T^p chi khoa hpc TrUdng B^i hgc Quy Nhdn - Sd2, Tap VIII nam 2014 VAI TRO CUA PH^T GIAO DOI V6l SU PHAT TRIEN CUA XA HQI \Wl NAIM TRONG CAC THE KI X-XTV DINH THI THAO= Thdk;^ X drfdc m$nh danh la thdky "bdn li" chuyen tidp giffa hai thdi k^" lich sff ddn tdc mang ndi dung khde Mel Trffdc thd k;^ X, dat nffde ta rdi vao dch hp hdn 1.000 ndm cua ngoai tdc, sau the k;^ X la ky nguyen dpc lap Iff chu vdi nin vdn hda phdt trien rtfe rd Cd the tha'y, tff the ky X ddn cudi the ky XIV la thdi ky da't nrfdc ciia ngrfdi Viet khdng ngffng md mang, tffng bffdc dieu chmh vd phdt trien Trong dd, vl mat van hda, xa hdi, y thffc he to todng, chffng ta khdng thi phu nhdn vai trd ciia Phat giao ddi vdi sff phdt trien qudc gia Viet Nam Day la giai doan Phat gido bat diu chidm lmh vi tri quan trpng va phat trien cffc thinh vao thdi Ly-Tran QUA TRINH DU NHAP VA PHAT TRIEN CUA PHAT GIAO CJ VIET NAM Phat gido hinh thdnh d An Dp tff thdi cd dai va sau dd da dffdc truyen ba di khdp ndi Tff lanh thd An Dd xffa, Phdt gido dd du nhap ddn cdc nffde Ddng Nam A (trong dd cd Viet Nam) Phat giao drfde truyin vdo nrfdc la qua hai drfdng: Drfdng bp: tff An Dp sang Trung Qudc vd sau tff Trung Qudc truyen xudng nffde ta Drfdng thuy: tff An Dd qua Thdi Lan, Mien Dien, Campuchia, Ldo, rdi tff cdc nffde ndy truyen bd vdo khu vrfe pMa Nam ntfdc ta Tff diu Cdng nguyen, neu Phat giao bi suy tdn tren cMnh da't sinh thdnh nd Id An Dp thi tren lanh thd Trung Qudc, mdt thdi ky hu^g thinh da md Tff Trung Qudc, Phdt gido da din dan dtfdc truyen ba xudng khu vtfc phia B^c ntfdc ta Phat giao da cd mat tren lanh thd Vidt Nam vdi y ngMa la ket qua Iff nhien cua mdt qud trinh khdng ngffng trf truyin bd vd xua't Men tff r^t sdm Hien nay, chffa thay nguon tai liSu nao cung ca'p mpt nien dai that cu the va lin cay ve sff xud't Men cua Phat gido d Viet Nam Tuy nhien, cdc nhd ngMen cffu da khang dinh rang, cdc thdnh td ngoai nhap cfia van hda Viet Nam, Phat giao Id thdnh to xua't Men sdm nha't Day chinh Id dilu kien thudn Idi de Phat giao cd the tao drfde anh hrfdng Idn ddi vdi xd hdi ngrfdi Viet Qud trinh truyen ba vd khdng ngffng lao nen nhffng anh hffdng da dang cua Phdi giao ddi vdi ddi sdng Iff trfdng, vdn hda cua qudc gia Viet Nam Qua trinh dd cd the drf0c chia thdnh giai doan, cu the nhrf sau: DINH THI THAO Giai do^n 1: Bat diu tuf Phat giao diftlc truyen ba vao nirdc ta d^n het thdi Bac thuoc Cung nhut moi he M tirdng, tin ngUSng va ton giio khac, Ph4t giao muon ton tai, phat trien thi phai khdng ngiifng md rong va tang cUdng hoat ddng truyen ba C! dau CO th^ ti^p nhan la d cd sir truyen ba Vi vay, siT co mat cua PhSt giao d nudc ta la mot hoat dong tiT nhien Trong khoang hon 1.000 nam hp nirdc ta, chinh quyen phong kid'n Trung Quoc da tim moi each Ipi dung Phat giao De cd the Idi dung, mot so' quan lai hd da tim each bop meo nhi?ng noi dung triet 1^ va nhifng khai niem von di rat giau tinh nhan van, cd nguon goc tCr giao ly cia nha Phat nhiT tif bi hi xa, luan hdi, niet ban, Tuy nhien, nhan dan tiep nhSn giao ly nha Ph^t chu yeu tir cac bSc tu h&nh chu" khdng phai tuf quan lai hg Do do, PhSt giao phat tri^n khong nhiT y d6 lOi dung cua phong kien phlTdng Bac Giai doan 2: Tir dau the ky X cho 6^n cud'i theky XIV Giai doan tUdng dng vdi khoang thdi gian tir ho Khtic bat dau dung nghiSp d^n h^t