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AH UUNG PHAP LUAT VA HLTONG \J6C TRONG QUAN LY XA HOI NONG THON '/Giai quyet moi quan he giira phap luat va huong UO'C 6* nong thon Bui Xuan Dinh * Tdm tdt: Trong vi?c xay dung xa hpi mdi, Viet Nam phai giai quylt moi quan h$ gifta fruyen thong va hi?n tgi fren nhilu phucmg dien Vl mat quan ly xa hpi, quan h^ the hien d viec giai quylt mfli quan he giffa phap luat va phong tuc ciing cac gia trj dgo diic cua xa hpi cu, gifta hanh chinh va tg quan, gifta nha nudc vdi cac don vj dSn cu va cac dja phuong cd nhihig khac biet vl nhilu mat Qua frinh xay dung xa hdi mdi d nudc ta la qua frinh Dang va Nha nudc timg budc nhgn thiic dupc vi fri va vai tro phap luat va cua viec quan ly xa hpi bdng phap luat, hinh tu tudng ve xay dung Nha nudc phap quyln xa h^i chii nghTa; dflng thdi kl thira kinh nghi?m cua nha nudc phong kiln frong vi?c giai quylt mli quan he giiia lang va nudc, giua ty quan va hanh chinh, giua phong tyc va phap luat Tu khoa: Phap luat; huong udc; nong thon Viet Nam Qud trinh xdy dimg xa hdi m&i a bdt ky qudc gia ndo cung phdi gidi quyit mdi quan hi giUa trifin thdng vd hien tgi tren nhieu phuang diin Ve mat quin ly xa hpi, mfli quan be giiia truyen thflng va hien tgi the hien d viec giai quyet mfli quan hp giiia phap luit v i pbong tuc cimg cac gii tii dgo diic cua x i hpi cu, giira hanh chinh va tu quan, gi&a n h i nudc vdi cac dan vi dan cu va cac dia phuang vfln cd nhiing khac biet ve nhieu mgt Xa hpi mdi ddi hdi phai duac quan ly bing phap luat, hay la mpt "xa hfli phip hi" Pbap Iuat tao s\itiiflngnhit, s\r dflng thugn, dam bao lpi ich toin cue; frong do, nhiing khac bipt cua cac don vj dan cu (thl hipn d phong t\ic) va ciia cac don vi hanh chinh dja phuang (thl bien d tgp quin quin ly) tgo su phan tin va nhimg lai ich cpc bp, khdng tgo su ddng thuin tien toan cuc, inh huomg din phat triln xa hdi Cang d cac xi hfli tifln cflng nghiep, hay xS hpi cflng nghiep giai dogn phfli thai, tinh di biet ciia cac dia phuang - ca sd tao tu tudng cue bp va sy khong dflng thuan cang ro net Xa bpi cdng nghipp tiing budc quet bd cac bigu bien cua cyc bfl, "cat cii" dia phuong, nhihig tap quan, le tbdi, Ifli sflng cua ngudi d cac cflng dflng nhfl hep, kbflng cd lpi cho quan ly xa hfli va cho su phit triln ciia cic cpng dflng ldn de tien tdi binh nen phip luit va nen quan ly chung Cic nhi kinh dien ciia Chu nghia Mic Lenin di timg ban den viec giii quylt mdi ' ' Phfi gido su, tifin sT, Vi^n Dan tpc hpc, Vifn Han lam Khoa hpc xa hpi Vift Nam DT: 0973786203 Email: buixuandinh.dth@gmail.com Bdi vifit khufin khfi dfi tai "Nghiin citu, dixudt cdc gidi phdp dp dung lugt phdp vd hucmg uac ldng qudn /y xd hgi ndng thdn mdi" thuOc Chuong trinh Khoa hpc vd Cfing ngh? phye vy xay dung nfing thon mdi giai do^in 2011 - 2015 tai trp 69 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xa hdi Viet Nam, sd 6(91) - 2015 quan he giira phap luit v i tap quan tiong xiy dung xa hfli mdi C.Mac da coi cac cong xa nflng thfln l i nhiing "the gidi vi mfl cue bfl" nudc Nga, vgch de an xiy dung xa hfli xa hpi chu nghta sau Cach mang thang Mudi 1917 cflng, V.l.Lenin da rat luu y den nhimg anh hudng cua tan du, tip quan dia phuang dfli vdi viec xay dung xa hfli mdi Theo flng, giai quyet mfli quan be giiia tap quan dja phuang va pbip luit chung ciia ca nudc (tiic mfli quan be gifla dia phuong v i trung uong) la mpt tiong nhiing van de ca ban ciia each mgng xa hpi cbu nghia, boi "thii dp cua dia phuong dfli vdi trung uong da la mflt vin de ldn ciia chiing ta"*''; nham bao dam hieu luc ciia pbap luat chung, bio dam su Ianh dao tap trung ciia trung uong; luu y den nhiing die diem rieng v i phat huy tinh chii dpng, sang tgo cua dia phuong Tii nhiing lugn diem iy, V.LLenin cho rSng, ddu tranh chflng nhfing tap tuc lac hgu ciia chl dp cii la mpt nhiem vu cip bich va cung la mflt nhfing npi dung cua chuyen chinh vfl sin, the bien tiong ciu noi bit hii; "Chuyen chinh vfl san la mflt cuoc diu tianh kien tri, cd mau va khflng dfl mau, co bao lyc va hda bmh, bing quin su va kinh tl, bang giio due v i hanh chinh, chflng nhiing the luc va tgp tuc ciia xa bpi cu"'^' Cuoc diu tranh dien gay go, phiic tap v i keo dai, vi "vin de d day la phii cii tao "chl dp" thim can cfl de nhat da tip quin, cu