Tir LIEU VAN HOA (DAM TANG TRUYEN THONG CUA NGUOI THAI PHU YEN L O X U A N DUA G idng vdi quan niem ciia nhieu dan tdc khac va tdc ngudi Thai d ca Viet Nam va the gidi, ngudi Thai Phu Yen cung quan niem: chet chua phai la hit, dd chi la su chia tay vdi the gidi su sdng dd chuyen sang thl gidi hu vd (Dam, Pang, Muong Phi) cua dng ba td tidn va liep tuc mdt cupc sdng mdi Dam tang (dam hieu, het hieu bet phi, ) la budc "trung chuyen" ngudi tu thl sdng sang thyc the ma (phi khoan), bing mdt quy trinh td chiic tang ma Dudi day chiing tdi se trinh bay dam tang truyin thdng ciia ngudi Thai Phii Yen - mdt dam tang cua ngudi chet gia (khoang tu 50 tudi trd len) Vi ngudi chet d liia tudi hau nhu da cd con, chau thgm chi cd chat; cd nhieu ldp quan he dan xen ndn phan anh dupc day dii cac_ chilu cgnh da dang cua cac nghi thiic nghi le va nhimg quan ni?m cua ngudi Thai dam tang Quy trinh nghi Id id chdc dam tang truyen thdng cua ngudi Thai, Phii Yen thudng dien khoang dem, theo trinh tu sau Cac cong viec va cac nghi ll diln dem dau tien 1.1 Khi sap mat Con chau nha den ngdi quay gin ngudi sip chit de nghe ldi tran^ trdi, dan dd, bao tin vdi anh em hp hang gan xa din d l chuan bi: dun ndi nudc la thom, tim gpi, khau dd tang (chan tdi, dem tdi gdi tdi bing vai thd cam den nep dd va khau chilu ma cung bang vien vai dii'"), due deo Iai quan tai, dpn d?p, ke ban ghe, cang phdng bat, muon chieng, trdng, dung cu, dd diing Trudng hp cd ngudi di ddn ken, tdm, dng mo, chpn cir ddu ma re ina*^\ 1.2 Khi tdt thd rdi Anh em hp han^ lang xdm bilt hoac dupc thdng bao se din de giup gia dinh Mdt ngudi se bao ddng bang danh hdi chidng, hogc trdng cai hdi tidng, trudc cdn ban phat siing; mdt ngudi vao nang cam, vudt mat de phong di chung xiu Rdi ngudi chit dupc gia dinh tim gdi bang nudc la thom rdi lau khd toan than, mac quan ao giiy dep mdi, (hai quan ba ao neu la nam, hai vay ao ndu la nii) Khi chim liem, chua deo diy dep tit tay thi ngdn chan, ngdn tay ngudi chit dugc bupc bing sai rmn ben (gpi la budc nai) Din gid liem, thi hai ngudi chit se dupc cudn bing vai bdng tring thd cim, rdi bd lgi gpi la vao cudng torn (gidng hinh tdm) theo chilu thi hai, nam lupt, nir lupt vai, bd ngang lam dogn, rdi vach than den tren cudng tdm vgch ddi vdi nam, vgch ddi vdi nir Vai phy nir cang man ba gdc, quanh man chang vai mat chan buong her chd gid nhap quan Ai den thi ty giac vao tang theo thii bac tang ting, ting ting"'' Ngudi Thai khong cd tyc le phat tang chung nhu ngudi Kinh Ban thd tgm dgt giira nha, sat cpt cai nha dudi gSn canh quan lai, tren ban thd bay hoa qua banh k?o, mdt sd quan ao, dd dae hay diing cua ngudi qua cd 1.3 Dua ngudi chit nh^ quan (Au klidu long) Chuan bi de nhgp quan, trudng hp hieu cho anh em hp hang lang xdm chuin bi quan tai vao nha, dit set trpn la deo''", day bupc, chdt chdm, chay cdi, Quan tai truydn thdng cua ngudi Thai lam bang dogn cay gd to, hinh trdn, bd