N g h i e n cuTu - t r a o doi Xay dung n4p sdng van hoa sinh thai di4u kien cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa a nuoc ta hien • Th.S PHAN TH! HONG DUVEN Trudng Dai hoc Hoa Lw - Ninh Binh T rong nhiing nam gan day, cubng dp khai thac, su dung eac ngubn tki nguyen thien nhien va mbi trubng cang Ibn Nhieu ngubn tai nguyen da bi can kiet, nhieu ngubn sinh thai hi pha huy, mbi trutmg sbng bi b nhiem Nan b nhiem moi trubng song bbi cac chat thai eiia nen san xuat cbng nghiep, eimg vbi viec lam dung cae chat hoa hpc san xuat nbng nghiep nhu: thubc trir sau, thubc diet cb, cac chat kich thich sinh trubng va phat trien cay trbng, vat nubi, eac loai phan hoa hpc, dang dien mpt each nghiem trpng b nubc ta hien Viee day manh khai thac gb, mo rpng dien tich dat nbng nghiep, chat pha rimg lay cui, chan tha gia siic da lam rimg bi tan pha nghiem trpng Hau qua true tiep eua viee chat pha rimg qua nhieu, lam mat can bang he thbng sinh thai, da't dai hi sa mac hoa, pha hoai he thbng tieu tuan hoan quyen, lam dao Ibn quy luat van hknh binh thubng cua t u nhien Cae tbn that ve tai nguyen nhu da't, nube, khoang san, rimg da TUYEN GIAO SO 2-2010 d i n den ton that ve da dang sinh hpc va ngubn gen dac hiiu Viec ling dung tien bb khoa hpc - ky t h u a t va cbng nghe chua duoc tham dinh, kiem nghiem tac dbng cua moi trubng; viec nhap nbi mpt so' loai sinh vat la chua co su kiem tra ve mat sinh hoc cua chiing; viec tim kiem san ban nhiing dpng vat quy hiem da gay nhiing hau qua Ibn (ubc tinh chiing ta eb khoang 12.000 loai thuc vat, khoang gan 1.000 loai chim, 300 loai thii, hon 300 loai bb sat luong the, cb nhieu loai quy hiem), neu chung ta khbng biet bao ve ehiing thi se dan den nguy co tuyet chung "Dieu dang lo nhat la, trit eon ngubi ra, cbn eac sinh mang cua cac sinh vat, tit cao cap cho den thap cap, deu dang hi giet hai hkng loat Db la sir pha hoai dbi vbi he thong sinh thai"(l) Mbt nhiing nguyen nhan true tiep eiia tinh trang tren la nhu eau cang tang eua nen san xuat vat chat; su phat trien manh me ciia khoa hpc - ky thuat va cbng nghe mbt each khb kiem soat; su nhan thue ve mbi trubng t u nhien eua ngubi cbn nhieu Nghien cuTu - trao ddi ban che vk dac biet phai ke dai hoa dat nubc hien nay, den nhirng nguyen nhan dbi hbi ehiing ta can phai thupc linh vue xa hpi - nhan quan tam den nhiing van de van nhu: van hoa, dao due, sau day: phap luat, tam ly, nep sb^ng, Thii nhat, viec xay dung phong tue, tap quan cua nep sbng van hoa sinh thai ngubi chua thay dbi kip vbi phai bat dau tit viec xay sir phat trien ciia xa hbi, dung quan niem mbi ve y khoa hpc va cbng nghe hien thiic sinh thai phii hpp vbi su dai phat trien xa hpi ben vCtng Ph.Angghen viet: "Tat ca Ngay nay, van de mbi trubng song dang trb thknh cai gi thiic day eon ngubi mpt nhirng van de cap hknh dbng deu tat nhien bach va khb khan n h a t cua phai thbng qua dau be ciia thbi dai thi van de nep sbng hp"(2) Do vay, de xay dung y van hoa sinh thai duoc dat thiic sinh thai, viec dau tien mot each nghiem tiic hon bao Ik ngubi can phai y thiic gib het Nb dbi hbi chiing ta dung dan duoc vi tri, vai trb phai quan tam xem xet, cua minh mbi quan he nghien eiiu mot each tokn vbi t u nhien Va can phai dien, sau sac tren ea binh thay dbi thai dp cua eon ngubi dbi vbi t u nhien tir thai dien ly luan thuc tien De xay dung dupe nep dp coi t u nhien la ngubn eua sbng van hoa sinh thai mbi cai