NHtnVG NET CHINH VE HOAT ©ONG BUON BAN NO LE DA DEN CUA BO DAO NHA VA TAY BAN NHA TRONG THE KY XVI-XVII Nguyen Vdn Vinh* TOM TAT: Buon bdn nd le Id mdl nhiing trang su den toi nhdt ciia chu nghia thue ddn phuang Tdy Nhin chung, phdn ldn cdc nghien cuu qudc te vd nude chii yeu tap trung nghien cieu vi hogt dgng budn bdn no li da den cua thuc ddn Anh, Bo Ddo Nha Tdy Ban Nha dugc nghien cieu chua nhieu Tuy nhiin, vdi tu cdch Id hai quoc gia chdu Au ddu lien lien hdnh cdc cugc ph kien dia ly, eiing vdi nhung dde quyen cd dugc sau hiep udc Terdosilas ed hieu luc, 36 Bao Nha vd Tdy Ban Nha cUng dong thai Id nhiing qudc gia ddu tien tien hdnh hogt dgng buon ban no li da den tir chdu Phi qua Dgi Tdy Duang de den vdi cdc khu vice thuge dia chdu My Cho den truoc ndm 1660 cde hogt dgng buon bdn nd le da den deu hai qudc gia tren bdn ddo Iberia ehi phoi Mot so lugng ldn no le dugc dua tie chdu Phi sang Tdn the giai de lam viec cdc khu vuc ddn diin ciia ngudi chdu Au Bdi viet ndy, tap trung phdn tich nhitng net nhitfig khdc biet vi quy mo, phuang thiic lien hdnh, hi qud cua hogt dgng buon bdn no le eua Bo Ddo Nha Tdy Ban Nha a chdu My Mddau: Nam 1492, sau Critopher Colombus den chau My va Vasco de Gamas den An Do vao nam 1497 da khifin cho boat dfing mau dieh Dfing-Tay difin soi dgng hon trudc rat nhifiu Tren Dai Tay Duong dan hinh tam giac mau dich bufin ban nfi Ie kfit nfii chau Iue (Phi-A-Au) Sau thiet lap dugc mgt he thfing thuge dia rgng ldn d khu vuc chau My, Bo Dao Nha bit tay vao tifin hanh cac boat dfing khai thac, bde lot nhim dem that nhifiu cua cai ve chau Au phuc vu Thac sT, Khoa Ljch sii, Truong Dai hpc Su pham Ha Ngiii cho nhu cau xa xi cua quy tpc phong kien Dfi dap ling ngufin lire phuc vu cho cac dfin difin trfing eay cfing nghifip (dudng, ca phe, thufie la ) ciia minh, Bfi Dao Nha, Tay Ban Nha da dua sang chau My mpt sfi lupng no lfi rat ldn Neu tinh chung, sd lupng no Ie da den chau Phi ma nhiing ngudi chau Au dua sang Tan thfi gidi thi eon sfi roi vao khoang 10-15 trifiu ngudi vdng the ky XV-XIX Difiu da mang lgi nhuan Idn va cung tich liiy tu ban nguyen thiiy cua cac nudc phuong Tay, dd cd Bfi Dao Nha va Tay Ban Nha Tuy vay, each thlie tien hanh boat dpng budn ban nfi Ie ciia hai qufic gia cd rat nhifiu khac bifit vfi Tap chi nghien cuu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 03 (115) thang 3/2015 j;i^H!jg_net chinh ve hoat dgng buon ban no le quy mo, each thiic, pham vi, khu vuc tifin hanh hoat dfing bufin ban nfi Ifi thfi ky XVI-XVII Nguon gfic buon ban no Ie da den Chfi dp no le va vific budn ban no lfi khong phai chi mdi hinh sau phat kifin dia ly va cung khong phai ngudi chau Au tao Chfi no lfi tdn tai tir trudc dd r4t lau, tham chi nd tdn tai trudc ngudi ta vifit vfi nd Tir lich sii, chfi no lfi cd the ndi da xuat hifn long cac xa hdi cd dai ciia ngudi Luong Ha,' Ai Cap, An Dp, Trung Hoa Kfi ca Hy Lap thdi ky co dai nfii tieng la qufic gia sang tao nfin dan chu nhung no lfi d day khdng the thifiu, bang Athen ciia hp khfing thfi ton tai duge nfiu khfing cd nhimg no lfi tham gia vific dfing ang, lao dfing thii cong Nam 450 TCN, bang Athen cd khoang 300.000 ngudi thi nd lfi chifim khoang 1/3 - 1/4 dan sd Vao thdi ky La Ma cd dai, chfi dp no le cang phd bien xa hpi Theo tinh toan thi thdi ki vua Julius Caear (40TCN), La Ma cd khoang "2 trifiu nd le phuc vu".^ Hau het nhihig ngudi La Ma ciing nhu ngudi Hy Lap dfiu cho rang su tdn tai ciia nfi lfi xa hfii nhu mgt phan thifit yfiu ciia xa hgi Dfin nam 476, Dfi chfi La Ma sup dd, nhung chfi dp no lfi van cdn ton tai ddi sfing chau Au cung nhu cac nfin van hda khac Dfin cuoi thfi ky XV - dku thfi ky XVI, sau Columbus dat chan dfin chau My nam 1492, cac qufic gia Tay Ban Nha sau la Bfi Dao Nha, Anh, Phap, Ha Lan da nhanh chdng xay di^g he thong thudc dia rpng ldn d khu v\re chau My Cac don difin trdng cay cong nhifip (ca phfi, mia, cao su) Nguyen Van Vinh ham md da dupc ngudi chSu Au dung len nham khai thac, boc lot cua cai dfi dua vfi chau Au Vi vay, vific su dung lao dpng nfi lfi dat rat biic thifit Ban dau, nhimg no le diu tien d Tan Thfi gidi khfing phai la ngudi da den ma chinh la ngudi chau My ban dja Tuy nhifin, ngudi chau My ban dja da khdng chju nfii cac yeu eau ciia chu cac dfin difin Hg khfing cd kha nSng thich nghi vdi cupc sfing mdi, hp quen vdi cudc sfing tu va khong thfi quen su khae nghiet vdi vific bi bifin nfi Ifi cae dfin difin Dong thdi, ngudi chau My ban dia khfing cd he mifin djch chfing lai cac can benh ma ngudi chau Au mang toi Cac can bfinh nhu dau miia, sdi, ciim, sdt phat ban, dich hach va nhiing bfinh truyfin nhiem khac d chau Au da ddng vai trd quyfit dinh vific buy hoai dan sfi ban dia chau My Ching han, mgt tr$n d^u miia da giet chfit gkn mgt mia dan sfi Aztec sau difin cufic tan cfing dau tifin ciia ngudi Tay Ban Nha vao nam 1520 that bai Khap noi d chau My, nhiing can bfinh da gifit chfit rat nhifiu ngudi ban dia Khi Columbus phat hifin chau My, Iiic dd dan sd chau My cd khoang 75 trifiu, cd le tuong duong vdi dan sfi chau Au ciing thdi.