N g h i e n ciiu G i a d i n h v a Gicsi S6' - Laoflongnuf khu vuc phi chinh thurc hien Vu Thi Cue Vien Nghien ciru Gia dinh va Gidri T o m t a t : DUa tren ke't qua mot so' nghien cdu gan day, bai viet diem lai mot vai dac diem ve viec lam ciia lao dpng nd khu vUc phi chinh thde, thUc trang sU tham gia cung nhU nhdng kho khan va thach thde ma hp dang phai do'i mat Chie'm 48% so' 11 trieu viec lam tai khu vUc phi chfnh thde va thu hut dong dao lao dpng di cU, bp phan lao dpng nd d khu vUc dUdc cho la dang CO xu hu6ng "nd hoa" hau he't co xua't phat diem la lao dpng tu va gap rat nhieu bat lpi ve cd hpi va dieu kien lam viec, kha nang tie'p can phuc lpi xa hpi ciing nhU mang lUdi an sinh xa hpi Du6i goc dp gi6i, bai vie't cho tha'y lao dpng nd b khu vUc phi chinh thde co trinh dp hpc van tUdng ddi tha'p so v6i mat bang hpc van cua lao dpng noi chung va thap hdn so v6i nam gidi nen hp chu ye'u lam cac cong viec lao dpng chan tay va buon ban tu do, lam cac cong viec nhe va it tori sdc lUc hdn nam gi6i nhUng hp nhan dUdc mde lUdng tha'p hdn va thdi gian lam viec cung phai keo dai hdn sd vdi nam gidi Tii k h o a : Lao dpng nd; Phi chinh thde; Khu vUc phi chinh thde; Viec lam; Thu nhap Dat van de Khu vuc phi chinh thde la van dl dang dugc quan tdm hidn nhiing ddng gdp ciia nd cho nln kinh te Cd nhilu quan nilm khac vl khu vuc nhung diu cd chung ngu y rdng khu vuc phi chfnh thiic Vu Thi Cue 75 bao gdm nhung co sd san xuat kinh doanh d quy md nhd, khdng dang ky kinh doanh, khdng chju su dilu chinh ciia Luat Lao ddng, Luat Doanh nghiep, Luat Hgp tac xa, khdng ddng bao hiem xa hdi va khdng bao gdm cac hoat ddng ndng, lam, ngu nghiep vl cac dac dilm cua khu vuc phi chfnh thde rdt khac so vdi hoat ddng ndng nghiep vl miia vu, td chuc lao ddng, mde tao thu nhap va tfnh phap ly (Vi6n Nghien eiiu Khoa hoc Thdng k6, 2010) Theo sd li6u ciia Vien Nghien cun Khoa hge Thdng ke nam 2010, ca nudc cd 8,4 tri6u hd san xuat, kinh doanh phi chfnh thde Khu vuc phi chfnh thde cd mdt ty trgng vugt trdi vl viec lam, la khu vuc cung cap viec lam ldn thd hai ca nudc dung sau ndng nghiep vdi lion 11 trieu viec lam, thu hut gan 24% luc lugng lao ddng va ddng gdp khoang 20% vao GDP ciia ca nudc (Razafindrakoto va cac tac gia, 2013) Xet tr6n phuang dien chfnh sach, mac dii khu vuc phi chfnh thde d Viet Nam dugc danh gia la mdt bd phan cd quy md ldn cua nln kinh te, da tdn tai nhilu nam va cang cd nhilu eudc dilu tra, nghien ciiu vl khu vuc nay, nhung nd Iai ft dugc dl cap den cac chfnh sach lien quan (Razafindrakoto va cac tac gia, 2013; Vien Nghien cun Khoa hge Thd'ng ke, 2010; Hd Ddc Hung va cac tac gia, 2012) Nhilu nghidn cun chi rdng khu vuc hau nhu khdng dugc su quan tam ciia chfnh quyln dja phuang cung nhu khdng dugc hudng lgi tii cac chfnh sach hd trg tam thdi cac gdi hd tro kinh te cua Chfnh phu (Cling va cac tac gia, 2010) Dac dilm chung ciia khu vuc phi chfnh thde la lao ddng tu do, khdng khai bao, khdng ddng thud va thieu su quan tam cua cac co quan quan If nen thudng ndm ngoai tdm kilm soat cua nhiJng ngudi lam thdng ke Dilu ddn dd'n tinh trang khd khdn vl ludng va thid'u sd lieu thd'ng ke chfnh xac Xet tr6n khfa canh khoa hge, cac nghien cun vl khu vuc phi chfnh thde chii yd'u dua vao cac cugc dilu tra pham vi nhd, chu yd'u tap trung vao cac dd'i tugng la kinh te hd gia dinh vdi qui md nhd va cac ca nhan lao ddng tu do, tu