ddi, khoet rdng long mang, chiec tren de iip xudng gpi la chile dye (kim po), chile dudi gpi la chiec cai (kim me) Mdt nhdm anh em tap trung khieng ca hai chide quan tai den san, trat dat deo ben cho kin; dua chiec cai vao be chudi ke ngang, chiec cai rai deu khoang kg che man, mdt ldp bdng tham, tren cung dgt tain phen thua, gpi la chong sa nen (gia gudng) TAP CHI VHDG S 2/2015 Mdt, hai phu nii thu dii ao chau nha budc tiim lgi lam quai de dng mo khoac vai lam le nhgp quan Ndu ao chau nao thieu thi lay nan niia be tiing doan nhd, mdi dogn iing vdi ao ciia mpt ngudi ving mgt Diia trai di trudc nha, cgnh nha va ding sau nha gpi hdn ngudi mat mdi chd ba lan ddn luc nhgp quan Din gid nhgp quan (khau com), mdt ngudi thap sin cho dng mo bay nen huong, mdt chide vol xiic ca (ki vjnh), tiim ao chau dua cho dng mo lam ll giu hdn, ngan hdn chau khdng vao theo ngudi chit va hdn ngudi chdt khdng d lgi tbeo chau Trudng hp hd chau, npi tdc xum lai tum mep chilu khieng thi hai dat vao long ao quan gpn gang Ngudi dupc phan cdng vgch vai cudng tdm cit day nai, ciic ao ngoai, nang cam ddt vdo ft tien dudi cdm di ngudi chet di dudng, dip chan mdng mdi len, giSt gpn mep chieu, chan, tren cung dip chan tdi ldn Trudc day chiec trdng, dng mo cdn lam le cat duyen trin va le giu hdn, dng mo viia khan viia diing vpt xuc ba lin, rdi hd ngudi day nip quan tai lai, bit kin mep, budc day, chem chdt d bai dau mep quan tiii Trudng hp tidp tyc chi dgo ngudi lam cac Ioai vat dung dam tang (sao quay, tdng pha, cd ma, gia den, cho dn cho mgy, he md, mii rom, gay chdng, dyng cy cho diiu ma ) khdng de thilu thu gi 1.4 Nghi li mo cdt sd (Mq dit day), nhap quan (Au khdu bdc) vd cdi tdi (ke xdi) - Nghi li mo cat sd gdm mol mdm li bdng vit ludc vd mot mdm vdi dql dum gdm sdn nai ddi dien vdi gian giua nhd dgt quan tdi, ndi vdi quan tdi bang sgi chl Trudc hanh le, dng mo phai thinh khan td su /ay^' bing mam Id rieng Tbdng tiiudng tnrdc va sau dng mo vao mo, cac Id deu khin ldy trudc d l lay phu hd din dudiig Ong tUm (ddi ken trdng) trudc thdi lin dau cung phai khan lay mdi dupc thdi - Nghi li mo nhdp quan vd cdi tdi cho chdu Kbi bit diu vao mo, chau dupc tgp hop den quy lgy_ trudc vong linh ngudi chit, mong ngudi chet xda tdi, dng mo khan xong, trudng hp gidi thipu, ciu chiic ngudi di ke d tdt dep, chau lay ba lan trudc dung dgy- 1.5 Nghi li bdo hiiu me, trai de dn bdc vd ngoi lua Trudng hp dilu khien cac trai de lam le bao hieu me bang each lay vay me vat vao cd, mdm gia lam chd cap mau xuang bd tii nha ngoai, su xua dudi cua trudng hp va ngudi cd mat; ddn ngoai san cac tiep tyc di gigt vay me phoi rdi quay lai cgnh bep ngdi liia lung 1.6 Nghi le ddu quat tin ngdi ghi (Pd vi khun ndng tdng) Mdi dau md mpt ga dgt len ban thd, thip huong, khdng phai khin Tu liic trd di diu quat ma (Pa vi phi, nang chau) tuc tryc chuan bi thuc hien cac nghi Id qugt theo sy hudng din ciia mpt ba cd (im mu) 1.7 