thdi Trin Djiy 1^ giai doan PhSt giao chiem vi tri quan tren vu dai chinh tri va tlT tlTdng ntfdc nha Phat giao da tdn tai gan nhtf la qudc giao cua ntfdc ta thdi ky Giai do9n 3: Bao gdm toan bo khoang thdi gian lich su" tfif khoang cudi the ki XIV de'n dau the ki XVI, tflc la ttf cudi thdi Tran den bet thdi L6 sd d tbdi k^ nay, vi n-i quan cua Phat gi5o tiTng btfdc bi dly Hi Den thSi Ld sd, Nho giao gianh dtfOc vi tri doc tdn tren vu Shi chinh tri va ttf ttfdng thi PbSt giao lai phat trien manh me long xa hdi Viet Nam Giai doan 4: Ttt dau thd' ky XVI de'n nfta dau the ky XIX, Phat gi4o phat trien manh me long xa hdi Viet Nam So' ItfOng ngtfdi tu hJuh mot ddng, chua chien dtfdc dtfng len cang nhieu va xua't hien mdt sd' dong Thien Tdng gay dtfdc anh htfdng Idn xa hoi Tren dSy la mot sd di^m khai quat ve qua trinh truyin ba va anh htfdng cua Phat giao qua trinh phat trid'n qud'c gia Viet Nam ttt the ky X dd'u nia dau the ky XIX Tuy nhien, pham vi bai vidt nay, tac gia chi tap tmng lam sing td vai h-d cua Phat giao ddi vdi stf phat hien cua xa hgi Viet Nam ttf the ky X de'n cudi the ky XIV, bdi day la thdi kj- Phat giao phat trien toan thinh nhat tren vu dii chinh tri va ttf ttfdng ntfdc nha P H A T G I A O D O I VCfl S I ; P H A T TRIEN CUA XA HOI VIET NAM (THE K1 X - X I V ) 2.1 Trong hoat dgng giao diic Trong sudt thdi k^ Bac thugc va giai doan diu ciia k^ nguyen ddc lap, ttf chii va thdng nha't, ndi tdi giao due la chiing ta nghi de'n vai trd cua Phat giao Bafy gid, chua chien Ik htfdng hoc va nha stf la nha giao VAI TR6 CUA PHAT GIAO D6I V(3I S\J PHAT TRIEN CUA XA HQI VIET NAM 59 Sau hdn LOGO ndm Bde thupc, cdc trieu dai Ngd, Dinh-Tien Le bat diu qua trinh xdy drfng vd cung cd da't nrfdc tren tat ea edc Mih vrfe quan srf, chmh tri, ngoai giao, nhiftig chrfa cd dieu kidn td chffc viee gido due Do vay, thdi baj gid, viee hpe cM dien nhd chffa Trong dd, L^ Cdng Uan (L^i Thdi Td) la vua sang lap trilu L^ cung tffng drfdc gido due d nhd chiia Mdi tudi, L-^ Cdng Uln vdo chua Cd Phap d vdi cha nudi la Ly Khdnh Vdn va drfdc hpe khai lam d ddy Sau dd, Ly Cdng Uan chuyen sang chua Lue Td, drfdc nhd stf Van Hanh trtfc tidp day hpe Ly Cdng Uan sdm bde Id to cha't thdng minh, dtfdc nhd stf khen: "Daa be ndy khdng phdi ngudi thudng Sau ndy Idn len, tdt cd thi gidi quyet duac mpi viic khd khdn Idm vua gidi thien ha" [2; tr 38] Sau kM dao tao Ly Cdng Uan thdnh tdi, vdi to cdch ed va'n cMnh tri ciia vua Le Dai Hdnh, stf Van Hanh da tidn cff L^ Cdng Uan vdo bp may chmh quyen cua nhd Tiin Le, sau trd thdnh vi vua md dau cho vrfdng trieu Ly Nhd nho Ngd TM Si "Viit sd: Tiiu an"' ciing da khing dinh: "Vua Ly Thdi To sanh thdi nhd cvta Phdt, Khdnh Vdn nudi Idn, Van Hanh day dd Thuyit nhdn qud dn sdu long cho nen mdi kiin qud'c dd xdy dUng nhiiu chua, cdp dd tdng chung " [7; tr 207] Tff thdi L^ trd di, dep loan da tam yen, viee chmh tri cung da drfdc cMnh ddn, dd trilu dinh bdt dau quan tam ddn gido due Tuy nhien, viec hpc hanh cua dan chung vln it drf0c quan tam Chi cd cde thiin srf hang ngdy can dpc kinh ke chff Han iM cd hpc va ed day chff cho eac tdng sinh Ben canh dd, xa hdi ciing cd rd't it ngffdi bidt chff de day hpe Do vdy, vai trd cua cdc nhd sff gido due thdi k5' ddc lap iff chii vd thdng nha't la rat Idn Chung ta cd the ndi rang, bsfy gid Hdn hpe nhd