tao vide lam Cd rat ft cac nghidn cun mang tfnh he thd'ng di cap mdt each toan didn vl khu vuc tii cac nha nghidn cun nudc ciing nhu nudc ngoai, hoac ne'u cd ciing chi la mdt so van de dugc dl cap gian tie'p cac chu dl nghi6n cun khac li6n quan Cac nghidn cun xa hdi hge chuyen sau dl cap mdt each rd rang tdi khu vuc ndi chung, dac bidt la vl vd'n dl gidi ndi rieng cdn rat thid'u va nhilu vd'n di hidn cdn dang bj bd ngd (Vidn khoa hge Thd'ng kd, 2010; Cling va cac tac gia, 2009) Trong bd'i canh dd, yiec cd ft cac nghien cun theo hudng tiep can gidi la dieu tat ye'u bdi nhilu cugc dilu tra thieu dii li6u cd phan tach gidi vl vi6c lam, lao ddng ndi chung va dac biet la khu vuc kinh te phi chfnh thde ndi ridng Do dd, cung ddn de'n tinh trang chung la cac nghidn cun 76 Nghien cUu Gia dinh va Gi6i Quyen 24, so 5, tr 74-83 thudng phan tfch ridng hai nhdm lao ddng nam va lao ddng nu, chd khdng phan tfch tuong quan gidi Viec thie'u hut cac sd lieu cd su phan tach gidi se khdng phan anh dugc ddy du van dl gidi vide lam cua ngudi lao ddng khu vuc phi chfnh thde (Ngd Tudn Dung, 2005; 2006) Vdi nhiing ddng gdp ciia lao ddng tai khu vuc kinh t6'phi chfnh thde dd'i vdi xa hdi va nln kinh td' hien thi viec thiia nhan vj trf, vai trd xa hdi ciing nhu tao dilu kien cho hg thu hudng cac djch vu cdng fch cua xa hdi la dilu khdng the phu nhan (Vien Nghien cun Khoa hge Thd'ng kd, 2010) Bai vilt se diem lai mdt sd dac dilm vl vide lam ciia lao ddng nii khu vuc phi ehfnh thde, thuc trang su tham gia cung nhu nhung khd khan va thach thde ma hg dang phai dd'i mat qua mdt sd nghien cun gan day Sir tham gia cua phu nCir va nam gidi vao thj triTdng lao dong viec lam khu viTc kinh te'phi chinh thurc Cd thi ndi khu vuc phi chfnh thde la khu vuc nang ddng va su phat trien khu vuc cd anh hudng tfch cue din dilu kidn sd'ng cua cac hd gia dinh d Viet Nam thdng qua vide tao vide lam cho ngudi lao ddng, giup cho nhiing ngudi ngheo nhdt cd the kie'm sd'ng, nhat la d khu vuc thj Vide lam khu vuc dugc nhilu lao ddng danh gia la giai phap tinh thi de thoat khdi tinh trang thd't nghi6p (Razafindrakoto va cac tac gia, 2013) Theo udc tinh, viec lam khu vuc phi chfnh thde se tang din 27,5% vao nam 2015 (Cling va cac tac gia, 2010a) Nguyen nhan chfnh la kha nang han chd cua khu vuc chfnh thde viec thu hut sd lao ddng mdi tham gia thj trudng va mdt sd lugng rdt ldn ngudi lao ddng chuyin ddi viec lam td cac hoat ddng ndng nghi6p sang phi ndng nghi6p Theo kit qua dilu tra mde sd'ng hd gia dinh 2008, ty 16 lao ddng nii dang lam viec khu vuc phi chinh thde chie'm 70% tdng sd lao ddng, dd chi cd 40% tham gia cdng vide dugc tra luong (Tdng cue Thdng kd, 2008) Cdn kit qua tir cugc khao sat vide lam chfnh thde cho bilt lao ddng nu chid'm 48% sd 11 trieu viec lam tai khu vuc phi chinh thde (Razafindrakoto va cac tac gia, 2013) Nghi6n cun ciia Cling va cdng su (2010: 20) cung cho thay dilm tuang ddng, dd la lao ddng nu tap trung ddng d khu vuc phi chfnh thde thj, nhu phd Hd Chi Minh chiem 56% va Ha Ndi la 50,3% So sanh khd'i cac doanh nghiep, thay rdng cac doanh nghiep thudc khu vuc phi chfnh thde chilm uu the thu hut lao ddng nir, cu thi ty 16 lao ddng nii cac doanh nghiep phi chfnh thde chid'm ty 16 cao nhat (59,3%), doanh nghi6p nha nudc chiem 42,7% va doanh nghi6p ngoai qud'c doanh la 54,8% (Pham Van Dung va cac tac gia, 2004: 127) Lao ddng di cu cung la