rich, bat di bat dich" vi "siic mgnh cua tip quan d hing trieu va bang chuc frieu ngudi l i siic mgnh ghe gdm nhat"'^* O nudc ta, viec xda bd nhiing anh hudng cua nhimg phong tuc, tap quan lac hgu nhim bao dim hieu lyc cua phip luat frong toan bfl ddi song xa hfli la mflt tiong nhung nhin to quan trpng thing lpi cua chl dp 70 mdi Chu tich Hfl Cbi Minh tiing chi ring, ciing vdi cbu ngbia tu bin, bpn dl quoc va chit ngbia ca nhin, nhimg thdi quen vd truyen thdng lgc hdu cung Id mdt logi ke thii, thdm chi Id ke dich to cua cdch mgng, vi nd "ngim nglm ngin tid each mang tiln bfl, chiing ta lgi khflng thl trin ap no, ma phai cai tao nd mpt each rat cin than, ilt chiu khd, rit liu dai"*''' Cuoc diu franh d nudc ta cang khd khan v i phiic tgp hon vi nudc ta la mpt nudc nflng nghiep, nong dan, "dfli tuang" cua cufle dau franh khflng clii la nflng dan, ma ca cflng nhan, tri thiic, vi hp vfln xuat thin tir nong dan, nflng thon, hay cd q u i khir khong xa la nong dan, nflng thfln Qud trinh xdy dung xd hdi mdi a nuac ta Id qud trinh Ddng vd Nhd nudc timg bu&c nhgn thirc dugc vi tri vd vai trd phdp ludt vd cua viic qudn ly xd hdi bdng phdp ludt, hinh thdnh tu tuang vi xdy dung Nha nuac phdp quyin xd hgi chu nghta Nhin lgi lich sir dat nudc, nhit l i frong nhiing nam khang chiln chflng M^ ciiu nudc, c6 the thiy rang, cac quy pham chinh tri, ngbi quyet ciia cip iiy Dang cac cap, quyet dinh cua cac doan the, ket hop vdi du lugn v i cic quan niem v l dao diic co mpt vi tri rat quan ttpng, nhu la nhiing phuang tien, cflng cu cbinh y l u d l quan ly xa hpi D i e biet, d nflng thon, hpp tie xa - mot tl chiic kinh te ciia ngudi nong dan vdi dieu I? cua nd, vdi quyen duac phan phfli san phim chii dao la luong thuc va thyc pham, dam nhiem ca viec quan ly ngudi va la nhan '" V.I.Lenin (1977), Viphdp chixdhdi chu nghla, Nxb Su that, HdNfii, fr.386 *^'S^rf,tr.224 *''S^rf,fr.238 '"' HS Chi Minh (1980), Tuyin lap, t.2, Nxb Su tb?t Ha NOi, tr.99 Giai quyet mdi quan hi giUa phdp ludt vd huang uac to quan trpng tham gia quan ly xa hpi Cd thfl ndi, mpt thdi gian dai, pbap luit gin nbu "vang bdng" frong ddi sflng xa hpi nflng thfln Chinh vi thl, d mflt xa, mot thfln lang, vi tri, vai trd, uy tin ciia ngudi diing diu td chiirc Dang bay chii nhiem hop t i e xa dupc d l cao hem, duac bilt din nbilu hon, cdn ngudi diing diu cbinh quyln (chii tich liy ban hanh chinh (UBHC), hay iiy ban nhan din (UBND) tir nam 1976 trd di) d mpt vj tii thip ban nhilu Vai trd cua hfli dflng nhan d i n (HDND) - ca quan mang tinh lip pbip ciia dia pbuong rit md nhgt khflng the hien dupc chiie nang giam sit cac hogt dflng cua ca quan hanh chinh Cac ky hpp ciia HDND chu tich UBHC hay UBND chii tti (do khflng cd cbiic danh chii tich HDND) diln rit binh tinic, thilu tinh phin bipn va tranh lugn Cbiic danh thu ky UBHC hay UBND cd vai ttd quan trpng dieu hinh c i c cflng viec cua chinh quyen C i c dgi bilu HDND dam nhiflm cflng viec thudng vdi danh dy cbinb tri la chinh; khflng the bipn duoc vai tid, nhiem vu l i dgi bilu ciia ca quan giam sit Cflng cuoc Dfli mdi vdi budc dot p h i tir mat ttgn nong nghiep, phat trien nen kinh te nhilu phin, hp gia dinh dupc xic dinh la don vi kinh t l ty chii d i tgo nhiing thay dfli mgnh me v i toan dien cho nflng thon Cung each quan ly bing nghi quylt, chi thi, ^iku lp, du luin trudc day khflng cdn phu hop Tir thyc te cua q u i tiinh lanh dgo cflng cupe Dfli mdi Ding ta d i timg budc nban thiic dupc vai ttd cua phip luat va quin ly x i hpi bing phip luit, ciia viec xiy dung nha nudc va phap quyln dl quin ly x i hfli; d§t yeu ciu phii "dfli mdi" phap lugt d l tgo co sd phip ly cho vipc tiiyc hipn dli mdi toin dipn tren mpi Itnh vyc cua ddi s6ng x i hpi Nhihig dfli mdi frong nban thiic ve vai trd ciia phap luit v i viec quin ly x i hpi bing phap lugt duoc the hien qua van kien cac ky dgi hfli dgi bieu toan quflc ciia Dang Dgi hgi Ddng ldn thii: K/(nim 1986) dgi bpi md diu cdng eupc Dfli mdi - nhSn mgnh, quan ly dit nudc bang phap luit, chii khflng chi bang dgo ly Phip luSt la th6 ch6 h o i dudng Ifli, chii truang cua Dang, thl hien y cbi cua nhan dan, phai dupc thyc bien thflng nhat tiong c i nude Quin ly bang phap luSt ddi hdi phai quan tim xdy dung phdp ludt, timg budc bfl sung v i hoin chinh hp thflng phap luit de bio d ^ cho b§ m i y nha nudc dupc to chiic va hogt dpng theo phap lugt Phap luat phii dupc chSp hanh nghiem chinh, mpi ngudi diu binh ding trudc pbap luit; mpi can bfl, bat cii d cuong vi nio, deu phii song v i lam vipc theo phap luit Khflng cbo phep bit cii dya vao quySn the de lam tiai phap lugt'^' Dgi hdi Ddng ldn thic F//(nim 1991) cbi ro, pbat triln nin kinh te hang hda nhieu phin phii di doi vdi ting cudng vai trd quan ly ciia N h i nudc ve kinh te - xa bpi D I hgn che va khic phye nhiing hgu q u i ti6u cyc ciia nen kinh te thi trudng, gift cho cflng cufle D6i mdi diing hudng, Nha nudc phai thyc hien tflt vai ttd quin l^ kinh tl - xS hfli bang luit phap*^\ ''' Ddng Cpng sdn Vi?t Nam (1986), Bdo cdo Chinh tri eda Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uang Ddng tgi Dgi hgi dgi biiu lodn qudc lan thu VI, Bao Di^n td Ddng Cdng sdn ViitNam http://123.30.190.43/tiengviet/tulieuvankien/vankien dang/details.asp?topic^l91&subtopic=8&leader_top ic=223&id=BT 1260354904, cap nhat ngdy 02 thing 6nSm2011 "' Ddng Cpng sdn Vift Nam (1991), Vdn ki?n Dgi hgi dgi biiu todn quoc ldn thu VU, Nxb Sy th|t, Hd NOi, tr.55 71 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Viet Nam, sd 6(91) - 2015 Van kien Dai hpi nbln manh den viec phat huy din chu xa hpi chii nghia, nang cao hieu luc quin ly ciia Nba nudc va vai trd ciia cac doan the nhin din; dan chii kbong the cd dupc neu thieu tip trung, thieu ky cuang, ky luat, thieu trach nhiem cflng dan Dan chit phii di dfli vdi phap che*'' Dilu quan tipng de pbat huy dan chu li xiy dyng va hoan chinh he thflng phip luit; ting cudng phap cbe xa hpi chu nghla, nang cao trinh dp hieu bilt phap Iuat va y thtic tuin thli phip luit ciia nhin dan*^' Dieu dang luu y tiong Van kien ciia Dgi hpi nay, lan diu tien cum tu "Xiy dyng Nha nudc phap quyen" dupc dua ra; dit viec de cao quyen chii dpng va trach nhiem ciia dia phuong; dflng thdi bio dam sy chi dgo thflng nhit cua Nba nudc trung uong, xiy dyng chinh quyen xa, phudi^ vfing manh Dgi hgi Ddng ldn thu VIII {n^m 1996) tiep tyc phit trien cac luin diem ve tang cuong hieu lyc cua phap lugt va vai frd ciia Nhi nudc tiong cong cudc Ddi mdi Neu Dgi hpi VII mdi dit vin de xay dung Nha nudc phap quyen thi Dgi hfli VIII phat tiien lugn diem "Xiy dyng va hoan thipn Nha nudc phip quyen xa hpi chii nghia Viet Nam" Npi dung co bin cua luin diem coi Nhi nudc li cflt try cua hp thflng chinh tri, la cflng cu thyc hien quyen luc ctia nhin din; quyen Iuc Nbi nudc la thflng nhat, cd su phan cflng vi phfli hop gifia cic ca quan Nhi nudc viec thyc hien cic quyen lip phap, hanh pbap va tu phap Van kien Dai bpi ciing nhin mgnh, tang cudng phip cbe xa hfli chii nghla, quin ly xa hfli bing phap Iuat; dflng thdi vdi vipc coifrpnggiao dye, nang cao dao duc*^', ke thira va phat huy tmyen thflng dao diic, t£^ quan tflt dep''®* ciia Bai hfli VIII, nhin manh chinh sich va phip luat cua nhi nudc la yeu to inh huong tryc tiep den viec thuc hien dgi doan ket toan dan vi sinh hogt din chii xa hfli*''' Do viy, phai dam bao cho Nha nudc la cdng cu chit yeu de thyc hien quyen 1am chii ciia nhan dan, la nhi nudc phip quyln cua din, din, vi dan; quy§n lyc nha nudc la thflng nhit, cd sy phan cflng va phfli hpp gifia cic ca quan nba nudc viec tiiuc bien cac quyen lip pbip, banh phap, tii ph^; Nhi nudc quan Iy xS hfli bang phap luit; mpi ca quan, tfl cbiic, cin bp, cong chtic, mpi cflng dan cd nghia vu chip hanh hiln pbap va phip luat"*'^* Van kien Dgi hpi ciing nhan mgnh den nhipm vu pbii hoan thien hp thflng phqi luit, tang tinh cu the, thi ciia cic quy dinh tiong van bin phip Iuat Xiy dung va hoin thien the che giam sat, kiem tra tinh hop hien va hop phap eac hogt dpng va quyet dinh cua cic ca quan cflng quyen Dgi hdi Ddng ldn thtr X (nam 2006) khang dinh, tiep tuc xiy dyng vi hoan thi^n Nha nudc phip quyen xa hpi chii nghia; xay dyng ca che van hanh ciia nhi nudc ph^ quyen xa hfli cbii ngbia, bao dam nguyen tic tit ci quyen Iyc nhi nuac diu thupc ve nban dan; quyen Iuc nhi nudc la thong nhit, cd su phin cong va phoi hop giiia cac ca quan nhi nudc frong vifle thyc hi£n cac quyen lap phip, hanh phip, tu ph^; hoan thipn he thong phqi lugt, tang cudng tinh cu "•''*5^d,fr.l25; 91-92 '" Ddng Cpng san Vi?t Nam (1996), Van kifn Dgi hdi dgi biiu todn qudc ldn thtr