Phat hpc md truyin bd d dan gian Ly Cdng Uan-ngtfdi md dau cho vrfdng trilu L^ Id mpt ngrfdi drfdc hap thu hpc van nghiem chmh tff nhd, bdi nhff chiing ta da bidt, thay day cua L^ Cdng U^n la thiin sff Van Hanh, mot nhd sff uyen bde, mdt tri thffc dffng hdng dau nhffng ngffdi cd hpc van drfdng thdi Thdi L^-Trln, mdt mat nhd nrfdc td chffc nhffng ky thi Tam giao de loai bdt nhffng tang si tha^t hpc vd bdt phdi hodn tuc, mpt mat td chffc nhffng buoi thuydt phdp vua, thffdng hodng dffng thuydt giang eho tang, tin vl triet ly nhd Phat TM Tam gido khdng lay Tam khdi nhrfng eung Id mot nhffng ky dai khoa, ngrfdi d6 dat eung drfdc cMa 1dm Gidp bang vd At bang, ngMa la todng trf nhrf cdch IS'y ciia td't ea edc ki dai khoa Nho hpe Nhffng ngrfdi dat ede khoa tM Tam gido cung drfde trilu dinh bd dung lam quan Sau ndy, thdi Le sd (1428-1527), Nho gido da hoan todn gidnh drfde vi tri dpc tdn, ede cude iM Tam giao khdng cdn drfdc td chffc nffa Mde dff vdy, nhffng ngffdi thdng hieu ca Nho gido, Phat giao va Dao gido vSn drfde xa hdi kinh trpng, tieng ndi ciia hp van tidp tue tao dffdc nhffng anh hffdng khdng nhd gQ BINH TM THAOCd ±i ndi, Phat giao d thdi T r i n da cd xu htfdng Phat hgc Phat giao khdng chi cd vai tro d i n dao ve tinh t h i n ma nd cd vai trd quan trgng boat dflng giao due, giang day quan chiing va tang dd Cd'ng hie'n to Idn c i a Phat giao doi vdi lich su: giao due ntfdc ta la dieu khdng cd the phu nhan Tuy nhien, sau hang ngan nam thu: thach, giao due Phat giao cung da bgc Id mot sd diem khdng phu hdp vdi nhu cau chung c i a xa hgi, dd ndi bat nha't 14 viec hgc mk khdng thi, khdng cd hd thong cac bSng ca'p chuan mtfc de danh g i i qua trinh hgc tap Vi vay, Nho giao da nhanh chdng tlm dtfdc cho nunh mdt dtfdng tham nhap, chiem Bnh dan dia hat giao due va tidn tdi chiem linh d i n dia hat chinh tri, ttf Wdng d ntfdc ta 2.2 Trong ho^t dong chinh tri, quSn s\t va ngoai giao Phat giao dtfdc ttuyen ba vao ntfdc ta ttt rat sdm (trtfdc thdi ky Bac thugc) va phat tiiia cang manh m e , rdng khap k e ca thdi ky Bac thude Den thdi k j dgc lap, ttf chu va thdng nha't (the' ki X), Phat giao cang cd anh htfdng manh m e hdn Dac biet dtfdi thdi Ly, T r i n (the' kl XI-XIV), Phat g i i o da dtfdc dtfa Idn lam qudc giao Phat giao ddng vai trd quan trgng ttong cdng viec tridu chinh ma cac vi cao tang, tu SI Phat giao trd cd va'n chinh tri, tdn giao cho cac vi hoang dd Ben canh dd, hg ddng vai tro quan trgng drong lmh vifc ngoai giao, quan stf, dtfdc cac vua dac biet coi trgng, suy tdn lam qudc stf, tang thdng Ttt the k9 X de'n ntta sau thd' ky XIV, Phat giao da td rat gan bd vdi nha ntfdc va cd anh htfdng ra't Idn ddi vdi nha ntfdc Vd mat td chtfc, trieu dinh da c6 ban mdt he thdng ngach quan danh rieng cho nhttng ngtfdi tu hanh theo Phat giao va Dao giao He thdng ngach quan dd la Tang ban (Tang quan) Ba'y gid, ta't ca quan lai lam viec d trilu dinh dtfdc chia lam bdn ban khac dd la: Van ban, Vd ban, Thai giam ban va Tang ban Trong dd Tang ban cd anh htfdng chi phdi kha manh m e trilu dinh Quan lai Tang ban khdng chi nam q u y I n dieu khien ddi sdng tinh than da xa hgi ma cd uy the' ra't Idn linh vtfc chinh tri va kinh te Suf cu ciing da chep kha rd rang, nhieu bac cao tang da cd vi tri quan trgng nhtf nhffng cd van chinh tri thtfe stf cua nha vua va trieu