nhdm dugc quan tam cac nghidn cun vl khu vuc phi chfnh thurc Nhilu nghidn cim khdng djnh rdng thi trudng lao ddng phi chfnh thde la khu vuc thu hut ddng daoligudi di cu, cd md'i lien Vu Thi Cue 77 he giira kinh te phi chfnh thde vdi ngheo ddi va di cu (Maurizio, 2013; Cling va cac tac gia, 2013) Kd't qua dilu tra lao ddng viec lam 2012 cho thay tdng sd 892,3 nghin ngudi di cu tir 15 tudi trd I6n ty 16 nu chie'm tdi 60,1% Cung tdng sd ngudi di cu thi ty 16 tham gia luc lugng lao ddng chie'm den 81,4% va cd su chdnh lech dang kl vl gidi nhdm vdi ty Id tuong ling la nam 86,4% va nu 78% Tai phd Ha Ndi ty Id tham gia luc lugng lao ddng ciia nir di cu cao hon so vdi nam gidi (fdng cue Thdng kd, 2013: 51) Thuc te tai Viet Nam hien nay, thj trudng viec lam khu vuc phi chfnh thde la noi thu hut kha ddng Iao ddng di cu tu va day la nhdm lao ddng cd khudn mdu gidi rat rd Rd't ddng phu nu tCr ndng thdn dd thj lam viec d khu vuc nhu giup viec nha, lam nghi ban hang rong, budn ddng nat, thg may, ngudi giup viec gia dinh va nhimg ngudi tu nguyen lam cdng cho ngudi khac ma khdng dugc ky hgp ddng lao ddng (Dang Nguyen Anh, 2009; Nguyin Thanh Tam va cac tac gia, 2009) Theo tfnh toan ciia Nguyin Hiiu Chf (2013) dua vao ngudn dii lieu cua Dilu tra Di cu Viet Nam Tdng cue Thd'ng ke thuc hien nam 2004 vl qua trinh di cu ndng thdn thj d viing Ddng bdng sdng Hdng, ty 16 ngudi di cu tii ndng thdn thj lam viec d khu vuc phi chfnh thuc chilm tdi 66% tdng so lao ddng d khu vuc phi chfnh thuc Trong dd ti 16 nii sd nhirng ngudi di cu tuong dd'i cao va hg tham gia chu yeu vao viee lam phi chfnh thde (Ddn theo Nguyin Hiiu Chf, 2013: 116) Tuy nhien, nghi6n cun tac gia cung khdng dua dugc sd lieu cu thi vl ty 16 nir tham gia ma chi neu nhdn xet mdt each chung nhu vdy, dilu ciing phdn nao thi hien su md nhat vl gidi cac nghien cuu vl lao ddng khu vuc phi chfnh thde Trinh hge vd'n ciia lao ddng nii khu vuc phi chfnh thiic tuong dd'i thd'p so vdi mat bang hge van ciia Iao ddng ndi chung va thdp hon so vdi nam gidi Theo tfnh toan cua Cling va cdng su (2010), ti Id lao ddng nii cd trinh van hda tii ldp 12 trd ldn chie'm 15,7% Nghien cun ciia Pham Van Dung va cdng su (2004: 126) cung khdng djnh rdng trinh van hda va chuyen mdn nghiep vu ciia lao ddng khu vuc phi chfnh thde cdn tha'p, mdt mat phan anh trinh cdng nghd va trang thie't bj san xuat tai cac co sd rat don gian ddng thdi ciing cho thdy thuc td la khu vuc kinh te phi chfnh thiic chii yd'u thu hut lao ddng ft dugc dao tao, lao ddng yd'u the trdn thj trudng Iao ddng Trinh van hda cua lao ddng nii thap hon so vdi lao ddng nam d ca hai nhdm lao ddng tu va lao ddng lam thud dugc tra cdng Vl nhdm di cu d khu vuc nay, mat bdng hge van cua lao ddng nhln chung cdn thap, tap trung nhilu nhat d trinh trung hge co sd dd'i vdi ca hai nhdm nam (49,8%) va nii (56,6%), phu nir cd trinh hge van trung binh thap hon nam gidi (Bd Ke hoach \'a Dau tu, 2010) Cho dd'n \'dn chua cd dugc mdt su thd'ng nhat giiia cac kd't qua -3R/ 78 Nghien curu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 5, tr 74-83 nghien cun vl ti 16 nii gidi tham gia luc lugng lao ddng khu vuc phi chfnh thde xua't phat tii viec quan nidm cung nhu each hilu khac vl khu vuc kinh te phi chfnh thde cung nhu vide lam phi chfnh thde cua cac nha nghidn cun Tuy nhien hau hit cac nghi6n cun diu cd chung nhan djnh rdng su tap trung ddng