VS Trudng Giang - Nguyen Thj Tam I TRI THirC DAN GIAN VE THUOC NAM CUA NGU'CH DAO TIEN d XA HA HIEU, HUYEN BA BE, TINH BAC KAN' VO TRL/dNG GIANG NGUYEN THI T A M Dat van de Trong he thdng tri thuc dan gian cua tdc ngudi, tri thuc vl cay thudc cd mdt vai trd rit quan trgng Mdt mat, nd thi hien trinh nhan thitc ciia tdc ngudi vl y hgc truyin thdng; mat khac, thi hien mdi quan he va su thich ling ciia tdc ngudi khdng gian sinh ton cu thi Dilu dugc minh chiing la'cac tgc ngudi khac nhau, tham chi mdt tdc ngudi nhung cd cac nhdm dia phuang hodc cu tru tren nhung dia ban khac nhau, se cd tri thirc ve cay thuoc va each thirc cham soc sire khde khdng gidng Nghien cuu ve cay thudc ciia cac tgc ngudi d Viet Nam ndi chung, cac tgc ngudi thieu sd ndi rieng nhung nam gin day dugc tiep can dudi nhilu gdc khac Ijch su hinh va phat trien ciia nSn y hgc va dugc hgc; viec sd dung nguon cay co Idm thudc; md ta cay thudc, dja ban phdn bd, cdng dung, tinh ndng, va thu lugm; ten tilng Viet va Latin (Vd Van Chi, 1976, 1999; Trin Cdng Khanh, 1978; La Dinh Phai, 1996; Do Tit Lgi, 1999) Thtc hai, nhiJng nghien ciru vl cdy thudc dudi gdc dugc hgc va thuc v^t hgc d mgt viing cu thi nhu Ba Vi, Sa Pa Dl bao tdn nguon tai nguyen cay thuoc, phai nam dugc thuc trang, cac ylu td kinh tl, xa hgi It8n quan din viec khai thdc, sir dung va budn ban, cac dilu kien bao ton, huy dgng su tham gia thich hgp nhim quan I^ cay thudc [Trin VSn On, 2003; Trin Van On (Chii bien), 2006] Thu nhat, nghien cuu vl cay thudc dudi gdc dugc hgc va thuc vat hgc la ITnh vuc dat dugc nhilu tuu nhit vi gin lien vdi cac trung tam nghien cuu v6 dugc hgc, thuc vat hgc nhu Dai hgc Dugc Ha Ngi, Vien Dugc lieu (Bd Y tl), Khoa Sinh hgc (Dai hgc Khoa hgc tu nhien - Dai hgc Qude gia Ha Ngi) Kit qua nghien ciru dl cap tdi Thu ba, nghi8n cuu vl cay thudc cua mdt sd tdc ngudi thilu sd d khu vuc mien niii phia Bic: ngudi Thai d Ngh? An [Nguyen NghTa Thin (Chu bien), 2001]; ngudi Hmdng d Tay Bac (Dang Thj Hoa, 2001); ngudi Lao d Ha Tinh (Vu Hdng Thuat, 2005); ngudi Thai d Thanh Hda (VQ Trudng Giang, 2008); ngudi Cao Lan d Tuyen Quang (Dang Kim Thanh, Trin Cdng Khanh, 2008b) ' Nghien ciju dirge tai tro bdi Quy Phat trien khoa hpc va cong nghe qu6c gia (NAFOSTED) d6 tai masoIV5.3-201I.05 Thu tu, nghien ciru dac dilm sinh hgc, tac dung chira benh cua cac loai cay thuoc tim cua ngudi Dao Dd d Sa Pa [Ninh Thi Tap chi Dan tgc hgc so - 2014 Phip (Chu bien), 2011] Dilu tra ngudn dugc liSu ciia ngudi Dao Tiln d Hda Binh (Dang Kim Thanh, Trin Cdng Khanh, 2008a); tri thuc ve thudc nam cua ngudi Dao Quin Chet d Hda Binh va ngudi Dao Dd d Lao Cai (Trin Hdng Hanh, 2001, 2002) Thu nam, nghien ciru bao tdn tai nguyen cay thu6c ciia cac tgc ngudi Phin Idn cay thudc d Vi8t Nam dugc sir dung theo kinh nghiem ciia ca nhan hay m§i cdng ddng NhiJng kinh nghiem quy bau dd dang dan fai mai mdt, ddng thdi ngudn tdi nguyen cay thudc dang giam siit nghiem trgng, nhieu loai dang dirng trudc nguy co tuyet chiing Vi vay, can gin gitJ va