dinh Trtfdc quyet dinh mot v l n dd quan trgng, nha vua va trieu dinh thtfdng hoi y kien cac bac cao tang Chung la cd the k e ddn ten tudi eiia cac b j c cao tang nhtf: Khudng Viet dai stf Ngd Chan Ltfu (Tang thdng thdi Dinh-Tiln Le), Thidu stf Dd Phap Thuan (Cao tSng thdi Tien Le), Qudc stf Van Hanh (Qudc stf d i u thdi L^ Thai To, ngtfdi cd vai trd Idn viec dtfa Ly Cdng U l n len ngdi vua), Thidn stf Thao Dtfdng, Ttt Dao Hanh, Chan Khdng, Vien Thdng, (deu la cac b^c cao tang thdi Ly), Thien stt Phap Loa, H u y i n Quang, (cao tang thdi Tran) Dac biet, ttt d i u thd' k^ XI de'n cudi the ky XIII, Phat giao giff vi tri quan trgng hang d i u , chi phdi manh me de'n vu dai chinh tri va ttf ttfdng cua ntfdc nha Dieu dtfdc the hien rd viec vi hoang dd' cd cdng khai md trieu L^ la Ly Cdng U l n (Ly Thai To) khdng nhttng cd 1^ lich xuat than gan lien vdi nha chtta ma cdn cd si^ VAI TRO CUA PHAT GIAO B6\ V(3I SU PHAT TRIEN CITA XA HOI VIET NAM 61 ngMep gan hen vdi vai trd chuan bi cua cdc nhd srf Hdn nffa, nMeu ngrfdi hoang tdc hp Ly vd hp Tran (kd ca hodng 6e) da di to, hoac to lai gia bode xua't gia, vi nhrf vua Ly Thdnh Tdng, Ly Anh Tdng, Ly Cao Tdng, Trin Thdi Tdng, Tran Nhan Tdng, NMlu trfdng linh cao cd^p va Nho si Idi lac hoac Id ung hd Phat giao hoac Id xua't gia to hanh ciing da phan nao chffng td dffdc anh hffdng eua Phat gido tren vu ddi chinh tri, to todng ciia qudc gia thdi ky ndy Gan bd chat che vdi stf Idn manh khdng ngffng efia dpi ngu ede nha to hanh Phat gido la qua trinh lien tuc xdy cat chua cMen d khap mpi miln da't nrfdc: "Trong ta kinh thdnh, ngodi di'n chdu phu, dudng cung, ngd him, chdng khien dd theo, chdng thi md tin He chd ndo cd nhd d thi cd chua Phdt, bo di thi Idm lai, hudi thi siia lai" [7; tr • 245] R^t nMlu chiia thap cd quy md to Idn hode kidn true doe ddo dtfdc xay drfng thdi gian ndy nhtf chua Phat Tich, Dien Htfu (Mdt Cdt), Phd Minh, Quynh Lam, Linh Xffng, Tuy nhien, dieu dang ndi d day khdng phai Id cd bao nM8u hodng dd, bao nhieu ngrfdi hodng tdc da tu hdnh theo Phat giao, hay cd bao nhieu chua dffdc xay dffng, tu sffa Dieu quan trpng hdn Id Iff todng cOa nha Phat da ed anh hffdng to Idn ddi vdi boat ddng eiia bd may nhd ntfdc dtfdng thdi Mac dii sdltfdng nhffng ngffdi tu hdnh hdng ngu Tdng ban khdng nhieu, hp ciing khdng mang nhffng chffc danh vd Irfde vi theo kieu cua quan lai khde trieu, song tidng ndi ciia hp lai cd anh hrfdng rat Idn ddi vdi nha vua, vdi hoang tde ciing nhrf dd'i vdi ea trieu dinh Ngodi viec giff vai trd quan trpng bd may quan lai d trieu dinh, edc nha stf cdn cd vai trd canh dnh chinh quyen va tien tri ede srf viee cMnh tri xdy cho qudc gia Van Hanh la thien stf thdi Tiin Le nhuhg dng thrfdng xuyen quan tam tdi nhffng bidn cd chinh tri, qudn sff drfdng thdi Vua Le Dai Hdnh coi dng nhrf cd van tdi cao cua da't nrfdc 6ng cung vdi nha srfDd Thudn tham gia ddng gdp nMeu y kidn eho vua Le Dai Hanh viee xay dtfng da't nrfdc, chdng ngoai xdm va bang giao vdi nha Tdng Nhffng Idi ndi ciia nhd sff Van Hanh deu chffa dtfng nhffng hdm y sdu xa, cd gia tri nhtf nhffng Idi ti6n tri Trtfdc kM cat dai binh di danh qudn Tdng xdm Itfdc Hau Nhan Bao elm diu, vua Le Dai Hdnh da dtfdc dng tien dodn qudn Tdng se dai bai Ldi lien tri cua dng gdp phan cung cd niem tin thang ldi eho vua vd todng si nha L6 Le Dai