VIII, Nxb Chfnh trj qufic gia, Hd Npi, tr.43- 44 ™&?rf,fr.lll " " Ddng Cpng sdn Vift Nam (2001), Vdn kiin Dgi dgi biiu todn qudc ldn thd- IX, Nxb Chinh tri Dgi hgi Ddng lan thir IX (mm 2001) tilp hgi qufic gia, Hd NOi, tr.l24 tyc cic quan diem ve nha nudc va phip Iugt ''^*5^rf,tr.l32 72 Gidi guyit mdi quan hi giOa phdp ludt va huang udc the, kha thi ciia cac quy dinh van ban vai trd rit quan tipng Chuc nang, nhiem phap luit^'^' Van kien Dgi hpi d l mflt sfl vu, quyen ban v i td cbiic co quan tu phap d nhiem vy va giii phap d l tang cudng hieu cip ca sd niy lan luat dupe hudng dan tai lyc ctia nha nudc cac Tbflng til lien tich s612/TTLB-BTPBgi hgi Ddng ldn thir XI (nam 2011) xac BTCCBCP ngiy 26 tiiang nam 1993 cua dinh, tiep tuc phit huy dan chu x i hfli cbu Bp Tu phap - Ban Tfl chuc Can bp Chinh ngbia va siic manh dai doan kit toan din phii, Thflng tu lien tich sfl 04/2005/TTLTtpc; tiep tuc xay dyng v i hoan thien nen BTP-BNV thing nam 2005 cua dan cbu xa hpi chu nghia, bao dam tat c i Bfl Tu phip - Bp Npi vu De hoan thien quyen luc nba nudc thuflc v l nhan dan; cflng t i c quin ly nha nudc ve tu phap, Bfl phat huy dan chu pbii di liln vdi tang Tu phip - Bp Npi vu d i ban hanh Thflng tu cudng pbip cbe, de cao trach nhiem cflng Lien tich sfl 01/2009/TTLT-BTP-BNV dan, giu viing ky luit, ky cuong xa hpi"*'''\ 28 thing nam 2009 thay the cic vin ban Cu the hda nhiing dfli mdi nh|n thiic v l tren Dieu 7, Dieu cua Tbflng tu Lien tich nha nudc va phap luat, ve quan ly x i hpi neu ro, Uy ban nhan dan cap xa thyc bang phip luat tien day Ding va Nha nudc hien chfic nang quin ly nha nudc ve cflng ta tfing budc chi dao giai quyet nhimg van tic tu pbap fren dia ban, vdi 12 nhiem vu dl v l tfl chfic va boat dpng cua bp may nba Trong dd, nhung nhiem vu lipn quan tiue nudc qua thyc tien cuoc sflng, mpt mat, cbii tilp din cac hogt dpng tu phap d dia bin co trpng den c i c giii phap nham hoan thien bfl sd Cflng chfic Tu phip - Hfl tich d cip xa miy nha nudc trung ucmg, mat khic, rit cd nhiem vy tham muu giiip UBND cip x i quan t i m den viec tang cudng bieu lyc cua td chuc thyc hien cic nhiem vy, quyen han bp miy nha nudc dia pbuong, frong die neu ti^n*'^' bipt coi trpng tdi cbinh quyen cap xa Ky Tdm lgi, cflng cufle Dfli mdi vdi trpng hpp thfi 5, Quflc hpi khda VIII d i tbflng qua tam l i chuyin nin kinh tl tfi ca chl quan Lugt tfl chfic HDND va UBND 30 lieu bao d p sang ca chl thi truong, dit thing nam 1989 (thay thl Luat tfl chfic nhilu vln d l v l quan ly xa hpi Diy cung la HDND va UBND nam 1983) Ngay 26 q u i trinh Dang ta dfli mdi nhan thftc vl v a i thing 11 nam 2003, Quflc hpi khda XI, ky trd quan ly ciia Nha nudc, ve vi tri quan hpp thli da thflng qua Luit tfl chfic HDND va UBND nam 2003; quy dinb each thuc tfl "^' Dang Cpng sdn Vi|t Nam (2006), Vdn kiin Dgi chiic va boat dpng, nhiem vu, quyen bgn hgi dgi biiu loan qudc ldn ihirX, Nxb Chinh trj qufic cua HDND v i UBND cac d p Vi tii, chfic eia,HaNpi,tr.l26 ning va nhi^m vu cua HDND va UBND ^'*' Ddng Cpng sdn Vi?t Nam (2011), Vdn kiin Dgi hgi dgi biiu todn qudc lan thu XI, Nxb Chinh tri ciing dupc quy dinh Hiln phip 1992 qufic gia, Hd Npi, tr.48 N3m 1994, Iin d i u tien d cap xa cd chiic ' * Thdng tu liin ljch Huang ddn chdc ndng nhiim vy, quyin hgn vd ca cdu to chdc cua Sd Tu phdp danh chu tich HDND thugc tjy ban nhdn ddn cdp tinh Phdng Tu phdp thugc liy ban nhdn ddn cdp huyin vd cdng tdc tu Viec phit tiiln, quin l^ kinh t l - xa hfli phdp cda tJy ban nhdn ddn cdp x3 dilu kien co c h l tiii tiirdng liin cho http://www.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/Lists/Vn%20bn%20ph cflng tac tir phap d xa (phudng, tiii ti^) cd p%201ut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=12138 73 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xa hgi Viit Nam, sd 6(91) - 2015 ttpng ciia pbip luat v i tam quan ttpng ctia viec quan ly x i hpi bing phap luit, tren ca sd do, hinh tu tudng ve xiy dung Nba nudc phap quyen xa hpi chu nghia Qud trinh xdy dung xd hdi mdi ndi chung, qud trinh thuc hien cdng cudc Ddi mai ndi rieng Ddng vd Nhd nuac ta ke thira ldnh nghiim ctia nhd nuac phong kien viec gidi quyet di sdn truyen thdng Die diem nfli bit ciia x i hfli truyen thflng cic tpc ngudi d nudc ta la dupc lunh tren ca sd ba thdng sfl co ban (nflng