^ "Dan sd Mexico ban dau cd khoang 20 trifiu ngudi nhung den nSm 1618 chi vdn ven cdn cd 1,6 trifiu ngudi"."* Ndi dfin nhirng xa hgi dfing dan nhat d Tan Thfi gidi vao nam 1492, chiing ta thudng nghT tdi ngudi Aztec va ngudi Inca Chiing ta quen mat rang d Bac My cung timg la noi cd xa hfii Anh-difing dinh cu ddng diic nhat d thung lung sdng Misissippi, mfit nhiing vung nong nghiep trii phii nhat ciia My Tuy nhien, truong hgp Tgp chi nghien cuu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 03 (115) thang 3/2015 Nhu'ng net chmh ve noat cong puon pan no le Nguyen Van Vinh Bae My, ngudi chau Au khong true tifip hiiy diet xa hpi dd ma chinh vi trimg Au - A da lan dfin trudc ngudi da lam difiu dd Theo cac khai quat khao cd va ciing vdi vific nghifin cuu ky Iufing nhiing mfi ta cua chinh cac nha tham hifim dat chan lfin bd bien My cho thiy, that BSc My timg cd dfin khoang 20 trifiu ngudi Anh-difing Neu tinh chung toan bfi Tan Thfi gidi thi vdng mfit, hai thfi ki sau Columbus dat chan tdi day, dan sd Anh-difing da sut giam 95% Vdi dich benh nhu vay !am dan sd ngudi ban dia giam siit khdng cd kha nang dap ling dupc day dii ngufin lao dpng ma ngudi chau Au can cac dfin dien Do vific khdng thfi sii dung lao dpng ban dia nfin tinh trang thifiu nfi lfi d Tan The gidi mpt nghifim trpng Chinh vi vay, ngudi chau Au da nghi nhieu each dfi cung img dii sfi nd lfi can thifit cho Tan The gidi Vdi viec bien ngudi chau My ban dia nfi lfi la rat khd nfin ngudi chau Au da bifit each bii dip su thifiu hut nd 1? dd bang viec bit ngudi da den dfin lao dfing trfin nhihig manh dat ma ngudi da tring da cudp ciia ngudi ban dia Tham chi "ngudi Tay Ban Nha phat hifin siic khde cua mpt ngudi da den bing bfin Ian ngudi Idian".' Mat khac, nhiing ngudi da den cdn cd kha nang dfi khang cac loai bfinh cua viing nhifit ddi nhu b?nh sdt ret, bfinh sdt da vang ma ca ngudi chau Au ciing khfing thfi chiu dupc va tli vong cao Vi thfi, vao thfi ki XIX cd mpt tuyfin bfi vfi nghien cuu ciia quan dpi Anh cho bifit "sire chiu dung cua nguai chdu Phi gdp 3,2 ldn ngudi chdu Au"^ Chinh nhiing difiu dd ma vao n5m I5I8 chinh quyfin Hispanio da cho phep dua ngudi da den vao lao dpng thay thfi cho ngudi chau My ban dja Vi ngudi Anh-difing qua yfiu nfin hp chi dupc dua vao lam nhirng cdng vific mgt thdi gian ngin nhu tham gia vao cac trang trai trdng ngo, hSm md, Trong tuong lai, cac mat hang ehii yfiu cua Tan Thfi gidi la dudng, bong Nhihig efing vific can nhiing lao dpng khde manh nen vdi thfi luc yfiu thi ngudi Anh-difing khfing thfi lam dugc vay vific su dung nfi 1? da den la rat phfi bifin Ngoai vific bat ngudi da den lam vific tren cac dfin difin d Tan The gidi thi cdn cd ngudi da tring ngheo lam nhiing cdng vifie khac Ngufin gfic eiia lao dpng da tring khac dd cd thfi la nhiing ngudi di cu, til nhan, bi bat ng dupc dua sang Tan The gidi lao dpng nhung cd mdt difim khac giiia lao dgng da trang va da den la ngudi da tring dupc chinh quyfin d chinh qufic bao lanh bang viec ky cac ban giao keo Iao dgng Trong dd cd mpt dieu khoan quy dinh viec hp phai lam viec mdt thdi gian nhat djnh sau dd se dupc tu Vi du, vific bit cde ngudi da trSng sang Tan Thfi gidi difin thudng xuyen d London va Bristol ciia Anh Trong khoang thdi gian tir 1654-1685 ed khoang 10.000 chuyfin tau tu Bristol dfin Tay An va Virginia Nam 1683, nhiJng ngudi di cu da tring chifim 1/6 dan sd d Virginia, chifim 2/3 dan nhap cu d Permsyvania thfi ki XVIIL Cd nhiing tpi pham bi dua sang Tan The gidi lao dfing dii chi an cip b^ng Anh Nam 1664, Anh dfi dao luat dua ngudi sang Tan Thfi gidi dd la nhihig ngudi Sn khdng ngdi rdi, kfi trgm cip vM NSm 1667, Anh dfi luat dua tit ca vp ke eip nao an trgm hang hda tir 3-4 bang Anh phai sang lao dgng d Tan Thfi gidi Dac bifit vdi sy bit fin chinh tri tir 1640 - 1740 sfi lupng lao Tgp chi nghien cuu CHAU PHI & TRUNG D6NG SO 03 (115) thiing 3/2015 NhiJng net chi'nh ve hoat dpng buon ban no le dpng da trSng sang Tan The gidi mpt nhieu Thdi gian nay, nhihig ngudi tham gia phong trao eai each ton giao that bai cung da chay sang Tan Thfi gidi Iam vific cac ddn difin mia, bfing Tuy nhifin, vific sir dung lao dfing da trang thay cho ngudi ban dia ciing gap nhifiu difiu phiic tap nhu vific ki ban giao keo vdi vific ngudi da trang chi can phuc vu cae ddn difin mpt thdi gian nhat dinh la cd the dupc tu hoac lao dpng da trang d cac ddn difin dfi dang bd trfin khdi cac dfin difin Cdn nfi lfi da den khd cd ca hpi bd tron vi dii hg cd bd trdn thi hp van bi bat vao cac don difin khac Iam nd lfi Ngoai ra, d mfit sd