Hdnh mat, dng bidt trtfdc trieu Le se suy vong Vi thd, dng tich ctfc tham gia vdo viec giup Ly Cdng Uan len ngdi, thay nha Le, lap len trieu Ly Ong cMnh la tde gia cua nhffng bdi sd'm k^ ndi vl viec nha Tien Le mat, nha L^ 16n thay Day cMnh Id bffdc chuan bi vl dff ludn xd hdi de L^ Cong Uan bffdc len ngai vang thay nhd Tien Le da suy vong Sff than Ngd Thi ST ddnh gia ve nhd stf Van Hanh nhtf sau: "^H" Van Hanh cd chi han ddi, dm tdi lupcphd td nghiip vuang, kii'n thac han hdn mpi ngUdi, tinh todn biit trudc su vi$c, cung Id tay ldi lac gidi thien " [3; tr 97] DINH THI THAO" 62 Ben canh dd, cdc nha srf thdi ky cdn cd vai trd quan trpng hoat ddng quan srf vd ngoai giao cua dd^t nrfdc Ngay tff budi d i u xdy dtfng ed ngMep, Dinh Bd Linh da drfde cac nha srf cd va'n vd giup Dinh Bp Lmh d e p loan Ba'y gid, chffa cMen Id ndi tap trung cae tm Me d khap ndi, eung la ndi tuy^n truyin tin iffc ben ngodi Dac biet hdn Id cdc nhd srf cd vai trd quan trpng viec ed' van cMen Irfdc, ehd ddi tdi 23 nam sau, kM da chuan hi tdt v l Irfc Irfdng, rich trff du Irfdng thrfc va chu^n bi d l y du v l drf Man (tm ddn Dinh Bd Linh la ngtfdi trdi), Dinh Bd Linh mdi xuat quan vd gidnh thang ldi nhanh chdng, dep xong mdi loan k e o dai 23 ndm (945-968) Thdi Dinh-Tien L e , vdi vai trd la Tang thdng (ngtfdi dffng d i u Phdt giao ca ntfdc), Khudng Viet Dai stf Ngd Chan Lrfu khdng cM qudn ly hoat ddng tdn gido cd nrfdc md nhd srf cdn tham gia vdo linh vrfe ngoai giao, quan srf D i l u ndy t h i Mdn rd d viee nhd srf da gidp vua Ld Dai Hdnh cupe khdng chien ddnh dudi giac Tdng xdm Irfdc Srf kien da drfde h u y i n hda qua gid^c md bi I n ciia nhd srf Trong gid'c md, Khudng Viet Dai srf da drfde vi t h i n Ti-sa-mdn Thien vrfdng bdo mpng ddn nrfdc Viet giff erfdng gidi eho Phat phap dtfdc thinh hanh, Khi linh day, nhd stf da cho lac ttfdng t h i n theo dung nhtf da tha'y mpng de thd Sau ndy, qudn Tdng xdm Itfdc da't ntfdc, Khudng Viet Dai srf da xm stf trd giup cua Ti-sa-mdn dd d l y Mi quan dich [1; tr 34] D i cdn mang tinh cha't h u y I n thoai, nhrfhg chiing ta cung da nh$n thay drfdc vai trd cua dai sff Khudng Viet viec xdy drfng, ciing c d vrfdng quyen vd bdo ve da't nrfdc budi d i u thdi Tien L e Ngodi vi$c gidp vua Le cdng vide gid'y td, vdn hpc, nhd stf Dd Thuan (D§ Phap Thudn) cdn ed vai trd ddn tidp sff than Sff cu eho bidt: "Dinh Hdi, niin hiiu Thiin Phuc ndm thii (987) nhd Tdng lai sai Ly Gidc sang Khi Gidc din chua Sdch Giang, vua sai phdp su tin Id Thudn (tiic Thien su Phdp Thudn) gid Idm ngUdi cheo ddn" [1; tr 48], Ly Gidc rat tMch ndi chuydn vdn thd, t h u y i n sff dang di tr6n sdng, tha'y hai ngdng ngoi tren mat nffde, L^ Gidc liln ngdm hai cau thd, dich ngMa nhff sau: "Ngdng kia, ngdng mpt ddi Nghen cd nhin chdn trdi" Nha sff Do Thudn dang cheo thuyen, ffng khau dpc: "Nudc xanh long trdng phu Sdng biic chdn hdng bai" Tha'y ngrfdi lai dd dd't Viet ma eung hay chff, thupc thd cd nhff vdy, Ly Gidc kmh ngae va ra't cam phuc Ve ddn kinh dd Hoa Lff, sff Tdng tiep kidn vua L& vdi thdi dp vd cff cM het sffc khiem nhffdng KM Ly Gidc Iff Met ve nffde, vua Le sai Khudng Viet Dai srf (Ngd Chan Lifti) lam bdi thd de tien chan vd drfdc dich ngMa nhrf sau: VAI TR6 CUA PHAT GIAO DPI V(3l SU PHAT TRIEN CUA XA HQI VIET NAM "Ndng tuai gid thuan cdnh budm giuang, Trdng vi thdn