ddi Thay ddi tfch cflc nhat dd la: xda bd phf di chuyen lao ddng (phf dinh cfl tam thdi, phi hanh chfnh, phi dich vu dd'i vdi lao dpng di chuyen) Ben... hieu qua nha't Kinh nhieu nha't (5,7 ti USD) tai nUdc nghiem cua Trung Qud'c da chi rang, di III KINH NGHIEM DI CHUYEN LAO DONG CUA TRUNG QUOC Cach tiep can ddi vdi di chuyen lao dong cU la khfa