dao ciia nir gidi d khu vuc kinh te phi chfnh thirc da hinh xu hudng "nir hoa" lao ddng d khu vuc (Vien Nghien cuu Khoa hge thdng kd, 2010) Khac biet gidi nghe nghiep va thu nhap ciia lao dgng tai khu vuc phi chinh thufc Cac nghien cun vl lao ddng tai khu vuc phi chfnh thde diu cung quan dilm cho rdng dilu kidn lam viec khdng dugc dam bao vdn la mdt dac dilm CO ban ciia khu vuc Mdt nghien cun vl khu vuc kinh te phi chfnh thde d Ha Ndi va phd Hd Chf Minh dua tren so lieu ciia hai eudc dilu tra Lao ddng viec lam nam 2007 va nam 2009 cho rdng ty 16 ngudi lao ddng lam viec khdng dugc ky hgp ddng gan nhu khdng cd su thay ddi qua cac nam (ty 16 tuong ung la 61% ndm 2007 va 62% nam 2009) (Cling va cac tac gia, 2010a) Mac dii vay, khu vuc phi chfnh thde vdn la khu vuc cd nhilu dieu kidn thuan lgi vide giai quyd't vide lam va thu nhap cho cdc dd'i tucmg yd'u the hon nln kinh te, dac biet dd'i vdi lao ddng nir Xet theo tfnh chat cdng vide thay rdng cd su khac biet gidi cac co hdi nghi nghiep ciing nhu dilu kien lam viec ciia ngudi lao ddng Lao ddng nam ed xu hudng lam vide cac nganh nhu xay dung, xe dm, dap xich Id, cuu van cdn lao ddng nir lai chid'm uu the nhdm lao ddng yd'u the la lao ddng tu lam va lao ddng gia dinh Day la hai nhdm cdng vide khdng dn djnh va gdn nhu khdng dugc hudng mdt loai hinh bao hilm xa hdi nao Kd't qua dilu tra lao ddng vide lam 2012 cho thd'y toan bd nln kinh te ty trgng lao ddng tu lam va lao ddng gia dinh chiem tdi 62,6%, cao gan gd'p ddi so vdi ty trgng ngudi lam cdng an luong Ty trgng lao ddng tu lam va lao ddng gia dinh ciia nir cao hon nam la 12,8 dilm phdn tram (Tdng cue Thd'ng kd, 2013) Theo kd't qua dilu tra Lao ddng vide lam nam 2012, co cd'u lao viec lam d khu vuc phi chfnh thiic gdm loai hinh cdng vi6c chu yd'u' la chu co sd, tu lam ya lao ddng gia dinh Trong nhdm lao ddng tu lam va lao dgng gia dinh, ty trgng nu gidi chid'm 69,1% tdng sd ngudi cd vide lam va ty 16 cao hon nam gidi (56,3%) Ty trgng nii gidi tham gia nhdm lao ddng tu lam va lao ddng gia dinh cao han nam gidi d ca hai khu vuc ndng thdn va thj (Tdng cue Thdng ke, 2013) Cac nghidn cun khac cung cho thd'y su khac bidt gidi vl co cd'u nghi nghiep cua lao ddng theo hudng lao ddng nu tap trung d cac cdng viec ky thuat thap, cd mde luong thdp nhu budn ban, may mac, dich vu, che bien nhd luong thuc, thuc pham Nam gidi lai chie'm ti'trong ldn cac Vu Thi Cue 79 nganh co khf che tao, xay dung va giao thdng, danh bdt thiiy san va khai thac md, djch vu ndng nghidp (Pham Van Dung va cac tac gid, 20II: 9091) Xet vl tfnh chdt cdng vide thi nii gidi thudng la dd'i tugng chju su kem an toan hon so vdi nam gidi ciing nghi, ngoai nii gidi cung it ngudi cd dja dilm san xuat kinh doanh cd djnh hon nam gidi ndn hg chii ylu thuc hidn cdng vide kinh doanh bdn ngoai nha minh, day cung la mdt nhung thuc te ly giai vi hg lai chju nhilu rui ro hon nam gidi (Cling va cac tac gia, 2010: 21) Dd'i vdi nhdm lao ddng di cu, cac nghien cun diu ciing chung quan dilm rdng cd khac biet rd ret co cau nghi nghiep theo hudng lao ddng nir tap trung ddng dao d nhdm nghi lao ddng gian don hay tu kinh doanh nhu ddng nat, ban hang rong, nhat rac , nam gidi thudng tap trung d cac cdng viec lam thu6 tu nhu bdc vac, ciiu van, thg dien Kit qua nghien cun gdn day ciia Nguydn Thj Thanh Tam va cdng su (2012) vl chid'n luge va each thde td ehdc cude sdng gia dinh