Bdy cdc mdm li vdt, mdm dn toi Mdi sap mam cung nghi le mo an sang sdm (mq ngai cdy), mo an bua trua (mq ngai nqi), mo an bira tdi (mq ngai ludng) deu phai sap mam le vat cung lay (td su) dng mo, lay dng tim, mam thd thd than (sai cdng), mam thd via irudng hp, dau qugt, re' ma Sau mdi chuan bi mam an cho ca nha dam Cac logi mam le vat cung va mam an dam lang cua ngudi Thai deu rai bing la chudi Trudng hp, tang chu, nha chuc trach len phuang an td chirc cac cdng vide cho hdm sau va giao nhiem vy cho lung nhdm ngudi sd ngudi di, ngudi phy trach Trudng hp chpn mpt hoae hai ngudi hang cua ngudi chet ciing dng mo di chpn chd, xin dit dao huydt Trudc dao, tang chii (trudng trai) lam Id xin thd dia, rdi mdi ddng thd bang ba nhat cudc, rdi giao cho cac phe (nhiing ngudi dao huyet, lam dan khieng ao quan) dao theo yeu ciu ciia tang chii va ban td chirc Cac cong viec va cac Id diln dem tfaii hai Ngay thu hai la chinh, quan trpng cua le tang, la ban rdn phat tien hanh nhieu viec vdi nhilu ngbi ll ddng thdi, quan trpng nhat la chuan hi tdt ba mam le ciing truyen thdng de tiln hanh ba nghi Id mo chinh ba biia: Nghi 16 mo biia sang ga gay (mq pira ngai cdy), mo biia cam trua (mqpua ngai ndi), mo biia chieu (mq pua ngai ludng) Tnrdc va sau mo xong tung le mo, dng mo deu tien TU LIEU VAN HCSA quy trinh nhu da neu hai biia mo truoc, mo khoang thdi gian tieng rudi Din hon gid chilu, nha dam id chuc biia an com tdi tdng kit chung, thudng ddng du chau, anh em hp hang Trong liic mpi ngu6i dang an, ban td chuc tiep tyc thdng bao loi cam an va phd bien ke hogch dua tang 2.4 Dim tdi ngdy thd hai Anh em hp hang lang xdm, ban be cac vien gia dinh den d dem (dd cu idng khdm) chia budn, nghe ken trdng, ung hp dpi ken Iam trd, dan gian Thai cdn gpi la "thudng tum" (xuong tum) Dem ldi thu hai, chau gia dinh: ngudi ngdi chau chye, ngudi nim gin quan tai, ben gian trong, gian ngoai, ban be, ba hang xdm den ciing thiic de dpng vidn gia dinh; dau qugt, re ma met thi tranh thu nghi ngcd tgi cho, den gan gid sang bit (Ku vao le mo tien hdn ngudi chit len troi, luc ai cung phai day dd nghe mo Cdng viec va cac nghi ll diln thu ba 3.1 Chudn bi nghi le mo di dudng vd giao nop dgc Hai re ma ciing nhiing ngudi phu giup chuan bi sin dd ciing tu chilu tdi d l sip mam le vgt cho xong trudc gid sang Mam ciing di dudng (pan khodn pay tang) dae biet la lam bing rd khieng (pan hi mo) co ga nudng bun (cdy pinh chi) Luc dua tang, mam ciing ZZ Nghi temo On bua trua (Pan mq ngai ndi) dupc hai re' ma khieng di trudc Trudc Le thudng dien khoang tii mo, trudng hp xem du le mam mdi yeu gid sang den 15 gid chilu, thudng la Id kem ciu chau be mam ciing va yeu cau ken theo biia cua chu bac hp hang ddng gdp Chuan trdng thlic len nhu liic be mSm ll tbd ba lan bj mam le va be mam cung lgp tai quy trinh trudc dd nhu mam le mo an sang nhung khac ve ddi Gia ^ n h chuan bi tat ca dd dgc hang tupng chau - chii nhan cd