hdn dao Caribben vdi hSu nhifit ddi "vai nhiing cdn benh nhu sot ret, nhiet hodng da bdt ddu lan trdn sang ehdu My theo tdu buon chdu Au, ehung lgi tra thdnh tra nggi chinh eho viic thuc ddn hoa vung nhi$t dai a Tdn The gim Mgt vi du quen thuge cho vai trd cua hai cdn benh ndy Id nguai Phdp da tit bo y dinh xdy kenh dao Panama eon nguai My suyt niea cUng tit bo y dinh dii hg da xdy thdnh cong kenh ddo"? Dfing thdi, chii dfin difin d Tan Thfi gidi mudn su dung no lfi da den vi nguyfin chinh dd la Igi nhuan tir vific no lfi da den vol gia re hon lao dfing da tring Chinh quyfin d Barbados cho ring: "gid thue mgt lao dgng da trdng ddt gdp ldn thue mgt no li da den",^ dd cung chinh la nguon gde eiia vifie mang ngudi da den sang Tan Thfi gidi Iam vific Nd khfing phai la su phan biet chiing tpc, khong phai mau da eiia nd lfi ma chinh la nguon lpi nhuan ciia viec sii dyng nfi lfi nao la dem lai hifiu qua cao nhat Vdi sir so sanh giiia ngudi Anh-difing, lao d^ng da tring thi nd lfi da den la lua ehpn tfit nhat Cd thfi ndi tir nam Nguyen Van Vinh 1650 dfin nam 1850 nfiu khdng cd nhihig nd lfi da den se khdng cd nhiing ddn difin trdng mia, bdng d viing bifin Caribben Ngudi dan chau Au, tir dau nam 1700 vdi miic thu nhap trung binh se khdng thfi dimg cac mat hang xa xi nhu dudng, ca phfi, thufie la ma trudc nam 1650 chi phuc vu cho nhiing ting ldp giau cd Buon ban no le cua ngirdi Bo Dao Nha La mpt nhiing quoc gia tifin phong tifin hanh cac chuyfin tham hifim vupt dai duong tir cudi thfi ky XV - dau thfi ky XVI, Bfi Dao Nha da nhanh chdng thiet lap dupc mpt khu vuc thupc dia rfing ldn d chau Phi, chau A va Nam My, trd mpt nhihig nfin kinh te, chinh tri va quan su manh nhat thfi gidi liic bay gid Bd Dao Nha cilng la qudc gia di dSu vific bufin ban nd le trfin Dai Tay Duong Nhiing cfing ma ngudi Bd Dao Nha dat dupc cd the ke dfin nhiing nhan td sau: Thu nhdt, Bd Dao Nha la mpt nude thong nhat tuong dfii sdm d chau Au Vdi difiu kifin thfing nhat va dn dinh da tao thuan lpi cho hp phat trifin thuang mai, - khac xa vdi nhihig xung dot d cac bang Y hoac nhiing bat fin d Anh-Phap thdi gian d Bd Dao Nha da hinh mgt nfin quan chii manh me eimg vdi vific gidi quy tgc cd su hda hgp va ting lop trung luu dupc tham gia vao nghi vifin Chinh nhung cdng ve mat chinh tri la difiu can thifit cho mgt tuong lai tuai sang ciia Bfi Dao Nha cac thfi ky banh trudng boat dgng thucmg mai trfin bifin thfi ky XVI-XVII Thu hai, khfing chi cd su dn dinh vfi chinh tri nudc, Bd Dao Nha nam d phia Tay Tap ehi nghiin ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 03 (115) thang 3/2015 Nguyen Van Vinh La mdt nhihig ngudi hfit long iing hfi cac cupc phat kifin dia ly nhung hoang tii Henry (1394-1460) khong phai la ngudi dau tifin quan tam dfin boat dpng budn ban nd lfi da den Nam 1434, mpt so chific thuyfin nho Bfi Dao Nha da dfin bd bifin chau Phi va bufin ban tai mfit sd cang d dd Nam 1441, ngudi Bo Dao Nha da mua mpt sfi til binh chifin tranh dfi lam nd lfi Chi dfin nam 1444 thuyen ciia Lancarote va Gil Earmes mang 235 nfi lfi da den tir Lagos ve, hoang tli Henry mdi bit dau quan tam toi vific bufin ban no le"'" Tuy nhifin, mSi tdi nam 1484, sau nguod Bd Dao Nha cho Thir ba, tang Idp thuang nhan Bd Dao xay dung tri El Mina, sau dd la cac phao dai d dpc bd bifin chau Phi thi boat Nha khdng nhifiu ve so lupng nhung da dpng buon ban no 1? mdi thyc su dupc day hinh va phat trien mfit thdi gian manh." Trong thdi gian hoang tii Henry trj dai va cd tam anh hufing ldn dfin hai vi fing khfing chi cap phep cho cfing ty phfi la Lisbon vdi so dan la 4000 ngudi va Hoang gia bufin ban ma cdn cho cac thuong Porto vdi 8000 ngudi CJ day thuang nhan nhan dfin buon ban tai chau Phi Nhung sau ngudi Bd trao dfii nhfin nhjp vdi cac thuang fing qua ddi thi cong ty Hoang gia da dpc nhan ngudi Ha Lan, Bi, Phap, Anh , phin quyfin budn ban tai El Mina DQng thdi cfing Ion cac tau budn ciing dfiu thupc quyen sd ty Hoang gia cho thifit l|p Casa Dos Escraras biiu ciia hp dfi quan ly vlec bufin ban vang, hjit tifiu, nga Dae biet voi sir tifin bd ciia kT thuat hang voi cua chau Phi dfi dfii liy nhiing mat hang ciia chau Au nhu hang dfit may, dfing hb, hai difin hinh nhu vific ddng cfing tau thuy tinh Theo tinh toan mdi nhit cua Elbl Caravel vdi thiet kfi nhd gpn, tdc nhanh thi ngudi Bfi Dao Nha thfi ki XV van trd mgt phuang ti?n phii hpp vdi vific chuyfin khoang 81.000 no lfi Philip Curtin kham pha dpc bd bifin chau Phi Ngoai ra, cho ring, vdi su phan phdi nfi 1? cua Bd Dao yeu tfi tfin giao cimg la mdt dpng luc khong Nha khoang thdi gian 1451 -1499, cd he nhd thfii thiic cac thuong nhan Iberia tim khoang 60.000 no lp dugc dua vao khip kifim cac viing dat d hai ngoai de truyfin ba chau Au, 17.5000 nd 1^ dupe v|n chuyfin phiic am Abbe Raynal rat cd Iy cho ring eac hdn dao tren Dai Tay Duang Cdn "Sa di nguai Bo Ddo Nha di ddu vi$c khoang 3.500 nd lfi duoc mang dao Sao phdt kien dia ly vd buon bdn tren Dgi Tdy Tome va Principe.'