TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Trdn Qudc Viet VAI TRO CUA AM NHAC DAN GIAN TRONG VIEC TIM NGlTCH DONG TOC CUA NGU'dl BO Y d TINH HA GIANG TRANQU6CVIET' TOM T A T Khi nghiin cuu xdc dinh thdnh phdn ddn tgc, cdc nhd nghiin cuu thudng it quan tdm den dm nhgc ddn gian vi cho rdng dm nhgc ddn gian khdng cd vai trd gi ddi vdi vdn di ndy Tuy nhien, dm nhgc ddn gian vd cupc tim ngudi ddng tgc cua nhdm ngudi Bd Y d linh Hd Giang da phdt lg tdc d\ing hd trg cua dm nhgc ddn gian tr,ong viec ddnh gid nhihig tuang ddng ve que qudn, ngdn ngit cd vd mot sd ddc trung vdn hda khdc Dieu dd cho thdy vai tro tich cue cua dm nhgc ddn gian viec xdc dinh cdc thdnh phdn dan tpc Tir khda: Bd Y, dm nhac ddn gian, thdnh phan dan tpc ABSTRACT The role of folk music in the search for people of the same family by the Bo Y ethnic group in Ha Giang province Researching to identify ethnic compositions, researchers are less interested in folk music because they think that folk music not play any role in this matter However, fol music and the search for people of the same family by the Bo Y ethnic group in Ha Giang province have revealed the effects of folk music in assessing the similarities of hometown ancient language and some other cultural characteristics This suggests some positive roles of folk music in determining the ethnic compositions Keywords: Bo Y, folk music, ethnic compositions M^d^u Bo Y la tpc ngudi thidu sd thudc nhdm ngii he Tay - Thai, di cu tii Quy Chdu, Trung Qudc ddn Viet Nam vdo khodng giiia thd ki XIX [2], [5] Trong qud trinh di eu, mgt sd ngudi Bd Y dd bi that Igc Nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Hd Giang cho rdng ed thd nhiing ngudi ddng tpc thdt lac eiia hp hidn dang sdng ddu tgi nhiing tinh Ididc d Viet Nam vd mang nhiing tpc danh khdng phdi la Bd Y Vi vgy, cdc nghe nhdn vd thay ciing ngudi Bo Y da td chiic mpt cupc tim ngudi ddng tgc d^Vidt Nam Dieu dang chii y Id mdt frong nhimg cdn cii dupe dimg dd xdc djnh ngudi ddng tpc ciia hp Id dm nhgc dan gian Didu dd cho thdy am nhgc dan gian cd mpt vai trd nhat dinh vide xac dinh thdnh phan ddn tde Ddi vdi cdc nha nghien eiiu, nhihig cdn cii dugc diing dd xdc djnh cdc thdnh phdn mdt tgc nguai bao gdm: ngdn ngii, dac trung vdn hda vd y thiie tu gidc dan tdc [5] Vdi ngudi Bd Y, cdc dng Ngii Khdi Phugng, La Tidn Tai, La Xudn Thdng (cimg la ngudi Bd Y d Ha Giang), cho bidt tim ngudi ddng tdc, ngodi ngdn ngii va dde trung van hda, hg cdn 'NCS, V\$n Hdn lam Khoa hpc Xa hOi Vi^t Nam, Email, puytran@yahoo.com 145 Y kien trao do! can cii vao qud huang bdn qudn ciia tdc ngudi xua d Trung Qudc Tuy nhien, ngdn ngir vd dac trung van hda, hp chi quan tdm tdi ngdn ngii cd dupe luu giii edc bdi dan ca, hdt ciing cd truyen, bai