nghipp, nong din, nflng thfln), tuyet dgi da sd cu dan sflng ttong cic lang (bin) la don vi din cu co bin, dupe hinh tu xa xua, cd le tuc, ll thdi rieng; huong udc (d ngudi Viet) va phong tuc, luit tuc (d cic tflc ngudi thilu so) la cflng cu chinh yeu de quan Iy ddi sfli^ cac cflc^ dflng din cu co bin, tgo tinh biet lip, nhieu "dfli lgp" gifia ling vdi n h i nudc, giiia ty quan va hanh chinh, gifia tuc va lugt Cic die diem ve kinh te, ca ciu tfl chfic, vSn hda cua lang lam cho ngudi nflng dan cd tam ly trpng tlnh, ttpng tinh va frpng tuc, dfli lap vdi tim ly frpng dflng, ttpng ly va trpng luat cua cu d i n dfl thi, cu din cong nghipp va buon bin Dftng trudc tinh hinh do, nha nudc phong kien the bien ba thii dp sau: - Chap nhin tuc Ip Iugt, sogn thao luit cd npi dung phu hpp vdi phong tuc Khi sogn thio Iugt, cac vi vua quan phap luit ludn luu y den sy tfln tai ISu ddi ciia phong tuc ling x i (trong 722 dieu ctia ( ^ c triiu hinh luat (QTHL) cd tir 407 - 434 dilu rieng biet so vdi cic bfl luit Trung Hoa ddi Dudng, dcri Minh*"*', lien quan den hfln nhin gia dmh, 58 dieu), tiiiia ke tii sin v.v.; die biet la cd nhieu dieu khoan bio ve quyen lpi cua nguoi phu nfi "Do la nhiing 74 dieu khoan bat re tft phong tuc cfl Viet Nam"*"' va "Cic vua chua Viet Nam va cac dinh thin r i t ton trpng truyen thflng va pbong tuc ciia hp, rat tfln siing cac luit le cimg nhu phong tuc co va da ung xu hinh dpng theo diing tinh t h i n dd" va diy Ii "sy khon ngoan ve mat chinh tri (ciia cac vi vua chua), the hien "phap Iugt phii cfl gang tri sy phu hpp vdi ddi sflng hang cia din chiing, pbii Ie thuflc cac truyen thflng v i phong tuc cu"*'^* - Dimg luat de cting co phong tuc va tir de trd lai cimg co luit, tao sy fln dinh xa hfli Bilu hien rd net ctia chu truong la hudng c i c quan he gia dinh theo luan ly Nho giao, tao mot quyen lyc gia dinh mang d i m tinh Nho giao, g i % cho nha nudc nam dupc gia dinh - hgt nhan ca ban cua x i hpi Md d i u bfl QTHL la quy dinh hgng tang v i bieu dfl de tang bic cho ho nfli Trong 10 tfli bi quy l i "Thip ac" cd tfli thupc pham vi chflng Iai Iuan ly gia (£nh Ii Ac nghich (danb va muu giet flng ba cha me va nhiing nguoi ngang hing), Bdt hiiu (to cio ming cbtri, khflng p h u i ^ dirdng ong ba, cba mp; cd tang cha me m i Iiy vp lay chfli^, vui choi nhu thudng le); Bdt mt^ (giet hay dem b i n nhiing ngudi hp phai de tang tu thing tid len, danh dap, to cio chflng cung nhimg ngudi hp hang phai de tang tft thing tid len); Ndi logn (gian d i m vdi ngudi hp phai de tang tu tiling tid len)"*\ "**•'"*•'""InsunYu(1994), Lugtvdxahdi ViitNam thi ky XVII - XVIII, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hOi, Hd Npi, tr.80; 93; 95-96 *"* C ^ tpi cfin lai CO thu^c phara vi chong nha nirac {muu phdn muu dgi nghich, muu chong ddi, dgi bdt kinh), I tpi thupc p b ^ vi Idm mit tr|t ty xd hpi {bdt dgo: gjit mpt nhd ba ngufri vo tOi, gjfil ngucri dd man) Gidi quyit mdi quan hi giiia phdp ludt vd huang udc - Dinh hudng phong tuc, huang udc theo quy dao cfta nhi nudc, dung cac bien phap de Idem soat va "ip chl" phong tuc va luin ly CO tiuyin Theo chmh sft ghi lgi, cho din cuoi thdi Trin, nhilu tip tuc din gian cdn diy tinh "hfln nhien" dupc tri, thim cbi cdn duac khuyin khich, nbu nam Nham Din nien bifiu Dgi Tri (nim 1362), Vua Tran Du Tflng cdn lenh cbo quan - quin din ttong ca nudc, ding ttd tgp by len tbi dupc ban thudng*'^'^' Nhung sang thdi Le, c^c tip tuc dan gian pbii chiu phan xet khac nghiet cua vua quan dudi cai nhin Nho giio Tft dd, cac ddi vua timg budc can thiep vao pbong tuc tip quin ling xa Trong QTHL cd dilu (141, 142, 314, 315, 318, 324, 333, 338) ve cac khia cgnh cua phong tyc tang ma, hfln nhin duac luat bda Ngoii ra, nha nudc phong kien cdn ban nhieu chi du le nhim chuin dinh phong tyc Qua trinb Dfli mdi giiip Ding vi Nha nudc ta thiy duac nhung mgt tich cyc, nhflng tmyln thflng tflt dep cua ling xi, ngudi nflng din, ben cgnh nhin manh t5ng cudng vai trd cua phip lugt, xiy dung Nha nudc phip quyln, xa hfli din sy, ciing de cac chu trucmg kl thfta vi phit buy vai tid cua huong udc, cfta cac phong tuc tip quin, giii quylt mfli quan he gitia phip luit vi pbong tuc Cach mang tiling Tam 1945 tiianh cflng, sy thay dfli ciia thl chl cbinh tii - kinh te xa bfli dat nudc Iam cho huong udc mat "vj