^ duang the ki XV Id su cuong tin ton gido cimg voi niim dam me su gidu co cua chdu Luc dau, no Ie da den bi ngudi Bfi Dao Phi - chdu A ".^ Nha true tifip bit giu bing nhimg cupc tin Nam chau Au gan vdi trung tam bufin ban Dia Trung Hai va Iuc dja chau Phi, chinh dieu ciing la mfit lpi thfi cho Bd Dao Nha phat trifin buon ban Dac bifit, su ttfip xiic vdi thuong nhan nguoi Y, eac thuang nhan Bfi Dao Nha da hpc hdi dupe rat nhifiu kinh nghi?m boat dfing mau djch thuong mai Den diu the ki XV, cu thfi vao nam 1415, Bfi Dao Nha da xay dung dugc mgt tri quan trpng d Ceuta (chau Phi) - mpt cang bien quan trgng vific dua ngudi Bd Dao Nha dfin day tim kifim vang va nd lfi da den Tgp chi nghiin ciiu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 03 (115) thang 3/2015 Nhutig net chi'nh ve hoat dpng bufin ban nfi le cdng bat ngd nhu viec tan cdng vao Congo va Angola lam cho che dp quan chii Congo sup nam 1665 Tuy nhifin, dan sfi chau Phi sfing khdng tap trung nhu cac nudc chau Au nfin nhiing cugc tan cdng vao ngudi da den td khfing thu dupc nhifiu hifiu qua Vi thfi ngudi Bfi Dao Nha da nghT mdt each khac dfi bat dupc nhung ngudi da den, dd la tifin hanh mang nhifiu hang hda sang ddi lay nd lfi Nhim hien thuc hda y tudng do, vao nam 1448, Bd Dao Nha da cho dat thuong difim tren dao Arguim.'^ Sy kifin da danh dau cho su chuyfin dfii tir viec dimg vu lye sang buon ban vdi ngudi chau Phi ciia Bd Dao Nha Tir Arguim, ngudi Bo Dao Nha da giai quyfit dupc van dfi buon ban vdi ngudi Tay Phi, ngudi Arab dfi thu mua no lfi va vang bac, ban nhutig mat hang nhu len, vai Sau hoang tir Henry qua ddi, cac thiiy thu Bfi Dao Nha tiep tuc kham pha cac cira song Senegal va Gambia Vdi nhiing kham pha da tao difiu kifin dfi Bo Dao Nha cd thfi budn ban dpc phia Nam Sierra Leone Bfin canh vific tham dd dpc bd bifin chau Phi, Bfi Dao Nha ciing kham pha dupc mgt sfi hdn dao d Dai Tay Duong Nam 1419, Maderia da phat hifin hdn dao Arores, khodng thdi gian tir 1456 - 1460 kham pha Cape Verdes - nhung hdn dao khfing cd ngudi d nhung vd cung quan trgng ddi voi viec tnmg chuyfin - budn ban nfi lfi trfin Dai Tay Duong dfin Tan Thfi gidi Dfin cufii thfi ki XV, ngudi Bfi Dao Nha da thiet l|p dupe he thfing cac thuong difim d Guinea va dpc bd bifin Congo, Angola, Tay Phi va Trung Phi la thi trudng cung cip nfi Ifi cho ngudi Bd Dao Nha bufin ban trfin Dai Nguyen Van Vinh Tay Duong Nam 1482, ngudi Bfi Dao Nha da cho xay dung cac thuong difim d Bd bifin Vang (Gold Coast) Bdn nam sau tai bd sdng Benin, ngudi Bd Dao Nha da cho xay dung hai cang Ughoton dfi trao ddi vdi Benin, mdt nha nudc himg manh d chau Phi luc bay gid Hiu nhu cac thuong difim ciia Bo Dao Nha deu dupc xay dung d gan khu vye bd bifin bdi vi cac nha lanh dao chau Phi ludn ngan can vific ngudi chau Au bang each che giau cac thdng tin lifin quan dfin no Ie, cimg vdi dd la ngudi da trang khfing thfi chju dupc can benh nhiet ddi d Tay Phi Da cd nhiing ghi chep vfi vific nhimg thiiy thu ngudi Bd Dao Nha bi gifit bdi thfi dan chau Phi di vao dat lifin Chinh vi vay, nam 1494 vua Bd Dao Nha da cd nhiing thda thuan vdi nhiing ngudi lanh dao ban dia cho phep minh dupe dat cac thuang difim d dpe bd bifin de trao doi vdi hg ma khdng di vao sau dat lifin Tau thuyfin cua ngudi Bd Dao Nha thudng xuyfin tdi Bd bifin Nga, Bd bifin Vang (Gold Coast) de trao ddi budn ban Nam 1482, sau kham pha cda sdng Congo, dfin cudi thfi ki XV, Bfi Dao Nha bat diu tham hiem bd bifin Vuong qudc Congo Dac biet, vdi vific kham pha cac viing dit Sao Tome va Principe vao nam 1470, da danh dau Bfi Dao Nha trd quoc gia di dau boat buon ban, khai thac hem 4000 dam dgc bd bien chau Phi Dfing thoi, tao difiu kifin thuan Igi hem boat dpng buon ban nfi le trfin Dai Tay Duong Ciing voi sy ldn manh cua Bd Dao Nha thi mdt nudc khac nam cung trfin dao Iberian la Tay Ban Nha cung rao rifit diy manh cac khai thac d chau My Ngudi Bd Dao Nha sp Tgp chi nghiin curu CHAU PHI ATRUNG D6NG SO 03 (115) thang 3/2015 Nhiing net cninn ve noai opng puon pan no le,^ Nguyen Van Vinh mat vj tri budn ban d chau Phi, chau A nen da kien nghj vdi Diic giao hoang ve vific phan chia anh hudng cua hai nudc Vdi hifip udc Tordesillas (1493) ngudi Bfi Dao Nha dupc dfic quyfin budn ban d chau Phi, chau A, sau cd ca Brazil Cdn Tay Ban Nha dupe dfic quyen budn ban tai Tan The gidi Hiep udc ddi, da gap phai su phan dfii quyfit lifit cua cac nudc chau Au nhu Anh, Phap, Ha Lan Dfing thdi chong Iai vific Bd Dao Nha lap eac thuang difim bufin ban nfi Ie d chau Phi Nhin lai toan bg boat ddng bufin ban nd le ciia Bd Dao Nha cd thfi thay: Trong giai doan dau, sfi nd lfi dupc ngudi Bfi Dao Nha van