tien lai di huang Mudn Idn non nudc vuat trUng duang, Dudng ve bao ddm trUdng Tinh thdm thiit, chin dUa dUdng, Vin xe sa vdn vuang Xin luu y din viic biin cuang, Tdu rd len thdnh hodng." [l;tr 49-50] Trong quan hd ngoai giao vdi Bde trieu, cha dng la tiiy theo tinh Mnh, thdi diim, diln bidn eu the de chon cdehffngxff phu hdp, vffa giff drfdc vi the, danh drf qudc gia, vffa mem deo, linh hoat nhimg khdng ydu hen Mdt nhffng cdch thffc dp dung hoat ddng ngoai giao thdi k5' ndy la sff dung vdn thd Idm phrfdng tien truyin lai Bai thd tren Id bdi thd liln chdn sff gia nhd Tdng nhffng eung kheo leo dl cdp ddn vi6c phan dinh bi6n gidi giffa Dai Co Viet va Dai Tdng, nham cMa rd gidi han, cffdng vffe Nam-Bde Dd cung Id sff khing dinh nin doe lap to chu cua nffde Viet trrfde mrfu toan, tham vpng lanh thd eiia Bac trilu Thdng qua bai thd da the Men drfdc tdi ndng ngoai giao, bdn Hnh vdn hda, srf tinh td, khdo ldo cffa Khudng Viet Dai srf Nhin chung, cdc the' ky X-XIV, trf trfdng eua nhd Phat da tdc dpng manh me den boat ddng eOa bd mdy nhd nrfdc drfdng thdi Ddc Met, drfdi thdi L^-Trln, Phdt gido da phdt trien thinh dat nhat vd drfde xem nhrf la qudc gido Thdm cM budi diu eiia thdi ky ddc laip, trf chu vd thdng nhat, Phdt gido cdn ddng vai trd quan trpng vi$c trilu ehinh B6n eanh vai trd nhtf Id ed' van cMnh tri dae biet, edc vi cao tdng, tu sT Phat giao cdn tham gia vao linh vtfc quan stf va ngoai giao cua dat nrfdc; gdp phan xdy dtfng vd ciing cd nin ddc lap, trf chu cua dan tdc bdi eanh mdi 2.3 Ph^t giao gop ph^n lam phong phu van hoa dSn tOc Trong hdn 1.000 ndm Blc thupc, tff Nam Viet den nha Dffdng, cMnh quyIn hO cd thay ddi, nhrfhg ehinh sdch dd hd eiia cMnh quyIn phrfdng Bde ddi vdi nrfdc ta cd nhilu diim todng ddng Vl chMh tri, dd Id dm mrfu thu tieu biet de nen dpc lap ciia ddn Ipc la Vl quan srf, dd Id quydt tdm de hep mpi cuoc phan khdng cua nhan ddn ta Ve kmh te, dd la chinh sdch vd vet va bde Idt eua cai vd tai nguydn eiia nrfdc ta v l van hda, dd la mrfu dd ddng hda dan tdc ta Dl ddng hda, phong kidn phrfdng Bde dd ap dung nMlu thu doan xao quyet khae nhau, dd cd cd viec md cffa va khuydn kMeh Phdt gido truyin bd manh me vdo nrfdc ta Qud trinh truyin bd va md rpng cua Phdt gido trrfdc hit phuc vu eho mtfu dd ciia phong kidn phtfdng Bde Vdi edc bac to hdnh (phIn Idn Id ngrfdi Trung Qudc), 63 DINH THI THAO" cMnh quyIn dd hd hi vpng rang hp se Id Irfc Irfdng truyin ba van hda Han mdt cdch trf nMen vao nrfdc ta Tuy nMen, Phat gido cung nhrf cde ton gido, tm ngrfdng va trftrfdng bao gid cung cd quy Mat vdn hanh ridng, khdng dl bi Idi dung Phat gido nhanh chdng phat trien d nrfdc ta tff tiidi Bae tiiude, bdi nd ed nMlu diem Wdng dong vdi truyin thd'i^, tin ngtfdng dan gian cua ngrfdi Viet Cae nhd srf cd ndp sdng rat gin giii vdi erf dan Viet dtfdng thdi Nhd Phat chang nhffng khdng hi td xa la vdi tap tue thd ciing to tien ciia ngtfdi Viet md edn kMch le kMdn cho tdp tuc ndy dtfde tidn hanh mdt cdch trang trpng Ddn vdi ntfdc ta, ra't nhieu nha srf da bay td srf cam thdng sau sac ddi vdi canh nrfdc ma't nhd tan ma nhdn ddn ta dang phai ehiu drfng Ngay tff tiidi Bae thu^c, chua cMen da trd nen quen thude dd'i vdi xd hdi ngrfdi Vi^t Vdi nhan dan ta, khdng ed canh cffa nao ludn rdng md nhrf cffa chua Phat giao da ed nhffng anh hffdng khdng nhd dd'i