thl" cua nd tiong quin Iy xa hfli; chi cdn tfln tgi d mpt mftc dp nhit djnh, phuc vu cho cong cupe khing chiln Vao dau nira 1948, Hfli dflng nhin dan tinh Hi Dflng trinh len Chu tjch Hfl Chi Minh ban huang udc khing chiln miu gflm dieu Hpi dflng nhin din tinh tiiflng qua 15 tiiang 12 nim 1947, Hfl Chi Minh da gfti Bp Nfli vy mpt biic thu (hien dang dupc luu giu tai Bio tang Cach mgng Viet Nam), ttong dd, Ngudi gbi ro y kiln cy thl cua minh vao timg dieu va "mong quy Bp xet va siia ky hem thi ban buong udc cd the lim mau cho cac noi, nd cd ich nhieu cho viec thyc bien nhiem vu trudng ky khing chien nam ciia din tdc"*^'\ Hda binb lip lai tien Mien Bac (thang 10 nam 1954), ca che quan ly kinh te - xa bpi dupc dinh hudng tbeo mfl bmh cua chii ngbia xa hpi, song mdi chi d buflfc diu, nen lang xi chua cd nhieu thay dfli Trong tinh hinb dd, huang udc vin cdn ca sd de tfln tgi Chinh vi thl, Cbu ticb Hfl Chi Minh iS luu y den van dfi ke thua nhiing mgt tich cyc cua pbong tyc, cua ty quin Kbi tiflp doan can bp tinh Thai Binb tgi Phu Chu tich (nam 1958), Ngudi khing dinh: "Huong udc li nhihig khoan udc lang Ngudi ta quy dinh vdi khflng dupc de ttau bd pha liia, ga que an mg, an rau, kbong dupc trpm cap ciia v.v Dly la nhfing phong tyc hay ciia nflng thfln nudc ta trudc day Tfi sau each mang, cac chu dem xoa bd ci, the la khflng dling Cach mgng chi xda bd cii xau, cai dd, cdn luu gifi cii tflt, cai hay"*^' Tfi cufli thip ky 1950, quy mfl d p xi duoc md rpng (mpt xa gdm nhieu ling) cung vdi vipc lly hpp tic x3 - mpt tfl chuc kinh tl d nflng thon - dam nhin ci chiic ning quan ly xa hoi Dilu lam cho ling bi "boa tan" vao hpp tic xa, nhat la tfi quy mfl hop tic xi dupc dua len toan xi; da *"* (2004), Dgi Viit su tv lodn ihu t.l, Nxb Vin hfia thfing tin, Hd Npi, tr.645 '^" Bp v a n hfia - Thong tin (1998) Mdt sd gid trf vdn hod a ca sa nong thon hiin ngy, Nxb Vdn hod dan tpc, HdNpi, tr.164-165 *"* Ban Nghien curu ljch sil Ddng Tinh uy Thdi Binh (1970), Thdi Binh ndm ldn ddn Bdc, tr.30 75 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hdi Viet Nam, so 6(91) - 2015 timg budc thu tieu tinh ty quin va tinh tu chu cua lang, d i n den "triet tieu" sy tfln tai ciia huang udc Nghi quylt 10 ctia Bfl Cbinb tri (khoan 10, tiiai^ nim 1988) tgo cho nong thfln nhiing thay dfli tuong doi toan dien va siu sic, tgo tiln &k cbo su "tai lap lang tieu nflng" Cic thilt che dan da, cic luih vyc cua doi sflng deu lly ling Iam trpng tam C i cic thiet che "quan pbuong" nhu td chftc Dang, cac doan the quan chiing cung hudng theo sy thay dfli dd Viec khing dinh tid lgi vi tri v i vai tid cua ling cung ddi hdi phai xu ly nhimg van de mdi niy sinh Khi cip x i cdn lung tling cbua kip "bit nhip" vdi cac nhiem vu quin 1^ hanh chinh thi lang - vdi tinh each la mpt cpng dong mang tinh ty quan cao - da chu dpng the hien vai trd ciia nd vifle giai quyet cic van de niy sinh Mpt sfl lang cua tinh H i Bic cu da chu dflng lgp cac ban quy udc lang nhim quan ly dupc cic mit ^n sflng cua cpng dflng quyet chuyen de ve dai doan kit din tflc, cflng tic dan tpc va ton giao (Hpi nghi lln thu bay Ban (Dh^ hanh Trung uong khda DC, d i u nam 2003) chi ro: "Md r^ng v i da dang hda cac hinh thirc tap hpp nhan dan, nang cao vi tri, vai tid cua Mat trin To qudc Viet Nam v i cic doin the nhan din tiong viec thyc hien dai doan ket toan dan tpc" vi "Xiy d y i ^ cac cpng ddng din cu ty quan d cic thdn, ling, bin, ap, to din phd, hogt dflng tien ca sd bucmg udc khflng trii phap l u i t Cbu trpng bfli duong va hudng dan nhiing ngudi cd uy tin tiong cflng dflng diam gia ddng gdp cho phong trao chimg Phat huy nhimg mat tot ciia cac hinh thurc cpng dflng truyen tbflng nhu lang, ban, ddng hp, gia dinh, ddng thdi, kip thdi uon nin nhiing bieu hien cue bfl, lech lac"*^\ Tu phong trao xay dyng quy udc ling phit trifin phong trio "Xay dyng lang van hda" va phong trao "Toin din doan ket xiy dyng ddi sflng van hda d cpng dflng dan cu" V i ^ xiy dyng quy udc lang nhu la bieu hipn cua vipc khfli phuc lgi huang udc dS duac cic nha nghien cihi quan tim, khuyen nghi voi cac C£^ cd thim quyen v i duoc chip nhgn Nghi quyet Hpi nghi Ban Chip hanh Trung uong Ian thu nam (khda VII, thing nim 1993) chi ro: "Khuyen khich xay dung va thuc hipn cac huong udc, cac quy che va nep sflng v i n minh