cd vg/chdng di cu lao ddng tu cho thay phdn ldn nhiing ngudi phu nir di cu lam cdng viec giup vide gia dinh (41%), bdc vac d cac chg dau md'i hoac lam thud tu (32,8%) va budn ban hang rong (29,5%) Lao ddng nam chii yd'u lua chgn lam thud tu (91,6%), chi cd mdt ti 16 rat ft nam gidi lam giup viee gia dinh (0,4%), nhung cdng viec giup viec ciia hg khdng phai la ndi trg ma la lam thue cho nha hang cua ngudi chu (Nguyin Thj Thanh Tam va cac tac gia, 2012, 2009; Tran Nguyet Minh Thu, 2012) Khi xem xet lao ddng di cu ttr ndng thdn thj, Pham Van Dung va cdng su (2004) nhan thay vao phd lao ddng nam dd tim vide va thdi gian tim vide ngdn han lao ddng nii, nhung ngugc lai sd phu nii phai dung chd vide lam trdn cac via he, dudng phd lai ft hon nam gidi Nghien cun cua Nguyin Thj Thanh Tam va cdng su (2009) cung khdng djnh phdn ldn ngudi di cu tu dd'n Ha Ndi cd viec lam ma khdng phai chd dgi (76,4%) Ti 16 phu nii cd viec lam de'n la 84,5%, cao hon hon nam gidi kha nhilu (66,8%), ti 16 phu nu di cu phai chd mdt vai den mdt tuan mdi tim dugc viec la 10,5% ti 16 d nam la 24,1%, ti 16 nir di cu phai chd I thang mdi tim dugc viec chi cd 1,6% va nam 6,0% (Nguyin Thj Thanh Tam va cac tac gia, 2009) Vl thdi gian lam viec trung binh mdi cac kit qua nghi6n cun cung cho tha'y rdng lao ddng nii di cu cd thdi gian lao ddng kie'm tiln cao hon nam gidi Trdn Nguyet Minh Thu phan tich khao sat cua Tdng cue Thd'ng k6 vdi 600 lao ddng di cu tai ba quan ndi Ha Ndi la quan Hoang Mai, Dd'ng Da va Ba Dinh cho thay nir cd thdi gian lam vi6c trung binh mdi cao hon so vdi nam gidi nhung khdng khac biet nhilu, cu thi la thdi gian lam viec trung binh mdi ciia nii la 9,38 gid va cua nam gidi la 9,28 gid Ti 16 nii lao ddng lam viec tr6n tieng mdi chiem 64,6% nam chi chiem 52,5% cho thay nii gidi cd thdi gian lao ddng 80 Nghien cufu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 5, tr 74-83 kilm tiln nhilu hon nam (Trdn Nguyet Minh Thu, 2012) Kit qua phan tfch ciia Nguyin Ddc Tuyen (2010) cung cho thay thdi gian lam viec cua lao ddng nii di cu cao han so vdi lao ddng nam di cu, nhi6n su chenh lech khdng dang kl (nu lam viec trung binh 26,03 ngay/thang, nam gidi lam viec trung binh 25,64 ngay/thang (Nguyin Dure Tuyen, 2010: 66) Nhu vay, nhln chung lao ddng nii tai khu vuc phi chfnh thde thudng lam cac cdng viec nhe, tdn ft sdc luc hon so vdi nam gidi, nhung thdi gian lam viec lai nhilu hon nam va tham chf hg lam nhilu cdng vi6c cung mdt khoang thdi gian hon so vdi lao ddng nam Thu nhap trung binh cua ca nam va nii d khu vuc phi chfnh thde diu thap han khu vuc chfnh thde khoang each thu nhap theo gidi d khu vuc phi chfnh thde lai ldn hon so vdi khu vuc chinh thde Theo danh gia cua Ngan hang The gidi nam (2011: 58) cQng nhu tfnh toan ciia nhdm tac gia Cling va cdng su (2010: 19), thu nhap binh quan cua lao ddng tai khu vuc phi chfnh thde la 1,1 tridu ddng/ thang, dudng nhu la thap nhdt cac khu vuc kinh te, chi cao hon so vdi thu nhap cua khu vuc ndng nghi6p Nghi6n cun ciia Ngan hang Thi gidi (2011: 64) ciing khdng djnh, nhiing lao ddng dugc tra cdng thap chii ylu la lao ddng thudc khu vuc phi chfnh thde nhung ngudi ft hoac khdng dugc tilp can cac lgi fch an sinh xa hdi chfnh thde Theo kit qua dilu tra Lao ddng viec lam nam 2012, ba khu vuc chinh cua nln kinh t l la "nha nudc", "ngoai nha nudc" va "vd'n ddu tu nudc ngoai" thi khu vuc "ngoai