chuyen chu yfiu dugc lay tir thugng Guine, dgc bd bifin Senegal den Sierra Leone Sau dd, ehu yfiu sfi nfi lfi dupc lay tir Congo tdi Angola, mdt phan tir mii Cape den Cameron Thdi gian dau ngudi Bd Dao Nha chii yeu trao dfii dgc bd bifin ma ehua tien sau vao khu vuc ngi dia chau Phi HoSc ddng d phao dai El Mina noi dau tifin Bfi Dao Nha dat try sd dfi trao ddi vol chau Phi Trong giai doan cudi, ndi lfin hai vimg Guinea va Angola viec cung cap nd lfi eho cae thudc dia cua Tay Ban Nha d Tan The gioi vimg sau: chau Au, cac dao trfin Dai TSy Duong, Sao Tome, thupc dja cua Tay Ban Nha d Tan Thfi gidi, Brazil NOra diu thfi ki XV, mpt phan no Ifi duac mang sang chau Au dfi phuc vy cac cdng viec phuc vy cac gia dinh, thp thii cfing, ta difin theo udc tinh sd ngudi da den tai chSu Au khoang 50.000 ngudi Difiu dang ngae nhifin la hdn dao SSo Tome vdi di?n tich la 372 km^ song d day da nhap rit nhifiu no lfi Iam viec cac dbn difin trdng mia Vao cudi thfi ki XV cd nhimg ddn difin sir dyng den 300 nd lfi Den cufii the ki XV, nhiing hdn dao tren Dai Tay Duong nhap khau khoang 76.000 nd lfi, sau dd cd nhiing dau hifiu giam boi: Dac bifit, vdi viee kham pha Brazil da danh dau budc nhay vpt cua Bfi Dao Nha vific van chuyfin nfi lfi da den sang TSn Thfi gidi Liic dau, sau kham pha viing dit Brazil rdng ldn, ngudi Bd Dao Nha cung gidng Tay Ban Nha da cfi ging bit nhiing ngudi dan ban dja Iam vific cac dfin difin, nhimg difiu da hoan toan thit bai vi ngucri ban dja khdng cd siic dfi khang cin thifit dfi chfing lai nhiing can bfinh ma ngudi chau Au mang sang nhu bfinh sdi, dich hach, Ci dpc cac bd bifin la cac trai nfi lfi chat ciim ''* Chinh difiu da thiic diy viec nich ngudi dang chd cac thuyfin bufin dfin mang ngudi da den sang Tan The gidi dfi mang di, sfi lupng ngudi chet trai cung thay ngudi chau My ban dja lam vific rit ldn Theo ude tinh cd khoang 4,5% ngudi cac ddn difin Kfi tir nam 1570, Brazil trd hi chet qua trinh trao ddi dpc cac bd noi nhap khiu nd 1? ldn nhit d Tan bien, 12% ngudi chfit trfin cac chuyen thuyfin Thfi gidi va hinh hang loat cac trung vupt qua Dai Tay Duong, 33% ngudi bi chfit tam mua ban nd le.Theo tinh toan ciia Philip Iam cac dfin difin d My Curtin khoang thdi gian 145I-I866, Sfi nfi lfi dugc ngudi Bd Dao Nha mang ngudi Bfi Dao Nha dua khoang 4.298.830 khdi chau Phi dupc phan bd chii yfiu d cac ngudi da den khdi chau Phi Tgp chingltien cuu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 03 (115) thang 3/2015 Nguyen Van Vinh Nhu'ng net chinh ve hoat dong budn ban no lfi Bang 1: So lieu buon ban no Ie cua ngirdi Bo Dao Nha tren Dai Tay Dirong (1451-1866) r i ! "^ ••• " Giai doan 1451-1518 1519-1600 1601-1700 1701 -1810 1811-1866 Tong so So lu-oTig (ngu-M) 142.300 241.400 560.000 1.909.730 1.445.400 4.298.830 Ngudn: James A Rowley - Stephen D Behrendt (2005), The Transatlantic Slave Trade, University of Nebraska Press, pp 19 Mpt thuan lpi khac cung dfin vdi Bd Dao 143.998 no lfi den cac thudc dia cua Tay Ban Nha hp da lay dupc cac giay phep Nha Day la sd lupng no lfi dupc ngudi Tay asiento cua Tay Ban Nha Vdi cac giiy phep Ban Nha cap phep dupc mang dfin cac thudc nay, ngudi Bfi Dao Nha khoang thdi dja ciia minh d Tan Thfi gidi gian tir 1595-1640 da mang dupc khoang Bang 2: Hiep trdc thurong mai cua B6 Dao Nha ky kit vdi Tay Ban Nha dl dira no If chau Phi sang chau My 1595 -1640 Nam So Itrong no le 1595 - 1600 30.568 1601 -1611 39320 1615-1622 31.646 1622-1629 20.330 1630 1.200 1631 -1640 j 20.934 Tong ! 143.998 Ngudn: David Eltis - David Richardson (2008) , Extending the Frontiers, Transatlantic Slave Trade Database, Yale University Press, pp 75 Mac dil Bfi Dao N h a dpc quyen bufin ban nfi lfi vdng gan mgt thfi ky rudi nhung sang thfi ki XVII, ho bit diu gap phai sy c^nh tranh ciia cac qudc gia chau Au khac nhu Ha Lan, Anh, Phap, Dan Maeh Nhit la su Ion manh ciia Ha Lan sau gianh dpc lap da de dpa nghifim trgng su dgc quyfin thuang mai ciia Bd Dao Nha Vdi siic manh hai quan Ha Lan da chifim ddng mdt sd thudc dia thuge sd hihi ciia ngudi Bfi Dao Nha nhu viing Ddng bic Brazil, Angola, thuong difim El Mina, Curacao Tuy nhifin, CO thfi ndi dfin thfi ki XVII ngudi Bo Dao Essays on the New Nha van chiem uu the Idn viec buon ban nd lfi vi ngudi Ha Lan chi chifim ddng cac thudc dja ciia Bd Dao Nha thdi gian ngan, d Brazil mfit vai nam cdn Angola gan mfit thap ki Tinh den cudi thfi ki XVIII, vific budn ban nd lfi ciia Bfi Dao Nha cd nhiing quy dinh vfi vific bufin ban nfi lfi nhu truyfin ba ton giao va lam lfi nia tgi trudc dua hp Ien thuyfin Cimg vdi do, luat phap cling quy djnh vfi sd lugng nd Ie dupc chd trfin thuyfin, vfi ch5m sdc y tfi Sau cugc chifin tranh Napoleon, Anh da cdng vific thda thuan cimg Tgp chi nghiin cuu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 03 (115) thang 