d thon xa" Tiep do, V i n kien Dgi hpi VIE cfta Dang cimg khing dinh Igl vai tid ciia huang udc mdi frong viec xay dyng nep sflng ty quan, xay dyng ddi sflng vin bda cic don vi din cu (lang, i p , ban, bufln), gdp phin vao viec thyc hien co che lam chu cua nhan dan, dfli mdi he thdng chinh tri d nudc ta Ngiy 19 tiiang n i m 1998, Thu tirdng Chinh phft Chi thi 24 CT-Ttg v l viec xay dung v i thyc hien huong udc d ca sd Nghj Vipc sogn thao quy udc lang (sau ggi Ii huong udc mdi) khflng phai l i sy "hoai cfl", ma la nhu c i u nfli than cua ngudi Vifit d chiu thfl B i c Bp va Bic Trung Bp trudc nhung doi tbay t o i n dien v i siu sic cfta CO che khoan 10; difiu khing dinh tid Iai vfi sy ke thira truyen thdng ty quan ciia lang Viet ciing nhu cua cac dan vi dan cu c i c x i hfli tien cong nghifip Kbflng phii ngau nhien ma d cac nudc kbflng cd huang udc, ca nhting nudc cflng nghiep phit trien, ngudi ta van nhin manh vin de ve quyfin ty quan d ca sd Khm ni?m "quyen ty quan ciia co sd" ddi long x i hpi tu ban 76 '^' Dang Cfing sdn Vift Nam (2003), Vdn ki?n Hgi nghf ldn thu bdy Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uang khda IX Nxb Chinh tn qufic ^a, Hd NOi, fr.23 Gidi quyit mdi quan he giua phdp ludt vd huang udc Sau mpt phin tu thl ky, k l tft cflng cufle Dfli moi "dot p h i " vao lihh vyc nflng nghiep, tgo nhiing tbay dfli ldn lao cbo nflng ngbiep, nflng thfln va ngudi ndng dan, tao tifin de cbo viec tai lap cip thfln (lang) va tii lip bucmg udc, buong udc van khang dinh dupc cho dung cua nd tiong ddi sflng x i hpi nflng thfln Tuy nhien, d thdi dilm hien tai, can cd mflt nghifin ciiu, danh gia nghiem tuc, cbinb xic va dly du hon v l nhung mat dupc va cbua dupc cua huong udc, ding cd thfi dua mflt hudng giai quyet mdi cho viec xac dinh vi tri cua nd tiong thdi gian tdi q u i trinh Ding COng sin Viet Nam din dan nhan thftc rd vai tto quan trpng cua vific giai quyfit dung dan mfli quan be giua truyfin thflng va hien tgi, tbuc chat l i giii quylt mfli quan be giiia tu quin v i hanh chinh, giira tuc v i luit; cung la mfli quan he giiia nhung chu quan •^ chi vdi thuc tien xa hpi Mpt tiidi gian dii den trudc cong cuoc Dfli moi, cac chi thi, nghi quyet chi cd tinh chit i p dit cftng vdi cic thiet che cua be thflng chinb tri, CO che boat dflng cfta hpp tic xa nflng nghifip hap phucmg thftc quin ly chinh doi vdi nflng thfln Do viy, hifiu qui cua each quin ly dd rat kem Ket luan Trong x i hpi truyen thong, ngudi nflng dan sflng frong cac don vj tu cu co bin la lang Trong xa hpi nfin kinh tfi nflng nghiep liia nudc la chu dao; he thflng thiet che giii quyet c i c mfli quan bp, c i c phong tyc tap quan v l cac khia canh ddi sflng hinb thinh d i n giiia thl k^ XV duoc vin bin hda huong udc Suflt q u i trinb phat trifin cua c i c cflng dflng lang, phong tyc va huong udc la cflng cy chinh ylu d l quin ly ddi sflng cflng dflng Cflng cuoc Dfli mdi tgo nhiing budc thay dfli toin difin, manh me va siu sac cho nong thfln; gitip cho Dang Cpng sin Vipt Nam nhin thftc rfl vai trd quan trpng cfta pbip luit va viec quan ly x i hpi bing phap Iugt, tu binh cac lugn difim v l nha nudc v i phip quyen xa bfli chft nghla; the bifin van kifin cic Dgi hpi Dang toan quflc (tft Dai hpi lln thft VII) va cac Hfli nghi Trung uong, cac hogt dpng thuc tifin v l x i y dyng phap luit, hoan thipn bfl may n h i nudc cic cap, nhat la d x i - cip banh cbinh cufli ciing, sit dan nhit Bfin cgnh Dang va N h i nudc ta ciing thay dupc nhfing hat nban hpp Iy va nhihig nhSn tfl tich cyc cfta v i n bda truyen thflng, nhat la cua phong tuc v i huong udc, nen da kip tiidi chi thi, cbi dgo vipc lip lgi huong udc d cic lang que v i nhan rpng cac pbong trio "Xiy dyng ling vSn hda", "Xay dung ddi sdng v5n hda frong cic cpng d i n g din cu" Dilu dd cd t i e dung to ldn vific xiy dyng nflng thfln mdi Cflng cuoc xay dyng x i hfli mdi ndi chung, xay dyng nong thfln mdi ndi rieng d nudc ta duac tiln hanh tft ISu D i y la qua trinh xay dyng, cii tgo mot xa hfli nflng thfln truyfin thflng; d dd nbilu tin du cu cd sue sflng lau bin, t h l chfi tiuyin thflng van cdn tie dyng, c i c phong tyc, huong udc la nhihig cflng cy dilu chinb x i hoi va quin Iy xa hfli Phong tuc, huong udc vfta la rapt khia canh cua v i n hda tinh tiiln, vira cd gii tii quan ly Ben