nha nudc" cd tiln luong binh qudn thap nhdt (khoang 3,3 tridu ddng/thang) Mdt phan tfch dua trdn dilu tra lao ddng viec lam 2009 cho thay, xet theo tiing khu vuc ridng thi mat bdng thu nhap ciia ngudi lao ddng thudc khu vuc phi chfnh thde cung cd su khac Cu the d hai phd ldn la Ha Ndi va phd Hd Chf Minh, thu nhap binh quan hang thang ciia ngudi lao ddng khu vuc phi chfnh thiic tai Ha Ndi la 3,6 tridu ddng mde thu nhap trung vj la 1,9 trieu ddng, cdn phd Hd Chf Minh cac mde thu nhap tuong ung la 2,7 tridu ddng va mu:c trung vj la tridu ddng (Nguyin Thi Thu Huyin va cac tac gia, 2010) So sanh thu nhap ciia lao ddng di cu thi thd'y thu nhdp cua nii cQng thd'p hon nam gidi la nii gidi bj han chi vl sdc khde ndn hg thudng lam nhimg cdng vide nhe nhang hon nam gidi va dugc tra cdng tha'p hon Nhung cung phai thay rdng phu nu di cu khdng phai chi lam mdt cdng viec ma nhilu ngudi cdn tranh thu lam them cac cdng viec khac ngoai cdng viec chinh n6n tdng thu nhap ciia hg cung khdng phai d mde qua thap (Pham Van Dung va cac tac gia, 2004: 164) Nghien ciiu cua Trdn Nguyet Minh Thu (2012) cung khdng djnh lao ddng nu thudng cd xu the lam nhilu viec dl cai thidn thu nhap, nhilu lao ddng nii di cu lam nhilu cdng vile khac Vf du sang budn ban ddng nat, budi trua di ndu com van phdng, chilu va td'i dgn dep nha ciia Tuy nhien, kd't qua nghien ciiu v a Thi Cue 81 vl ngudi di cu tu tii ndng thdn vao cac phd va cac vung phu can Vien Gia dinh va Gidi chii tri thuc hien hai nam 2008 va 2009, vdi sd lugng ngudi phdng van la 700 ngudi di cu dang lam viec tai cac quan ndi Ha Ndi lai cho thdy, ti 16 nir lao ddng di cu lam th6m viec phu tha'p hon so vdi nam gidi (10,3% nii gidi so vdi 11,8% nam gidi) Kit qua nghien cun cung chi rd thu nhap trung binh theo thang cua lao ddng nir di cu chi bdng 72% thu nhap cua lao ddng nam (cu the cua nii la 1.410.000 ddng va ciia nam la 1.958.000 ddng) (Nguyin Ddc Tuyln, 2010: 65) Hien cdn tdn tai su khac biet gidi vl thu nhap cua lao ddng tai khu vuc phi chinh thde Kit qua danh gia cua Ngan hang Thi gidi cho thdy nam gidi cd thu nhap cao han nir gidi gdn 50% cac doanh nghiep hd gia dinh mac du khdng cd khac biet ldn vl gid lam viec, trinh hge van cung nhu tham ni6n nghi nghi6p (Ngan hang The gidi, 2011: 66) So sanh giiia hai khu vuc chfnh thiic va phi chfnh thde thay rdng neu xac sudt de trd cdng nhan dugc hudng luong ciia nii gidi va nam gidi khu vuc kinh td chfnh thde la khdng khac biet, thi khu vuc phi chfnh thde nir gidi kem hon so vdi nam gidi hai phan ba ldn co hdi dl cd dugc nghi cd luong Thu nhap ciia phu nir thudng tha'p hon so vdi nam gidi tdi 30% cho dii gid'ng vl thdi gian cung nhu tfnh chat cdng \i6c (Vien Khoa hge Thd'ng ke, 2010) Nhin nhan chung dudi gdc gidi, thdy rdng lao ddng nir d khu vuc phi chfnh thde xud't phat dilm cua hg hau hit la lao ddng tu khdng cd bdng cap ndn hg chii yd'u lam cac cdng vide lao ddng chan tay va budn ban tu do, lam cac cdng viec nhe va it tdn sdc luc hon nam gidi Hg nhan dugc muc luong thap hon va thdi gian lam vide cung phai keo dai hon so vdi nam gidi Kd't qua nhilu nghien ciiu diu cho thdy lao ddng nii khu vuc phi chfnh thde hidn dang phai ddi mat vdi nhilu khd khan vide lam, hg thudng xuydn dung trudc nguy co mat viec va phai chju siic ep cao hon rdt nhilu so vdi lao ddng nii khu vuc Nha nudc Tham chf de cd dugc cdng vide hg phai chd'p nhdn miic tiln