hdt ciing vd cdc nghi tuc rieng frong le Cling ma Nhu vay, edc cdn cii dd tim ngudi dong tpc ciia ngudi Bd Y cd phan gidn don, cu thd hon so vdi cac can cii xdc djnh cdc thdnh phan ddn tdc cua cdc nha nghidn ciiu Tuy nhidn, qud trinh giao lim van hda lau ddi vdi cac tpc khac, nhung can cii dimg dd xde dinh cdc phdn dan tdc ndu frdn ed thd bj phai md hodc thay ddi tdi miic khd nhgn Qud trinh nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Hd Giang sii dyng am nhgc dan gian dd tim nhiing can cii dd dupe trinh bdy sau day Xac dinh tirong ddng ve que hiro^g ban quan Qua Idi ca frong mpt sd bdi hdt ciing vd giao duydn, ngudi Bd Y cd thd xdc djnh que huong bdn qudn cua hp Theo nha nghidn ciiu Chu Thai Son: "Ngdy nay, bidu hien frong van hda tinh than eiia ngudi Bd Y, chiing ta chi cdn thay mdt vai chi tidt d ndi dung bdi ciing qua viec dua am hdn ngudi ehdt vd ddt Quy Chdu, vd tan thdn ban cu tni xua ciia hp"[5,fr.328] That vay, frong Id eiing ma eiia nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Ha Giang cd bdi hat cung chi dudng cho hdn ngudi qud cd ve qud cii Trong bdi ciing ndy cd doan khdng ehi ndi rd dia danh qud cu ma cdn midu td ddc diem dja hinh, mdi trudng sinh thdi noi dd Chdng ban, tai ddm ma eua mpt gia dmh hg La, ngudi Bd Y d xd 146 S6 4(69) nam 2015 Quydt Tidn (thudc huyen Qudn Ba, tinh Ha Giang) ma chiing tdi da tham du, bdi cung chi dudng cd dogn ndu rd tdn qud cu la Quy Chdu, ddng thdi midu td noi xua td tidn cua tang gia sinh sdng la mpt Idng cd nhidu ruong cdy lua nude; rimg noi ddy nhidu cay to va ldng cu ndy ndm lidn canh mpt sdng ldn Doan hdt ngudi Bd Y ggi la san vie, dng La Xuan Thang - thdy ciing ngudi Bd Y djch nhu sau: Mdy tim vi Quy Chdu Ldng mdy cd 12 cdnh ddng lua Ldng mdy cd nhiiu rimg cdy to Ldng mdy cgnh sdng nhiiu nude Ngodi ra, frong mgt bai hat giao duydn mang tdn Gdi hiin trai hay tiim (dan ea Bd Y, dng Ngii Khdi Phugng dich) cd nhiing chi tidt frong ca tir cho phep xdc djnh ro hon vd qud qudn cua nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Hd Giang tgi Quy Chdu Chdng han bai ed hai cdu hdt dudi ddy: Ndng a giira phd hay giira ldng Nhd trdng bdng hay nhd dit vdi? Qua hai cdu hdt frdn cd thd thdy, xua tgi Quy Chdu, ngudi Bd Y sdng cd d vimg thi cung nhu vimg ven dd; hp cd nghdfrongbdng vd ddt vai [1] Nhu vdy, ndu dan ca vd hdt ciing cua mgt nhdm ngudi khac d Viet Nam ciing co nhiing chi tidt vd qud huong bdn quan thi vide so sanh de xdc dinh xem hp cd cimg qud huong ban qudn vdi nhdm ngudi Bo Y d Hd Giang hay khdng la viec cd thd lam Trong thyc td, nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Ha Giang da thuc hidn vide so sdnh ddn ca vd hdt Cling cua hp vdi ddn ca vd hat ciing eua TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM nhdm ngudi Pii Nd d Lai Chdu Chiing tdi se ndu thdm mdt sd khia canh lidn quan tdi vide ndy phdn 3 Xac dinh tiroiig dong ve ngon ngir CO Ngdn ngO: me de ciia mdt nhdm ngudi cd thd bj mai mgt hodn todn va dugc thay thd bdng mdt ngdn ngii khac Nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Hd Giang cdn giu dugc tidng me de nhung ciing qudn khd nhidu tir va ed nhiing tir bj pha tgp vdi ngdn ngii cdc tdc ngudi ldn can Do dd, ndu so sdnh ngdn ngii ndi thudng ngdy frong ddi song hidn dd xde dinh miic tuong ddng khdc bidt se cho ket qua idiong chinh xae Vi vay, vide tim ngdn ngu cd dd so sdnh Id can thidt May mdn la ngdn ngu Bd Y ed van cdn dugc luu giii frong cdc bdi ddn ca (ddc biet frong cdc bdi hdt ciing) Nhdn thiic dugc didu ndy, nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Hd Giang da dimg ldi ca ciia cdc bdi ddn ea vd hat Cling nhu mpt cdn cii dt so sdnh ngdn ngii frong cupc tim kiem ngudi ddng tpc Nhdm ngudi dupe hp so sanh ngdn ngu Id nhdm ngudi Pii Na d tinh Lai Chdu: Qua tim hidu, chiing tdi dupe nghd nhan Ngii Khdi Phupng cho bidt: nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Ha Giang cho rdng d Viet Nam ed nhiing nhdm ngudi ddng tdc vdi minh nhung khdng ro Id nhdm nao va'd ddu;frongmdt cudc hpp, dng Ducmg Diic Khoan, ngudi Bd Y d xa Quydt Tien, huyen Qudn Ba, tinh Hd Giang tinh cd g^p dng Ld Vdn Chidn, ngudi Pii Nd d Tam Dudng, Lai Chau; hai ngudi thdy ngdn ngir cd nhidu tuong ddng ndn ndy sinh y djnh tim hidu xem lieu nhdm ngudi Pii Nd d Lai Chdu vd nhdm ngudi Trdn Qudc Viet Bd Y d Hd Giang cd phai Id hai nhdm ngudi ddng tdc hay khdng De so sdnh ngdn ngir, hp su dung cdc bai hdt nghi tyc ddm cudi ciia hai nhdm Ong Ld Vdn Chidn gui mdt cudn sach vd hdt ddm cudi ciia ngudi Pu Na eho dng Duong Dire Khoan mang vd Hd Giang dd cdc nghe nhan vd thdy cung Bd Y d Hd Giang so sdnh vdi hat ddm eudi ciia tdc minh Sau so sanh ea tii ciia hdt nghi tuc ddm cudi Pii Na vdi hdt nghi tyc ddm cudi Bd Y, cdc dng Ngij Khdi Phupng, La Tien Tdi, Duong Diic Khoan, La Xudn Thang va Phan Ngpc Sinh cimg ehung mpt nhan xet: ldi ca hau hdt tuong ddng, chi cd mdt sd tir hoi khdc vd each phdt dm so vdi tir Bd Y tuong ling Hp tidp tuc so sdnh cde bdi ea diing frong tang Id ciia hai nhdm Ong La Xudn Thdng eho bidt: "Ca tir edc bdi hdt dam cudi vd hdt ciing ma ciia nhdm Pii Nd vd nhdm Bo Y gidng tdi 80%" Chinh vi vay, dng ndy sinh y djnh ddi chieu cdc bdi ciing ciing loai cua hai nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Hd Giang vd Pii Nd d Lai Chau de tim nghTa nhiing tir md nhdm ndy da quen nhung nhdm vdn cdn nhd Ngodi viec diing dm nhgc dan gian dd so sdnh su tuong ddng ngdn ngti, nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Ha Giang cdn dimg nd vide xdc dinh su tuong