vb tan 'rimg vang, bien phu hop vbi thirc tien sir bac, da't dai mau mb" ma nghiep cong nghiep hoa, hien khai thac hoc lot, sang thai dp khai thac cung voi xay dung va bao ve, tbn trpng t u nhien Con ngubi cb hieu diing nhiing gia tri ciia mbi trubng t u nhien dbi voi cube sbng eua minh, thi db ngubi mbi khbng sir dung tki nguyen thien nhien mot each tien, lang phi, thuc dung Bbi le "Con ngubi, van chi Ik ngubi, van chi Ik str thiic day y thiic eua eon ngubi dan dat hknh dbng eiia hp mbi bao ve dup-c nguy eo tkn pha mbi trubng Khbng eb cai db thi du eb mbt bb luat bao ve mbi trubng, mbi trubng van hi tan pha"(3) mbt each nghiem trpng Thu hai, xay dung nep sbng van hoa sinh thai gkn lien vbi giao due va nang cao nhan thiie ve moi trubng Giao due mbi tririmg nham trang hi cho ngubi nhiing tri thiic, kinh nghiem TUYEN GlAO SO 2-2010 F ' u'[-iiHrnifi'air']TTi ky nang ve moi trubng giiip hp giai quyet dupc eac van de ve mbi trubng Hbi nghi qubc te ve giao due mbi trubng tb chire tai Tbilisi nam 1997 da neu: "Lkm cho timg ngubi vk cpng dbng hieu dupe ban chat cua moi trubng t u nhien va nhan tao, hieu dupe quan he tuong tac cua eac mat sinh hpc, vat ly, hoa hpc, xa hpi, kinh te vk van hoa, cb dupe tri thirc, thai dp vk ky nang thuc te de tham gia cb hieu qua va cb trach nhiem vko viec tien doan vk giai quyet eac van de mbi trubng va quan ly chat lupng cua mbi trubng"(4) giii gin, bao ve mbi trubng sbng, phong canh vk cac di tich lich sir van hoa cua timg dia phuong; lam cho y thiic bao ve mbi trubng trb thknh nep sbng van hoa, van minh cua mbi mbt ea nhan va cbng dbng Thii ba, xay dung nep sbng van hoa sinh thai can phai gan vbi nhiing gia tri truyen thbng dao diic sinh thai tbt dep cua dan tpc va tinh hoa eua thbi dai; ket hpp hai hoa giiia muc tieu phat trien kinh te, xa hpi - nhan van va sinh thai Dan tbc Viet Nam vbn cb truyen thbng sbng boa hop vbi thien nhien Day la mot tap tinh phb bien eua eon ngubi va xa hbi Viet Nam Dao due sinh thai truyen thbng Viet Nam chiu anh hubng eua nhiing t u tubng dao diic Nho giao, Phat giao, Lao giao, vbi nhiing quan niem 'Thien - Dia - Nhan" (Trbi - Da't - Ngubi), Thien Nhan hpp nhat (Trbi - Ngubi lam mbt) duoc phb bien rpng rai "Trong truyen thbng van hoa dan tpc Viet Nam da hinh thknh mbt he gia tri nbi chung, he gia tri van boa sinh thai nbi rieng mk cbt Ibi cua nb la nhiing gia tri dao diic sinh thai Nhiing gia tri dao diie sinh thai db da quy dinh, ehi phbi each ling xit cua ngubi Viet Nam db^i vbi thien nhien xa hbi truyen thb'ng"(5) Giao due vk nang eao nhan thiic ve mbi trirbng cho eon ngubi khbng chi gibi ban b viee cung cap, truyen ba, phb cap nhirng tri thiie ve mbi trubng, vai trb eua mbi trubng, mbi quan he giiia ngubi vbi t u nhien Nb cbn bao hkm ea viec giao due y thirc chap hanh phap luat ve bao ve mbi trubng Bbi vi, quyen eon ngubi duoc sbng mbt moi trirbng lanh da duoc Luat bao ve moi trubng khang dinh, song viec bao dam thue hien dupe quyen db lai phu thupc rat nhieu vko ehinh thai dp ton trpng va thuc hien diing phap luat ciia mbi ngubi Cb the nbi, viec giao due vk nang cao nhan thiic ve moi trubng la bien phap co bim de xay dung vk phat huy y thiie bao ve mbi trubng, Tit nhiing quan niem db cung cb thai dp tbn trpng va eon ngubi da song hoa hpp yeu quy thien nhien doi vbi voi thien nhien, gan bb vbi ngubi, nuoi dubng thien nhien Tren eo sb db, ho tinh cam thiet tha mubn ma xay dung