luong tha'p vdi dilu kien lam viec tdi tan, thdi gian lam viec tang, thdi gian nghi ngoi bj cdt, khdng cd phuong tien bao hd lao ddng Day cung chfnh la thuc trang chung ciia nhiing lao dgng nir cd trinh chuyen mdn thap, bj ddi du tii khu vuc chfnh thiic (Vien Khoa hge Lao ddng va xa hdi, 2005; Vien Nghien cuu Khoa hge Thd'ng k6, 2010) Cac nghien cun vl lao dgng tai khu vuc phi chfnh thuc diu thd'ng nhat vdi d quan dilm cho rdng dilu kien lam viec khdng duoc dam bao vdn la mdt dac dilm co ban cua khu vuc 82 Nghien ciifu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 5, tr 74-83 Ket luan Khu vuc kinh tiphi chfnh thde d Viet Nam nhimg nam gdn day cho thd'y su gia tang manh me vl qui md tren phuong dien viec lam, day cung chinh la mdt nhiing nhan td gdp phdn gdy dung n6n sdc sd'ng bin bi ciia thj trudng Viet Nam giai doan khung hoang kinh tl Theo du bao, khu vuc kinh te rdt cd thi se tid'p tuc thu hut ngudi lao ddng khdng tun dugc viec lam khu vuc chfnh thde, bdi khiing hoang tai chinh toan eau Chinh vl vay, vi6e phat huy the manh ciia khu vuc kinh tl de ddng gdp vao phat triln kinh te ddt nudc la dilu hd't sdc cdn thilt Tuy nhidn, hien khu vuc kinh te phi chfnh thde cdn tdn tai rat nhilu bdt lgi cho ngudi lao ddng, dac biet la lao ddng nii vl co hdi va dilu kien lam viec, kha nang tilp can phuc lgi xa hdi cung nhu mang ludi an sinh xa hdi khdng dugc chu trgng cac chfnh sach kinh t l ciia nha nudc clio khu vuc kinh t l Vl vay, rat cdn tao chfnh sach binh dang cho lao ddng d khu vuc phi chfnh thde dl giai quydt dugc y6u cdu vl viec lam ciing nhu bao dam quyln lgi, cugc sdng cua ngudi lao ddng, dp dung eae chinh sach phu hgp danh ridng cho khu vuc di rut ngdn khoang each bat binh ddng vl lao ddng vide lam giiia hai khu vuc kinh td chfnh thirc va phi chfnh thiic nhu hidn nay.B Tai lieu trich ddn Bp Ke hoach va Dau tu 2010 Bao cao tdm tdt muc tieu phat triln thien nien ky 2010 tai Hoi thao gidi va viec thuc hien cac muc tieu phat trien thien nien ky MDGs tai Viet Nam 6-7/9/2010 aing Jean-pierre, Miieille Razafindrakoto , Francois Foubaud 2009 Thi triCdng lao dgng khu vi(c phi chinh thitc vd dieu kien song ciia hg gia dinh tqi Viet Nam Cling Jean-pierre, D6 Hoai Nam, Stephane Lagree, Mireille Razafindrakoto, Francois Roubaud 2013 Kinh te phi chinh thicc tqi cdc nicdc dang phdt trien Nxb Tri thiic Ha Npi Cling Jean-Pierre, Mireille Razafindrakoto, Francois Roubaud Nguyin Huu Chi 2010 Cugc khiing hodng kinh teda tdc dgng den Viet Nam d mice ndo? Phdn tich trgng tdm ve khu vice phi chinh thitc d Hd Noi vd thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh Bao cao tdm lucre chinh sach, Du an TCTK/IRD-DIAL, Thang 12 2010 Cling va nhung ngudi khac 2010a Cugc khiing hodng kinh te dd tdc dgng de'n Viet Nam a mice ndo? Phdn tich trgng tdm ve khu vice phi chinh thicc a Hd Ngi vd thdnh Ho Chi Minh Bao cao tdm luoc chinh sach Du an GOS/IRD-DIAL Thang 12/2010 Hd Ddc Hung, Nguyin Duy Tam, Mai Thj Nghia 2012 Tir viec Iam khu vuc kinh te phi chinh thde den viec lam phi chinh thde d Viet Nam Tap chi Phdt trien vd hgi nhdp, Sd (13) Thang 3-4/2012, tr 65-70 Maurizio Roxana 2013 Lao dpng phi chinh thde va ngheo ddi d chau My Latin: Trudng hgp cua Argentina, Brazil, Chile va Peru Trong cuon.