3/2015 Nguyen Van Vinh ngudi Bfi Dao Nha ki Hifip udc AngloPortuguese (28/07/1817), qua dd se cim vific bufin ban nd Ifi,'^ nhung d Brazil vific budn ban vin tifip tuc dfin nam 1888 mdi cham dut Bufin ban no Ie cua Tay Ban Nha the ky XV-XVII Sau chuyfin di diu tifin cua Critopher Columbus dfin chau My, Tay Ban Nha da nhanh chdng lam chii ca mdt vimg dat rpng Ion, tham chi danh dupe uu the dgc quyfin buon ban, khai thac d Tan Thfi gidi sau ky hifip udc Tordesllas (1493) voi Bd Dao Nha Vdi hifip udc nay, ngudi Tay Ban Nha lam chil Tay Ban cau nhung khdng cd quyen den cac vimg dat d chau Phi Vi thfi, vific sir dung no lfi da den ciia ngudi Tay Ban Nha chu yeu thdng qua vific bufin ban vdi Bfi Dao Nha sau la Ha Lan, Anh, Phap Dfin nam 1778, mac dii, Fernando Po va Armabon da mua dugc mfit sfi vimg dat d Tay Phi, song vific cung cip nd lfi d day cung khfing may kha quan chi quan tam tdi viec cudp hoc vang, bac tir Tan Thfi gidi dfi dua ve chau Au Mai dfin nam 1759, vua Charles mdi khuyfin khich cac thuong nhan Tay Ban Nha tham gia buon ban bang dao luat tu thuong mai Mac dil tham gia boat ddng budn ban no le chi thdi gian khoang 1,5 thfi ki nhung each thirc budn ban ciia Tay Ban Nha hoan toan khdng gidng vdi Bfi Dao Nha Vdi vific ki hifip udc Tordesillas (1493) va ban chit thyc dan cua minh, ngudi Tay Ban Nha da thuc hien mgt chinh sach cdp gia:y phep cho cac tau thuyfin ciia ngudi Bfi Dao Nha mang nd lfi da den dfin cac thupc dja cua ngudi Tay B^n Nha d Tan Thfi gidi Dfing thdi, ngudi Tay Ban Nha da dua cac hifip udc Asiento'^ dfi khuyfin khich cac nudc mang nfi le den cac thupc dia ciia minh d Tan Thfi gidi Vdi cac hi?p udc cac nudc chau Au (chu yfiu la Bd Dao Nha) da mang den cac thudc dia cua Tay Ban Nha vdi sfi lupng ldn nd lfi da den Theo cac ghi Ciing vdi su yfiu kem vific ky hifip chep ciia ngudi Tay Ban Nha vfi viec cip udc vdi Bd Dao Nha thi ban chit cua Tay phep cho cac nudc dem nd lfi dfin chau MJ' Ban Nha la thuc dan khdng quan tam dau tu giai doan 1510 - 1599, sd nfi Ie dupc md rfing thupc dja nhu cac nudc khac ma hp mang dfin khoang 119.377 no lfi." Bang 3: So luong no Ie dug-c cho phep mang toi thuoc dia cua ngudi TSy Ban Nha d chau My tif 1510-1599 Nam So liryng no le 1510-1519 1520-1529 1530-1539 1540 - 1549 1550-1559 1560-1569 1570-1579 1580-1589 1590-1599 Tong 4,865 1,711 9,530 15,345 242 25,213 18,486 28,667 15,318 119377 Nguon: Dm-id Eltis - David Richarson (2008) , " Extending the Frontiers, Essays on the New Transatlantic Slave Trade Database " Yale University Press, pp 74 m Tap chi nghien cuu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG so 03 (115) t h i n g 3/2015 Nhiitig net chinh ve hoat dgng buon ban nfi le Nguyen Van Vinh Trfin thyc tfi, chi tinh sd nfi Ifi dupc cap phep mang dfin khoang thdi gian 1505 - 1599 trung binh moi nam cd tir 1.000 2.000 nd lfi dupc mang qua Dai Tay Duong Tuy nhifin, nfiu tinh ca nhiing chuyfin tau mang nd lfi bat hpp phap vao chau My theo nhu Vila Vilar ti'nh toan thi cd khoang 132.000 no Ifi Vi vay, tnmg binh khoang thdi gian 1595 - 1640 mdi nam cd khoang 6.000 nd lfi dupc mang sang thupc dia cua Tay Ban Nha d Tan Thfi gidi.'* Nhiing nd lfi dau tifin dupc giii toi cac thupc dja cua Tay Ban Nha d chau My chii yeu dupc lay tir chau Phi Bang so 4: So no Ie dirgfc mang tir cac viing den thupc dia cua T5y Ban Nha d TSn The gidi trudc nam 1685 (nghin nguoi) Nam Senegambia Vinh Benin 1526-75 1,2 (67,5%) 1576-1600 1,5 (12,4%) '~T601-25 9,6 (13,7%) 1626-50 3,3 (8,6%) 1651 -75 3,9 (31,5%) 2,8 1676-85 ^ (46,4%) Tong cac 22,1 nam (15,8% 1,6 (2,3%) 0,3 (0,8%) 4,5 (36,5%) 6,4 (4,6% Sao Tome Tay Phi 0,4 (22,2%) 0,2 (1,5%) 1,4 (2%) 0,2 (10,2%) 10,3 : (86,1%) 57,2 : (817,6%) : 34,4 '• (90,6%) 2,6 (21%) i 2,2 I (37,8%) ; 106,9 (76,4%) 1,3 (10,9%) 0,9 (15,8%) 4.3 (3,1%) Dong Nam chau Phi 1,7 11,9 0,1 (0,2%) 70,0 37,9 12,3 5,9 (0,1%) Ngudn: David Eltis - David Richardson (2008) , Extending the Frontiers, Transatlantic Slave Trade Database, Yale University Press, pp.85 Tir thfi ki XVI - XVII, no lfi dupe nhap khau vao cac thupc dja ciia Tay Ban Nha chii yfiu dupe lay tir vimg thupng Guinea Sau dd dupc djch chuyfin dfin vimg Tay - Trung Phi Tir nam 1640, Angola trd nai cung cap nguon nfi lfi chinh, viec nhap khau nd lfi ciia Tay Ban Nha phy thuge rat Ion vao Bfi Dao Nha, Ha Lan, Anh, Phap De chfi Tay Ban Nha ton tai d Tan "Thfi gidi mdt thdi gian dai Chinh vi vay, Tay Ban Nha luon bi cac nudc chau Au nhdm ngd eac thuge dia Dac bifit vdi sy phat trifin cua chu nghia tu ban va phong trao cai each tfin giao da chong lai sac l?nh cita Giao hoang ve vific Tong 139,8 Essays on the New cho phep ngudi Tay Ban Nha duoc dpc quyfin bufin ban d Tan Thfi gidi Tuy nhifin, chinh sach cap giay phep van khdng cung cap dii sd nd lfi ma cac thudc dia cua Tay Ban Nha can Cufii