nhiing nguyen 50 TUYEN GIAO SO 2-2010 tae, ehuan mue dao diie de dieu chinh hanh vi eua minh quan he dbi vbi thien nhien "Thien thbi, Dia lpi, Nhan hoa" Con ngubi biet sbng "nuong nho" than thien voi thien nhien, "thuan" theo thien nhien, nhiing dieu db da ehi phbi, di vko tiem thiie, tinh cam dao diic eua ngubi tir rat sbm, dirp'C ngubi chap nhan, nb da tro thknh tap quan, thbi quen, nep sbng cua eon ngubi - xa hbi, nep sbng van hoa - sinh thai Ngay nay, sir nghiep cbng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nubc, chiing ta dang xay dung mbt nep song van hoa sinh thai mbi - van hoa thien nhien Ben canh nhiing net dep loi sbng truyen thbng tren khap lang ban, thbn, xbm, thknh b nube ta dang dan hinh nep sbng mbi vbi nhiing thbi quen mbi nhu: phong trao xay dung dbi sbng mbi, khu dan cu, lang xa van hoa, lang sinh thai, phong trao "Xanh Sach - Dep", "Vubn - Ao Chuong" da gbp phan quan trpng vao viec bao ve moi trubng sbng Nubc ta dang qua trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, vi vay phai biet dieu ehinh nhanh, nhay trubc nhiing bien dbi cua the gibi, dae biet la phai biet khai thac, su dung hop ly eac ngubn tai nguyen thien nhien va nguon nhan lire Mbt quan niem diing dan va khoa hpc ve moi quan he giiia mbi trutmg t u nhien va sir phat trien, giiia ngubi Nghien cuTU - trao ddi v a t u n h i e n se l a eo sb cho viec h o a c h d i n h d u b n g loi chien lup-e cho s u p h a t t r i e n b e n viing Vi vay, xay d u n g n e p sb'ng v a n h o a s i n h t h a i khbng the khbng quan tam d e n k e t h o p giiia p h a t t r i e n k i n h t e , x a hbi - s i n h t h a i n h a n v a n K i n h t e vbi m u e t i e u la t a n g t r u b n g k i n h te n h a n h , k e t hop vbi m u e t i e u xa hpi: cbng b a n g , b i n h d a n g , siie k h o e , t u o i thp v a m u e tieu sinh t h a i Ik sir d u n g h p p ly n g u b n t a i n g u y e n t h i e n n h i e n , k h o n g n g i m g cai t h i e n va n a n g eao c h a t l u p n g mbi t r u t m g sbng N e u ehi chii t r p n g tbi m u c t i e u p h a t t r i e n kinh te trubc m a t , m a k h b n g chii y tbi m u c t i e u s i n h t h a i thi chi p h i m a ehiing t a p h a i bb r a t r o n g tirong lai de k h a c phue nhiing h a u q u a eua b n h i e m mbi t r u b n g s i n h t h a i se Ion h o n n h i e u so vbi n h i i n g lpi ich k i n h t e m a chiing t a cb dupe V a n k i e n Dai hpi d a i b i e u t o a n qubc lan t h i i VIII c u a D a n g t a d a ghi rb: "Tang t r u b n g k i n h te g a n lien vbi t i e n bp v a cbng b a n g xa hpi, giii gin v a p h a t huy b a n sac v a n h o a d a n toe, bao ve mbi t r u b n g s i n h thai"(6) Thii tu, xay d u n g n e p sbng v a n boa s i n h t h a i p h a i g a n vbi viec d a u t r a n h b a i trir eac t e n a n xa hbi n h u : r u p u che, cb b a c , m a t u y n h a m bao ve n h i i n g gia t r i n h a n b a n eho m p t n e n v a n hoa - s i n h t h a i - n h a n v a n N h u ehiing t a d a biet, b a n chat eua sinh t h a i - n h a n v a n k h o n g chi p h u t h u b c vao mbi q u a n h e bien chiing giiia xa hbi v a t u n h i e n , b i e u h i e n q u a sir p h a t t r i e n c u a lire l u p n g s a n xua't m a cbn p h u thubc vao mbi q u a n h e giiia nguTDi vbi eon ngubi, bieu h i e n b q u a n h e s a n xua't N g h l a Ik s i n h t h a i - n h a n v a n cbn p h u t h u b c r a t c h a t che vko cac v a n de k i n h te xa hpi, v a n h