cgnh c i c ylu tfl ttch cyc, nhilu ylu tfl cua phong tyc, hucmg udc ndi rifing, cua ling x i ndi cbung d i trd "tid Iuc" cho sy pbat tiiln Qua trinh xiy dyng nflng tiifln mdi la Tuy nhifin, q u i trinh xay dung nflng thfln mdi giai doan hipn khic ban vdi cic giai dogn trudc diy Nong thfln trudc cdng cudc Dfli mdi chua cd sy chuyfin bifin 77 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Viit Nam, sd 6(91) - 2015 mgnh vfi kinh tl, van dua vio nflng nghifip la chinh, phin ldn cu dan sflng d nflng thon, quin ly xa hpi vln dya vio cic cbi tbi, phong tyc la cbinh Ngiy nay, kinh te nflng nghiep chi cbiem mpt ty lfi nhd, nflng thfln dang phat trien tbeo hudng cong nghifip hda Vi the, quin ly xa hpi phii dya vao luat phip la chft dgo; bfin canh viec nfl lyc dua pbap lugt vao nflng thfln, cdn phii din chft hda xa hpi nflng thfln, phai luu y den vipc giai quyfit vin de quin Iy xi bfli nflng thfln cdn dim die nhieu yfiu tfl ciia truyfin thdng, mpt xa hpi dang van dflng, cbua phit trien, cai mdi di cd nhung cbua duac khing djnb rfl net, cai cii chua mat Ddng COng san Vifit Nam (19%), Vdn kip, Dgi hgi dgi bieu todn quoc ldn thu VIU, Nxb CMib trj qufic gia, Hd NOi 10 Ddng COng sdn Vift Nam (2001), Vdn lap, Dgi hgi dgi biiu todn qudc ldn thu DC, Nxfa Chinh trj quoc gia, HdNOi 11 Dang COng sdn Vift Nam (2003), Van kiin Hgi nghi ldn thti bdy Ban chdp hdnh trung uang khda DC Nxb Chfnh trj qufic gia, Hd Npi, 12 Ddng COng sdn Vift Nam (2006), Vdn kiin Dgi hgi dgi biiu todn qudc ldn ihuX Nxb Chinh In quoc gia, Hd Npi 13 Ddng Cpng sdn Vift Nam (2010), Vdn Ida, Dgi hgi dgi biiu todn qudc ldn thu XI, Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia, Hd NOi14 Bui Xudn Dinh (1985), Li ldng phip nudc, Tki Iifu tham khao Ban Nghifin cfhi Ljch sijr Dang, Tinh uy Thai Binh (1970), Thdi Binh ndm ldn ddn Bdc, Thdi Binh Nxb Phdp \^, Hd NOi 15 Bill Xuan Dinh (1998), Huang udc vd qudn ly Idngxd, Nxb Khoa hpc xd hOi, Hd NOi BO Tu phdp (2007), Qudc triiu hinh lugt - 16 Biii Xuan Dinh (2005), Nhd nu&c vd phap nhSng gid trf ljch sii vd duang dgi gdp phdn xdy lugt thai phong kiin & Vigt Nam, nhihig suy ngdm, dtmg nhd nudc phdp quyin d Viit Nam, Nxb Tu Nxb Phdp ly, HdNpi phdp, Hd NOi BO Vfin hfia Thong tin (1998), Mgt sd gid tri vdn hod a or sd ndng thdn hiin nay, Nxb V ^ hod dan tpc, Hd Npi Phan D^i Dodn (Chu bien) (1996), Qudn ly xd hgi ndng thon hiin - mgt sd vdn di vd gidi phdp, Nxb Chinh tri (]uoc gia, Hd Npi Phan D?i Dodn (2001), Ldng Vi$t Nam mgt so van di kinh ti, xa hgi vd vdn hda, Nxb Khoa hpc xd hOi, Hd Npi Ddng COng san Vi?t Nam (1987), Vdn ki?n Dgi hgi dgi biiu todn quoc ldn thii VI, Nxb Sir thgt, HdNOi Ddng COng sdn Vift Nam (1991), Vdn ki$n Dgi hgi dgi biiu todn qudc ldn thii VU, Nxb Su thgt, Hd NOi Ddng Cpng sdn Vift Nam (1993), Vdn kiin Hgi nghi Ban chop hdnh Trung uang lan thu nam, khda Vll Nxb Chinh frj qufic gia, Hd Npi 78 17 Duong Lan Hai, Dinh Xudn Ldm (Chii biai) (1998), Nghiin cuv Viit Nam - mgt sd vdn di vi kinh - ti - xd hgi • vdn hod, Nxb Thf gifii, Hd NOi, 18 H Chf Minh (1980), Tuyin tgp, t , Nxb Sy that, HdNOi 19 V.I.Lenin (1961), Chung tatubd di sdn ndo, Nxb Sy that, Hd Npi 20 V.I.Lfinin (1977), Vi phdp chi xd hgi chd nghta Nxb Sy th^t, Hd Npi 2\.Qudc triiu hinh lugt (1991), bdn djch, Nxh Phdp iJ, HdNpi 22 Ddo Tri Cic (Chu bifin) (2003), Huang udc qud trinh thgc hign ddn chd d ndng thdn Vi^l Nam hi$n nay, Nxb Chinh trj quoc gia, Hd NO* 23 Vifn Nghien ciiu Vdn hfia ddn gian (2000), Lugt lyc vd viic phdt triin ndng thdn hien ngy d Vip Nam, Nxb Chfnh trj qu6c gia, Hd NOi 24 Insun Yu (1994), Lugl vd xd hgi Viet Nam thi kyXVII - XVIII, Nxb Khoa hpc xd hOi, Hd Npi ... hudng cua tan du, tip quan dia phuang dfli vdi viec xay dung xa hfli mdi Theo flng, giai quyet mfli quan be giiia tap quan dja phuang va pbip luit chung ciia ca nudc (tiic mfli quan be gifla dia... tto quan trpng cua vific giai quyfit dung dan mfli quan be giua truyfin thflng va hien tgi, tbuc chat l i giii quylt mfli quan be giiia tu quin v i hanh chinh, giira tuc v i luit; cung la mfli quan. .. (1980), Tuyin lap, t.2, Nxb Su tb?t Ha NOi, tr.99 Giai quyet mdi quan hi giUa phdp ludt vd huang uac to quan trpng tham gia quan ly xa hpi Cd thfl ndi, mpt thdi gian dai, pbap luit gin nbu "vang
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