thfi ki XVI vdi sy hgp nhat giiia Bfi Dao Nha va Tay Ban Nha thi hang loat cac hiep udc cho phep cac thuyfin bufin ciia Tay Ban Nha cd thfi true tifip dfin mdt sd dia difim d chau Phi dfi mua no lfi Vi thfi, dfin dau thfi ki XVIII hifip udc Asiento ciia Tay Ban Nha dupc coi la nhung phan thudng quan he quoc tfi giira cac nudc chau Au Tuy nhifin, dfin nam 1789 ngudi Tay Ban Nha da bai bd vific cung cap Tap chi nghiin cuu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 03 (115) thang 3/2015 Nhu'ng Nguyen Van Vinh cac giiy phep ve viec buon ban no le cho cac nuac chau Au d§n cac thuoc dia cua ho a Tan The gioi Boi vi, cac giay phep ciing khong mang du s6 no le ma cac thuoc dia c5n, dfing thoi cimg nam nguoi Tay Ban Nha thuc hien chinh sach tu thuong mai tren Dai Tay Duong Voi chinh sach da lam cho "sfi lu^ng nfi le Cuba tang vot tir 2.534 no le nam 1790 dto nam 1823 la 300.211 no le Ciing voi viec tang vot so luong nfi le cac dfin dien trfing mia lam cho san luong duong Cuba tang len tCi 63.274 thiing nam 1786 dSn nam 1823 la 300.211 thimg"." Voi vi$c tu thuong mai tir 1789 -1820 Tay Ban Nha da tro nha cung cip chinh no le cho Cuba, diSu trai ngui^c voi Hch su vfi s\r phu thufie viec nhap khiu no le cua Tay Ban Nha Nhirng tau thuyin ciia Tay Ban Nha chiem '/j sfi nfi Ie dupc mang vao Cuba theo sau la Anh, Phap, Dan Maeh Voi viec tham gia buon ban tai Cuba, theo tinh toan (1815-1819) CO khoang 241 - 248 thuyen cua Tay Ban Nha cap cang Havana Nhirng chiec thuyen van chuyen cua Tay Ban Nha ciing giong nhu ciia nguoi Anh rat 1cm, cho duoc tir 142 -145 nfi le Con cac thuyen cua My tinh trung binh chd dugc 42 nfi le Tuy nhien, dii co thuoc dia rong Ion a Tan Thfi gioi song ngucfi Tay Ban Nha chi nhap khiu dupc gin 1,7 trifiu nfi le chau Phi chien khoang 1/6 s6 nfi le duac nhap vao Tan The gioi Trong 1,7 trieu nfi le dupc xuat khiu vao cac thuoc dia cua Tay Ban Nha dupc phan bfi nhu sau; Cuba chiem 'A sfi do, tifip dfin la Mexico tir diu thfi ki XVII dfin nam 1817 voi viec bai bo che dp nfi le da nhap khoang 200.000 nfi le Trai ngupc vdi vific nhap khiu cua Cuba thi sfi lupng rit nho dupc dua vao cac nuoc Colombia, Panama, Ecuador 200.000 nfi le Venezuela nhap 120.000 nfi le Cac nuoc Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia nhap khiu khoang 100.000 no le Peru nhap khoang 95.000 nfi le Sfi lupng giam din o Santo Domingo, Central America, Chile.^*" So nfi le chu yeu lam vific cac ham mo, dfin dien trfing mia va s^n xuat nong nghiep Bang 5; So Ivgng no If da den du'pc nhap vao thuoc dia cua Tay Ban Nha Cac noi nhap no If da den Cuba Puerto Rico Mexico Venezuela Peru La Plata and Bolivia Chile Santo Domingo Colombia, Panama, Ecuador Central America Tong So lirgmg 837.000 77.00 200.000 121.000 95.000 100.000 6000 30.000 200.000 21.000 1.687.000 Nguon: Herbert S Klein fI978).The Middle Passage: Comparative Studies in the Atlantic Slave Trade, Princeton University Press, pp.61 Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI * TRUNG DONG so 03 (115) thang 3/2015 Nhihig net chmh ve hoat dgng bufin ban no le Thudc dia cua ngudi Tay Ban Nha d Tan The gidi gdm cd cac viing dat d Tay An, Mexico, Trung My, phia B5c cua Nam My va mpt sd hdn dao d vimg bifin Caribben Ngay tir dku ngudi Tay Ban Nha kham pha va thifit lap thupc dia d Tan Thfi gidi thi sd ngudi da trSng da khdng du dfi lam vific cac ddn difin Chinh vi vay, chinh quyfin Tay Ban Nha da cho phep diing ngudi ban dja dfi lao dfing cac ddn difin Nguyen Van Vinh phat trifin cac ddn difin Nam 1522 voi viec lap cac don difin trfing mia tai Hispaniola thi sau mdt thdi gian ngan nd d3 md rdng cac khu vyc Jamaica, Puerto Rico, bd bifin Mexico Chua day V2 thfi ki san lupng dudng cua Hispaniola d day da vupt san lupng ciia cac dao Sao Tome Cac ddn difin d day thudng sir dyng tir 100 -200 nd Ifi Tai thli Melchoir de Tores cd nha may su dung tdi 900 nguoi Ngudi Tay Ban Nha Cufii thfi ki XV, ngudi da den dupc dua cdn sir dyng nd le dfi khai thac cac kim Ioai sang Tan Thfi gidi mpt nhifiu Dac bifit quy d dpc cac bd bifin Nam My va cac cao sau hifip udc 1479 vfi vific ngudi Bfi Dao nguyen (bac d Peru - Mexico) Trong thoi Nha dupc ddc quyen mang nfi lfi da den den ki dd, vific lao ddng cac ham md ddn cac thudc dja ciia Tay Ban Nha d Tan Thfi difin, vific van chuyfin dfiu sir dung bang gidi Va tir dd Seville va Lisbon trd tay chan nfin can rat nhifiu ngudi Chinh vi cic tnmg tam mua ban nd lfi da den Seville thfi hg da thu sir dung rat nhifiu ngudi Idian, cd ddng gdp to ldn vdi vific bufin ban nfi lfi da den, ngudi da trang tu va cac tfii eiia Tay Ban Nha Hp thufirng mua giay phep pham Nhung chinh quyfin Tay Ban Nha va cho vific bufin ban d cac thudc dja Tay Ban Giao hpi da phan doi vific dimg ngudi Idian Nha Dfing thdi, hp dau tu cho cac chuyfin vi hp