vdi gia giao eua ngffdi Vi^t Nha Phdt khdng ehi khang dinh trdch nMem thieng lieng chung cho tat ea ma cdn ehi nhiJng bdn phan eu the cho mdi ngffdi: bdn pbain cua cai ddi vdi cha me, vd dd'i vdi chong, trd dd'i vdi thay, be tdi dd'i vdi chu vd ngrfdc lai, Chff Mdu theo quan ni$m ciia nha Phdt drfde ngrfdi Vidt de eao va thrfc Men Hiu nhtf d ba't eff ddu, chdng ta cung cd the nghe dffdc nhffng Idi day nhrf: "Thiin kinh van quyin, hieu nghia vi kinh" (ngan quyen kinh vd mudn quyen sdch diu lay hidu lam diu), "Phu mdu tai dudng nhu Phdt tai thi'" (cha me d nhd cung vi nhtf Phdt tai trin the v^y), "Hii'u vi van hanh chi tiin" (trong mudn dffc hanh, dffc Mdu dffng diu), Hdng loat nhffng quy pham vl dao dffc cua nhd Phat dtfdc xd hdi drfdng thdi tidp nhan vd chuyin hda thdnh quan niem sdng, thdnh mdt bd phdn tdt dep vd rat quan trpng dao lam ngrfdi ciia erf dan Vi$t Do v4y, tff thd ki XV trd vl sau, du Ph$t gido dd nit Mi khoi vu dai cMnh tri nrfdc nha, song nd vdn tidp tuc phdt trien m?nh me ldng xa hoi Viet Nam, gdp phan lam phong phff van hda dan tdc KET LUAN 3.1 Phat gido drfdc truyen bd vdo nrfdc ta tff trrfdc thdi Bac thude va ngdy cdng phat tiiln manh me, rpng khap Trong eac tiid ky X-XIV, tff trieu dinh trung tfdng ddn cac dia phtfdng, tff qu;/ tdc quan lai ddn nhdn dan, mffc dp khac nhiftig hiu nhrf diu chiu anh htfdng cua ttf todng Phdt giao mdt chffng mtfc nhd't dinh, chung ta cd the khang dinh, khoang thdi gian lich sff gin thd ky diu ciia ky nguyen ddc Idp, ttf chii vd thdng nhd't, Phat gido ed vi tri gin nhtf la qudc gido cua nrfdc ta Tuy nMen, gan Hen vdi qua trinh phat trien khdng ngffng eua Nho giao, anh hrfdng ciia Phat gido vd ca Dao gido ngdy cdng bi thu hep Tff khodng nffa sau ciia die ky XIV trd di, vi tri cung nhrf anh hrfdng cua Phdt gido tren vu ddi eMnh tri vd W trfdng nrfdc nha bi tiiu hep dan, tffng bffdc tiiay thd vi tri eua Phat gido Id Nho gido Phdt giao da ldng le nit Mi sau da ed gang hoan thdnh vai trd ciia minh ddi vdi srf VAI TR6 CXI A PHAT GlAO B6I veil SlJ PHAT TRIEN CUA XA HQI VIET NAM 65 phat tri^n xa hgi Viet Nam hdi the ky X-XIV Nho giao ttt vi tri khiem nhtfdng nhat sd td ngoai nhap dau tien (Phat, Dao, Nho) da nhanh chdng vtfdn len, dttng vi tri quan trgng nhat, d^ rdi ddn diu the' k^ XV chiem gitt vi tri dgc tdn Du vay, tren vu dai chinh tri va ttf ttfdng cua dat ntfdc cac the ki X-XTV khdng cd hien ttfdng dgc tdn ciia Phat giao Ngtfdc lai, Dao giao va Nho giao cung cd vi tri nhat dinh Xu htfdng dung hda cua eac he ttf hldng va tin ngtfdng the Men rat rd Dac bidt, nha ntfdc cdn dtfng td chtfc cac khoa thi Tam giao (Nho, Phat va Dao) Vi nhtf nam 1195, nha Ly da td chtfc khoa thi Tam giao Nam 1247, nha Trin cung td chtfc thi Tam giao Nhttng ngtfdi dd dat cac khoa thi Tam giao cung dtfdc trieu dinh b^ dung lam quan Didu cd nghia la nha ntfdc da cdng khai thtta nhin tlm quan U-gng cda ca ba hd thdng triet ly Nho, Phat, Dao Day cung la dac diem ndi bat ddi sdng chinh tri ttt tttdng ntfdc nha giai doan Stf chuydn giao vi tri gitta Phat giio va Nho giao trdn vfl dai chlnh tri va ttf ttfdng ntfdc ta diln mdt each nhe nhang, khdng cd xung dot gay gat Dd cung la mot nhttng bieu hien ctta net dep van hda Viet Nam 3.2 Trong thdi ky ddc lap, ttf chu va thdng nha't, dac biet la d giai doan din, Phat giao da phat huy