- Kinh te'phi chinh thicc tqi cdc nicdc dang phdt trien Nhdm bien soan: Cling Jean-pierre Vu Thi Cue 83 va cac tac gia khac Nxb Tri thde Ha Npi, tr 39 -72 Ngan hang the gidi 2011 Ddnh gid gidi tqi Viet Nam Ngo Tuan Dung 2005 Gidi va viec lam tren thj trudng lao dpng mpt sd tiep can ly thuyit Tqp chi Nghien ciai Gia dinh vd Gidi, so 4/2005 Ngo Tudn Dung 2006 Gidi va phat trien bdi canh toan cau hoa Mpt sd van de dat Tqp chi Khoa hge ve Phu nic, sd 4/2006 Nguyin Ddc Tuyen 2010 Mpt sd yeu td anh hudng den thu nhap va tiln giri eda ngudi di cu tu tai Ha Noi Tap chi Nghien citu Gia dinh vd Gidi sd 1/2012 Nguyin Huu Chi va nhung ngudi khac 2010 Thi triCdng lao dgng vd kinh te'phi chinh thicc a Viet Nam thdi gian khung hodng vd phuc hoi 2007-2009: Mot sd net chii ye'u tic cugc Dieu tra Lao dgng vd Viec ldm (DT LD&VL) Bao cao tdm luge chinh sach Nguyin Hiru Chi 2013 Viec lam cho lao dpng di cu ttr nong thon den thj: cac phan tfch vl lua chpn cong viec va thu nhap ciia lao dpng di cu so vdi lao dpng tai chd d thj viing Ddng bdng song Hong Trong Kinh te'phi chinh thicc tqi cdc nicdc dang phdt trien Nxb Tri thde Ha Npi, Tr.105-136 Nguyin Thi Thanh Tam va cac tac gia khac 2009 Su thich ieng cita ngudi di ciC tic tic nong thon vdo cdc thdnh phd vd cdc viing phu can: Nghien cicu tricdng hgp Hd Ngi Bao cao de tai cdp bp Nguyin Thj Thanh Tam va cac tac gia khde 2012 Xdy dung gia dinh a ngiCdi di ciC lao dgng tie do: To chiCc cugc sdng gia dinh d nhicng gia dinh co ngicdi di cu lao dgng tit Bao cao de tai cap bp Nguyin Thi Thu Huyen, Axel Demenet, Mireille Razafindrakoto va Francois Roubaud (IRD-DIAL) vdi sir hd trg ciia Dao Ngpc Minh Nhung, Dinh Ba Hien va Nguyin Hiru Chi (TCTK) 2010 Sic ndng dgng cita khu vice phi chinh thitc dHd Ngi vd thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh giai doan 2007 2009: Mgt sd phdt hien chinh tic Dieu tra Hg Sdn xud't Kinh doanh vd Khu vuc Phi chinh //z«t'(HB&lS) Pham Van Dung va cac tac gia khac 2004 Khu vice kinh te'phi chinh thicc: Thuc trang vd nhiCng vd'n de ddt vdi cong tdc qudn ly Nxb Dai hoc qudc gia, Hk Npi Razafindrakoto Mireille, Francois Foubaud, Wachsberger J M 2013 Viec lam khu vuc kinh te phi chinh thde: Tu nguyen hay bat bupc? Phan tich su hai long vl cong viec tai Viet Nam Trong Kinh te phi chinh thicc tqi cdc niCdc dang phdt trien Nxb Tri thde Ha Npi Tdng cue Thdng ke 2008 Kei qud khdo sdt mice sdng ddn cU 2008 Tdng cue Thdng ke 2013 Bdo cdo dieu tra lao dgng viec ldm 2012 Trdn Nguyet Minh Thu 2012 Gidi vd tien chuyen ve cUa lao dgng di cu Vien Khoa hpc Lao dpng va xa hpi 2005 Bdo cdo Phdn tich chinh sdch ddi vdi lao dgng nic Du an Dieu tra ccr ban vl binh ddng gidi Vien Khoa hoc Lao dpng va xa hpi 2012 Xu hicdng lao dgng vd xd hgi Viet Nam • 2012 Vien Nghien ciiu Khoa hpc Thdng ke 2010, Khu vice kinh te'phi chinh thicc dhai thdnh phd ldn ciia Viet Nam: Hd Ngi vd Tp Ho Chi Minh, Ha Npi thang 5/2010 ... phu nCir va nam gidi vao thj triTdng lao dong viec lam khu viTc kinh te ''phi chinh thurc Cd thi ndi khu vuc phi chfnh thde la khu vuc nang ddng va su phat trien khu vuc cd anh hudng tfch cue din... lam viec d khu vuc phi chfnh thuc chilm tdi 66% tdng so lao ddng d khu vuc phi chfnh thuc Trong dd ti 16 nii sd nhirng ngudi di cu tuong dd''i cao va hg tham gia chu yeu vao viee lam phi chfnh... gidi d khu vuc kinh te phi chfnh thirc da hinh xu hudng "nir hoa" lao ddng d khu vuc (Vien Nghien cuu Khoa hge thdng kd, 2010) Khac biet gidi nghe nghiep va thu nhap ciia lao dgng tai khu vuc phi