chfit qua nhifiu vi bfinh dieh Chinh buon ban nfi lfi dfin Tan The gidi Tan Thfi bfinh djch da gifit chfit rat nhifiu ngudi chau gidi, hp trao ddi no lfi lay cac mat hang ciia My ban dia Theo ghi chep tac pham Tan Thfi gidi nhu dudng, bfing, ca phfi de Guns, Sails, and Empires tac gia Carlo M mang trao ddi d Cuu Thfi gidi Vdi vific budn CipoUa cho rang: "so nguoi da a Mexico ban nay, ngudi Genova d Seville tir mpt giai dogn 1514 -1605 gidm nghiim nudc thupc dia da lam chu cac dpi tau budn trgng dich benh dd ldm ddn so gidm tit 25 nfi lfi trieu nguai xuong edn triiu nguai Ddn so Hispanipla thai gian 1492 -1570 Vdi su phat trifin cvia vifie san xuat duong cdc binh dich nhu sai dgu miia da gidm tu nen can rat nhieu lao dpng dfi san xuat Nam 100.000 nguoi xuong vdi trdm nguaf\ 1510, vua Ferdinand da giri 250 nd lfi chau Tuy nhien, nhiing nd lfi da den lai mien dich Phi mua tir Lisbon dfin Tan The gidi Sy kifin vdi nhiing can bfinh dd theo nhu nghifin cuu danh d4u vific budn ban nd lfi tir Cuu ciia ngudi Tay Ban Nha thi ''site khoe cua no Thfi gidi vdi Tan Thfi gidi San xuat dudng le da den gdp ldn ngudi chdu My ban ciia ngudi Tay Ban Nha dupc thu nghiem dia"}^ Chinh vi vay no lfi da den cd ddng diu tien d vimg bifin Caribbe v^ nd thu hiit gdp rat ldn vdi dfii vdi sy thay ddi lich sii dupc sy quan tam ciia Hoang gia Tay Ban Tay Ban Nha Hg da dem lai ngudn cua c^i Nha va Giao hpi; chinh difiu da khifin hg ldn cho dfi chfi Tay Ban Nha, d5c bipt la cac dau tu vfin va nhan lye cd tay nghfi dfin day Tgp chi nghien cUu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 03 (115) thing 3/2015 NhLJiis M^ ^ Nguyen Van Vinh kun loai vang va bac Dac bifit vao nam 1545 Potosi phat hifin Peru, vdi phat hifin dg dua vfi cho Tay Ban Nha rk nhifiu vang bac; chinh nhiing thuyfin trd kho bau tir Tan Thfi gidi vfi lam cho chau Au cd mgt cufic each mang gia ca Den nam 1640 vi?c nhap khiu no lfi ciia Tay Ban Nha gap nhifiu khd khan vi Bd Dao Nha da khfing cdn phu thuge vao Tay Ban Nha, Ha Lan thi dang mau thuin vdi Tay Ban Nha Chinh nhimg difiu da lam sd lupng nfi lp dupc nhap vao eac thufie dja giam Slit mpt each nghifim trpng Tir thfi ki XVII - XVIII vdi sy suy yfiu ciia chinh qudc, cimg vdi siic manh dang lfin ctia cac nudc Ha Lan, Phap, Anh da lam cho viec nhap khau nfi te cua cac thupc dia d Tan Thfi gioi mpt khd khan Vdi vific nhiing chi^c thuyen mang day vang bac tir Tan The gidi vfi d3 lam cho cac nudc khac ghen ty dong thdi ciing kich thich hp kham pha nhitng vimg dat mdi trfin thfi gidi Dong thdi, vdi ban chat thyc dan cua ngudi Tay Ban Nha la cudp bde khfing dau tu khai thac, dat ach thfing trj lfin cac vimg dat mdi d Tan The gidi nen siic manh hai quan suy yeu thi cac nudc Ha Lan, Anh, Phap dfi dang xSm chiem cac thuge dia ciia Tay Ban Nha, nhu viee thuyfin trudng John Hawking da thach thue su dpc quyen cua Tay Ban Nha d Tan Thfi gidi Nam 1655 OUver Cromwel da chiem Jamaica, Phap chifim cac dao d Martinque va Guadeloupe Trong giai doan 1710 -1810 la thdi ki thuong mai c ^ tranh giGa cae nudc, Tay Ban Nha chi chifim 10% thuong mai trfin Dai Tay Duong Mac dii diing thii vfi thupc dia d Tan Thfi gidi sau Brazil, cac dao ciia Anh, Phap d vimg bien Caribbean nhung sd lupng • vc noat dpng Puon oan no le nd lfi Tay Ban Nha nhap trung binh moi nam la 4.500 no lfi, chi bang 1/3 sfi nd lfi dupc nhap vao Brazil Cd thfi ndi vific cung cap nfi lfi cho cac thupc dia ciia minh d Tan The gidi ciia Tay Ban Nha hoan toan phu thupc vao cac nudc chau Au Cd hai nguyen nhaft-fli giai thich cho vific phu thupc vific cung cap nd le cho thupc dja ciia minh "Thii nhdt co thi nguai Tdy Ban Nha bi rdng huge bdi hiep uac Gido hodng ki giiea Tdy Ban Nha vd B6 Ddo Nha nam 1493 Nguyen nhdn thie hai co thi nguoi Toy Ban Nha thieu vdn nen khong thi den chdu Phi budn bdn''}^ Chi mai dfin nam I8I5 budn ban nd lfi bi c4m thi Tay Ban Nha mdi buon ban fi at, nhung dfin nam 1835 nhu cau vfi nd le cua eac hdn dao khdng cdn cin thifit nhu trudc KET LUi\N Qua nghifin ciiu cd thfi thay, ngudi Bfi Dao Nha la nudc di dau vific bufin ban nfi lfi, dfing thdi ciing la nudc budn ban mpt khoang thdi gian lau nhat vdi so lupng ldn nhat cac nudc tham gia Vific dgc quyfin bufin ban ciia Bd Dao Nha 1.5 thfi ki da bi ngudi Ha Lan pha vd mfit thdi gian ngan Trong dd, Tay Ban Nha la nudc di dau cdng cupc phat kien dai ly nhimg viec mang nd le sang cac thupc dja ciia minh d chau My thi phu thupc chu yeu vao cac nudc Bd Dao Nha, Ha Lan, Anh, Phap Dfin nira cufii thfi ki XVII, vific budn bdn no lfi trfin Dai Tay Duong thuc sy nfii nfin siic manh cua ngudi Anh Chi thfi ki XVIU vdi siic manh ciia minh ngudi Anh da lam chii vific buon ban tam giac mau djch, dfing thdi vuon lfin vi tri thii hai vific dua nd !^ dfin chau My, chi sau Bfi Dao Nha Tgp chi nghien cuu CHAU PHI