dtfdc vai trd cua minh qua ttinh xay dtfng va phat trien qud'c gia Vidt Nam vttng manh Phat giao da ddng mgt vai trd quan trgng tren vu dai chinh tri ntfdc nha thdi ky ma cac vi cao tang, tu si Phat giao dttdc cic vua tin dttng, xem nhtf la cd vln chinh hi dac biet cho vua va trieu dinh Ben canh vai trd cd van chinh tri, cic nha stf tich ctfc tham gia va cd nhiSu ddng gdp tten cac Hnh vtfc giao due, quan stf va ngoai giao cua da't ntfdc Trong sudt thdi ki dai, nha chua la nha tttfdng, nha stf la nha giao; nha stf la life Itfdng gin nhtf nhat to' chtfc va dilu hinh cude sd'ng tinh than cua xa hdi Khi dm dau, benh tat hoac khdng may gap didu dau khd de'n tot cung, xa hdi da dm de'n cac nha stf Cung vi vay, ttt the ky X de'n cudi thd ky XIV, Phat giSo ndi chung, cac bac cao tang ndi rieng cd vi tri ra't quan trgng ddi vdi hoat ddng ctta bd may nha ntfdc dtfdng thdi 3.3 So vdi hai td ngoai nhap rat ndi bat khac la Nho giao va Dao giao, Phat giao dtfdc xa hdi ngtfdi Viet cd tiep nhan sdm nha't va manh me nha't Ngay ttt dau, nhiTng bie'u hiSn be ngoai rat de nhan tha'y nhtf each an mac, di lai, each giao tiep cfla cic nha tu hanh da thttc stf gay dtfdc thidn cam ddi vdi nhan dan Nhttng net ttfdng ddng gitta giao 1^ va nghi thttc nha Phat vdi dao 1^ sd'ng va tap tuc cd truydn cua xa hgi, da lam cho Phat giao nhanh chdng xac lap dtfdc vi tri vttng chac nhan thttc cung nhtf tinh elm cua ngttdi Viet cd Chinh vai trd va tai nang cua cac nha stf da gdp phan khdng nho vao qua trinh phat trien chung cua qudc gia Viet Nam DINH THI THAO" TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [I] Li Thai Diing, ViSt sii nhUng ddu dn ddu tiin Tap 3, Nxb Van hda Thdng tin, (2011) [2] Le v a n Sidu, Viet Nam vdn minh si cuang - Van minh Dai Viet, Nxb Thanh nien, [3] [4] Tran Nggc Them, Ca sd van hoa Viet Nam, Nxb Giao due Ha Npi, (2000) Nguyen Kh^c Thuan, Bai cuang lich sd vdn hda Viet Nam Tap 1, Nxb Giao due Ha Ndi, (2005) [5] NguySn Khac Thuan, Dai cUang lich sit vdn hda Viit Nam, Tap 2, Nxb Giao due Ha Noi, (2005) [6] Nguyin Khac Thuan, Dai cuang lich sd vdn hoa Viet Nam, Tap 3, Nxb Giao due Ha Noi, (2007) [7] TrUdng Dinh Ttfdng, NhUng nhdn vdt lich si thdi Binh-Le, Nxb Van hda dan tgc, (2009) (2004) THE ROLE OF BUDDHISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VIETNAMESE SOCIETY FROM THE 10" CENTURY TO THE 14" CENTURY Dinh Thi Thao Among the alien impacts on Vietnamese culmre Buddhism is the first one From the lO" century to the end of the 14* century Buddhism played an important part in the government administration, contributing largely to the social progress of Viemam 'Khoa Lich sit, Tnrang Dai hpc Quy Nhdn Ngay nhSn bli: 24/7/2013; Ngay nhan dang: 26/9/2013 ... sau da ed gang hoan thdnh vai trd ciia minh ddi vdi srf VAI TR6 CXI A PHAT GlAO B6I veil SlJ PHAT TRIEN CUA XA HQI VIET NAM 65 phat tri^n xa hgi Viet Nam hdi the ky X- XIV Nho giao ttt vi tri khiem... ky X dd'u nia dau the ky XIX Tuy nhien, pham vi bai vidt nay, tac gia chi tap tmng lam sing td vai h-d cua Phat giao ddi vdi stf phat hien cua xa hgi Viet Nam ttf the ky X de'n cudi the ky XIV,... PbSt giao lai phat trien manh me long xa hdi Viet Nam Giai doan 4: Ttt dau thd' ky XVI de'n nfta dau the ky XIX, Phat gi4o phat trien manh me long xa hdi Viet Nam So' ItfOng ngtfdi tu hJuh mot ddng,