mam le va npi ciia ngudi chit hay su dyng giiia nha, Ihii dung bai mo nop nao khdng be dupc thi cim huong vao d6 - Nghi li chdo cdm cm mo, cdm on ldm De dng mo giao nop cho ngucril chdt day du chuan b) nhac mam le mo bua com chieu tdi 3.2 Diin xudng mo tun hon di lin trdi (Mo dem cudi ciing va rgng sang la mo di xdng khdn pay tang mua phd) dudng, trudng hp mdi chau den lam ll chao Thdi gian mo (tinh ca nghi giai lao) thudng Igy cam on mo, tdm lin thii hai, ndi dung gidng mit hon ba lieng ddng hd, tu rgng sang khoang vdi lan diu nhung cd them thii tyc trao liln gid 15 den gid 30 phut 6ng mo viia mo cdng va qua bieu cho dng mo, dng tdm viia dien xudng cac chuang doan bai mo co ^2.3 Nghi lemo bda chieu tdi (Mqpua ngai luc cdn dung Igi giai thich cho ngudi nghe hieu ludng, nho pan pau) Khi nao dau ma cin miia qugt, re ma can phai Chuan bi mam Id va thu tyc bd mam gidng vao rdt rupu, cac dng thdi ken, danh trdng hay hanh nghi ll khin tdy, mdi tdy hudng ldc va phu hp cho cdng viec ciia dng mo sudn se 2.1 Nghi lemodn com sdng (Nho pan mq ngai cdy) dien tit sdng sdm - Hai re nm, ddu qugt chuin bi mdm li vd bi mdm Trudng hp hd gpi chau din be mam nang len dat xudng ba lin mdi dgt xudng ban thd de mo - Nghi li mo dn cam sdng sdm (mq ngai cdy) Ong mo lam thii tyc ngdi vao hanh le ciing, tit ca chau, dau re chau chuc nghe mo va tilp khach din vilng Trong lin mo nay, nlu gia dinh cd trau bd md thi phai cd them nghi ll mo nop trau bd, ke chuypn cupc ddi trau, bd (ray dm qc khoai, ngua), mo xong bao re vSt vai dat trau bd ngoai giao cho ngudi lam bep md - Nghi li ddng mdm cd bdnh lg an ngudi qud cd Trong luc dng mo dang hanh le, hogc da xong, cac chi hp cd mam cd banh ta an ngirdi chit nen thinh thoang trudng hp sip xlp cho cac chi hp bung mam cd banh vao dang Tnidng hp hd doan ngudi gdm dau ma, re ma, chau, phudng ken ddn doan lien dua cd cua nhdm chi hp tii ngoai ngd vao dang, de dng mo giao nop, trudng doan va trudng hp cung chau lam ll chao chiic cam on lan nhau, rdt rupu Mdi lan cac chi hp chau dang cd banh deu theo trinh tu nay, cdng viec cu lgp di lgp lgi nhu vay TAP CHi VHDG S6 2/2015 dpi khua dudng cin phai khua thi dng mo se hieu Npi dung bai mo di dudng cd cac phan, dogn: thuc dSy, an trau cau, mdi an cam, giao nop cua cai, dgn dd chia tay, dua linh hdn ngudi chet ve vdi td tidn, qua nhilu dja danh mudng ngudi (mudng trin gian), mudng phg (mudng trdi), rdi gpi hdn chau tii tren trdi xudng lgi trin gian 3.3 ldm li truy difu vd dim tang Trudng ban tuyen bd lam Id truy dieu, dpc didu van, dai dien gia Ld ban Taf, Nxb Van hoa -TTiong tin, HaNpi L6 XuSn DCia (2014), ""Phi Tay" tin nguong va tang ma ciia ngu6i Thai Phu Yen", Tap chi Xua va Nay, so 453, tr 46-56 LB Hong Ly (2009), "Sy bien doi tang l l cOa ngi/oi Thai STSy Bac (qua nghien ciru trudng hpp o Quynh Nhai, SOTI La)', Tap chi Nguon sang dan gian, so 3, tr 3-9 e l m Trpng (2005), Nhung hieu biet ve ngu