ddng d mpt sd khia cgnh van hda khac cua cdc nhdm ngudi Xac djnh tironng ddng bai hat Cling va cac nghi t^c rieng Nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Hd Giang sii dung bdi hdt ciing ridng le ciing ma dd xdc djnh ngudi ddng tdc Theo cde 147 Y kien trao doi thdy Cling, chi Id ciing ma cua ngudi Bd Y mdi cd bdi hat ciing ndy Vi vdy, neu mdt nhdm ngudi ndo dd eiing sii dung bai Cling Id ciing ma thi ed thd hg la ngudi Bd Y Bdi ciing rieng md hp ndi tdi chinh Id bai Td vinh (hie la Mdng yiu tinh) frong sdch eiing ma Ndi dung bdi Td vinh ke ve sy tich vi ngudi chdt phdi ldm ma [3], [4] Ldi ca ciia Td vinh ke lgi sy thda thuan xua giiia tang gia vd ydu tinh ve vide thay thd xae ngudi ehdt bdng thjt trdu, bd dd tra mdn "ng mieng" vol ydu tinh Cudi bdi la nhiing ldi "mdng" dd xua dudi ydu tinh sau da frd hdt ng cho nd Bai ciing dugc didn xudng trudc thuc hidn nghi Id giet trdu, bd vd Ipn Cdc thay Cling cho bidt, vide mdi dan ldng dn thit trau, bd vd Ipn cd y nghia trd mdn ng cu cho ydu tinh\ Cach didn xudng bai Td vinh hoan todn khac vdi each didn xudng nhiing bai thdng thudng Trudc hdt bdi Td vinh, bao gid thay ciing ciing phdi miia kiem va hii het nhdm thd hidn uy lyc, frdn dp ydu tinh Khi hdt ngi dung dogn ddu cua bai Cling vd vide nhiing ngudi frai Idn rimg chat cay vd ddng quan tdi cho ngudi me mdi chdt, thdy ciing hdt vdi am lugng vira phdi, gigng hdt binh thudng nhu hdt cdc bdi eiing khdc Ddc bidt, tdi dogn gap, thda thudn vdi ydu tinh vd xua dudi nd, thdy ciing hdt vdi am lugng to han, ddi gigng gay gat, nhdn diit khodt vdo tidt tdu dao phdch d cudi cdc cdu hdt Theo thdy cung La Tidn Tdi, hdt nhu vdy mdi ldm ydu tinh sp, khdng dam quay rdi ngudi chdt va tang gia niia^ Bdi eiing chi mdt thdy ciing hat, khdng cd nhgc ddm 148 S6 4(69) ndm 2015 vdi tu thd vira di vira hdt Vide diln xudng bai hat frdn gdn lidn vdi nhiing hdnh ddng nghi Id nhdm xua dudi ydu tinh dupe thuc hidn trude, frong vd sau bdi hat kdt thiic: Trudc hat, tang gia phdi ehuan bi sdn mpt frau vd mdt bd cdn sdng, bupc giiia bai cd Thay ciing lam nghi le frdn dp ydii tinh bdng cdch d|im chdn, vung kiem vd hii het bdn phuong Khi hdt, thdy ciing viia hat vira vac kiem din dau doan cdc chau eiia ngudi qua cd di vdng quanh hai vdt Ddn hdt xong, thay ciing lgi het to va vung kidm va nem Idem ve phia hai vat va cd doan ngudi dimg lgi Nhiing ngudi dan dng nhanh nhen, khde mgnh, la ngudi than ciia ngudi qua cd, mang dao den cdt cd hai vat Hg khdng dugc cdt diit Iia Ndu khdng may, hg cat qua tay, Iam ddu hai vat Iia khdi cd thi tang gia se rat tiic gian Bdi vi ngudi Bd Y cho rang, nhu vay cd nghia la ydu tinh khdng nhgn v$t te Id va nd se hai ngudi qua cd Ld Cling ma cua nhdm ngucri Pii Na d Lai Chdu ciing cd mdt bdi hdt