o a loi sbng cua m o t x a hpi n h a t dinh Cae te n a n x a hpi la m p t nhiing nguyen n h a n gay r a n h i e m mbi t r u b n g x a hbi, nb k h b n g ehi l a m b a n g h o a i dao due c u a eon ngubi, l a m s u y k i e t siic lao dbng xa hbi, m a cbn p h a hoai mbi t r u b n g sinh t h a i - xa hbi Bbi vay, da'u t r a n h bki trir cac te n a n x a hpi la m p t t r o n g n h i i n g chien lupc d a m bao cho p h a t t r i e n b e n viing cua xa hbi N h u vay, s u p h a t trien b e n viing c u a x a hpi k h b n g chi p h u t h u p c vko n h i i n g n h a n tb k i n h t e , k h o a hpc k y t h u a t v a cbng n g h e m a cbn p h u t h u b c vao mbi t r u b n g s b n g nbi c h u n g , mbi t r u b n g sinh t h a i nbi rieng Bbi vay, eon ngubi v a x a hbi can phai t u a n t h u nhiing n g u y e n t a e x a y d u n g x a hbi p h a t t r i e n b e n viing ve m a t sinh thai P h a t trien kinh te cai t h i e n v a n a n g eao c h a t l u p n g s b n g c u a n g u b i , e i m g vbi b a o ve, n g a n c h a n mpi h a n h dbng lam suy giam, b u y h o a i cae n g u b n t k i n g u y e n t h i e n n h i e n , mbi t r u b n g sb^ng c u a ngubi Xay d u n g nep sbng van h o a s i n h t h a i la m b t q u a t r i n h vira m a n g t i n h cap t h i e t , vira m a n g t i n h c h i e n lupc X u a t p h a t tit dbi sb'ng h i e n t h u e vk mbi q u a n h e b i e n e h i i n g giura ngubi vbi tir n h i e n , v a n h o a s i n h t h a i k h b n g chi lien q u a n t r u e tiep d e n l i n h -vuc p h a t t r i e n s a n x u a t v a t chat, t i n h t h a n c u a x a hbi, m a cbn chiu sir q u y d i n h c u a che dp x a hpi, t r i n h dp p h a t t r i e n xa hpi v a n h i i n g q u a n h e x a hpi n h a t d i n h T r o n g q u a t r i n h cbng n g h i e p boa, h i e n dai b o a d a t nubc, n e p sbng v a n hoa sinh t h a i vbi t u each la m b t n e p s b n g mbi eiia t h a i dai, c a n p h a i dupe xay d u n g va p h a t t r i e n N e p sb'ng n a y k h i d a t h a m n h a p vao dbi sbng x a hbi nb se t r b t h a n h sue m a n h to Ibn thiic d a y sir p h a t t r i e n b e n viing c i t a x a hbi./ (1) Qudc Trung, Nhiing mat trdi cua nen vdn minh nhdn loai, Nxb Thong tin, Hd Noi, 2004, tri65 (2) CMdc - Ph.Angghen, Todn tap, t.21, Nxb CTQG, H, 2004, tr.438 (3) Tuang Lai, Con ngudi vd moi trudng su phdt trien cua nudc ta Tap chi xd hoi hoc, (2150), 1995, tr " (4) Hoang Diic Nhuan, Nhin lai qud trinh gido due moi trudng a cdc trudng thong d Viet Nam, (trong cudn Hoi thao quoc gia: Gido due moi trudng cdc truong hoc, Hd Npi, 2001, tr.l57 (5) Pham Thi Ngqc Tram, Vdn de xdy dung dao diic sinh thdi dieu kien ca che thi trudng Tap chi Triet hoc, sd 3, tr.l8 (6) DCSVN, Vdn kien Dai hoi dai bieu todn qudc lan thii VIII, Nxb CTQG, H, 1996, tr.72 TUYEN GIAO SO 2-2010 ' ' ... thknh tap quan, thbi quen, nep sbng cua eon ngubi - xa hbi, nep sbng van hoa - sinh thai Ngay nay, sir nghiep cbng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nubc, chiing ta dang xay dung mbt nep song van hoa sinh. .. van hoa sinh thai duoc dat thiic sinh thai, viec dau tien mot each nghiem tiic hon bao Ik ngubi can phai y thiic gib het Nb dbi hbi chiing ta dung dan duoc vi tri, vai trb phai quan tam xem xet,... trubng tb chire tai Tbilisi nam 1997 da neu: "Lkm cho timg ngubi vk cpng dbng hieu dupe ban chat cua moi trubng t u nhien va nhan tao, hieu dupe quan he tuong tac cua eac mat sinh hpc, vat ly,