ciing cd ten Td vinh Mae diu khdng ed nghi tyc giet trau - bd hidn td cho ydu tinh kem theo vdi bdi Cling nhu d Id ciing ma cua nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Hd Giang, nhung hdu het lm ca va eachfliiiehat nhu Tir cac khia cgnh tuang ddng ndu' fren, hidn nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Ha Giang vd nhdm ngudi Pii Na d Lai Chau tidp tyc giao luu ngdy cdng nhi^u hon dd tim hidu thdm nhiing mat tucmg ddng khac Kdt Iuan Nhu vgy, tmdng hpp trdn eho thdy TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM them mgt each thiic tim ngudi ddng tdc kha ddc ddo ciia nhdm ngudi Bd Y d Ha Giang Am nhac ddn gian dugc chinh ngudi ddn coi nhu mgt nhihig ydu td dd xdc dinh nhiing tuong ddng vd ngdn ngii vd mdt vdi dac trung ndi bat ciia vdn hda, cung nhu cd gia tri tich cue frong vide tim ngudi ddng tdc Didu ndy ddng thdi eung cho thdy d nhiing trudng hop cy thd, dm nhac giii vai trd quan trpng Trdn Qudc Viit nhu the ndo frong vide so sanh vd tim nhiing tuong ddng d cdc khia canh ridng, ddc bidt ddi sdng van hda cua cdc nhdm ngudi Vi the, nghidn eiiu vd xdc dinh cac thdnh phdn ddn tdc, ngudi nghidn ciiu khdng ndn xem nhe hodc bd qua yeu td am nhgc dan gian md lam mat di nhiing co hdi dang quy cd thd bd sung vd ndng cao dp xac thyc cho cdc cdn cii khoa hoc ciia minh ' Phong van thay ciing La Tiin Tai ng^y 12-11-2010 tai ll ciing ma thon Tan Tign (xS Quy^t Tien, huy?n Quan B?, tinh H4 Giang) ^ Phong v^n thay ciing La Tien Itx ngSy 14-11-2010 tai ll cung ma a thon Tan Ti^n (xa Quyit Tiin, huySn Quan Ba, tinh H^ Giang) TAI L i f u THAM KHAO Ngu Khdi Phugng (2005), Ddn ca Bd r(tai lieu vidt tay), Hd Giang Ngii Khdi Phupng (2005), Vdn hda ddn tpc Pu Y d Viet Nam (tai lieu viet tay) Ha Giang La Tien Tdi (1960), Khdo xhdu dinh, sach mo (tdi lieu vidt tay) Ha Giang La Tidn Tdi (I960), Khdo xhdu ho, sdch mo (tdi lieu vidt tay) Ha Giang Vi?n Ddn tpc hpc (1975), Van di xdc dinh thdnh phdn cdc ddn tdc thiiu sd d mien Bdc Vi^t Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hd Npi (Ngdy Tda soan nh$n duxrc bdi 23-7-2014; ngdy phdn bi6n ddnh gid: 24-7-2014; ngdy chip nh$n ddng: 17-4-2015) 149 ... ruong cdy lua nude; rimg noi ddy nhidu cay to va ldng cu ndy ndm lidn canh mpt sdng ldn Doan hdt ngudi Bd Y ggi la san vie, dng La Xuan Thang - thdy ciing ngudi Bd Y djch nhu sau: Mdy tim vi Quy Chdu... ngudi Bd Y d Hd Giang tgi Quy Chdu Chdng han bai ed hai cdu hdt dudi ddy: Ndng a giira phd hay giira ldng Nhd trdng bdng hay nhd dit vdi? Qua hai cdu hdt frdn cd thd thdy, xua tgi Quy Chdu, ngudi... Tan Tign (xS Quy^t Tien, huy?n Quan B?, tinh H4 Giang) ^ Phong v^n thay ciing La Tien Itx ngSy 14-11-2010 tai ll cung ma a thon Tan Ti^n (xa Quyit Tiin, huySn Quan Ba, tinh H^ Giang) TAI L i