phat triln ngu6n tai nguyen "vang xanh" (Trin Cdng Khanh, 2005; Haang Khanh Toan, 2012) Thu sau, nghi8n ciJu ve bao hg tri thirc dan gian ndi chung, tri thirc ve cay thuoc ndi rieng Viec sii dung tri thirc da dem lai lgi ich dang ke ve kinh tl, vdn hda, xa hgi Van de quan trgng dang dat hien la cin cd cac cdng cu phap ly hiJu hieu de bao ve cac tri thirc truyen thdng dd (Pham Phi Anh, 2005; Trin Van Hai, 2012, 2013) Bai vilt trinh bay tri thiic ve thudc nam ciia ngudi Dao Tiln d xS Ha Hieu, huyen Ba B I , tinh Bic Kan Dia ban nghiSn cihi x a Ha HI6u thugc huyen Ba Be; phia Bic giap xa Phiic Lgc; phia Nam gidp xa Chu Huong; phia Tay giap xa Yin Duong, xa Phiic Lgc; phia Ddng giap xa Cdc Dan, xa Trung Hda va thj trin Na Phac ciia huygn Ngdn Son Ha Hieu cd dien tich 39,98km^ gdm nhilu tgc ngudi cu trii: Dao, Tay, san Chay, Hmdng, Nilng, Kinh Trong dd, dan tdc Dao gdm hai nhdm la Dao Dd va Dao Tiln Do cu trii d khu vuc gan rimg nen ngudi Dao Tiln d xa Ha Hi6u cd mdi quan he gin bd mat thilt vdi rimg bdi ngudn tai nguyen khdng chi la noi cung cap lugng thirc an, chat ddt ma cdn cd ngudn cay thudc phong phii chiJa benh cho ngudi Ngoai cac hinh thuc ciu ciing chQ-a benh phd biln, ngudi Dao Tiln d§ sir dung cac loai cay thudc, vi thudc de chua tri dugc nhieu loai benh, dap irng phan nao dd viec cham soc sijc khde cdng ddng Cac nguon dvgc li|u Ngudn dugc liSu cho vi^c chUa benh kha phong phii, bao gdm cac loai: thao dugc va dugc liSu tir ddng vat Tuy tirng benh, thay lang se thu hai mdt hoac mgt sd bd phan nhat dinh cua cay thudc, chang han: re, than, la, cii, qua hoac liy cd day de tri benh; hoac sir dung ddng vat Idm thudc 3.1 Thao dtrffc Dugc lieu thao dugc ma ngudi Dao Tien sir dung dl chtiB benh thudng cd hai loai: Thu nhdt, nhirng loai cay dugc trdng vudn nha hoac xung quanh noi cu tru gdm: nom hip si (cay dong dd), kd nhd pe, ding toong kia, sung si (cay gimg dd), piia sam, cdn dodng (cay de quat), lai Uu (cay rau ram), zdm hao si, phong pieu (cay dau), tiing cha mia, turn puong do, cay toong, pa dao bita, mac poc, cho tuoi mia, xung choang, kom muSng chgu Nhu vay, cd thi thiy, mdt sd cSy trdng vira la cay an qua, gia vi vira la cay thudc ch&a benh Mat khac, cung can phan biet cac loai cay trdng cd y thiic va cay trdng ngau nhien Nhung cay trdng cd y thirc la cay trdng cd muc dich ro rang, cd y thuc ve quyin sd hUu, khai thdc, siJ dung mdt thdi gian nhit djnh (cay an qua VS Trudng Giang - Nguyin Thi Tam rau xanh, gia vi ) Cay trdng ngau nhien la loai diing lam hang rao bao ve, phan dinh ranh gidi (Vii Trudng Giang, 2008, tr 39) sd benh nhit djnh, phai kit hgp nhieu bd phdn cua cay thudc hoac nhilu cay thudc mdi cd tdc dung tdt Lilu lugng sir dung thudng mang tinh udc lugng, nhit Id cdc loai Id, canh la thudng tinh theo nim, bd hoac nggn Thu hai, cac loai thao dugc dugc khai thac rimg nhu: nao co, toong ca, co CQng gidng nhu cdy thudc, cac bo ong (cay mua), gdu moong, gdu lang Id chdng (cay la chdng), ditng toy (cay mudng), phan ctia ddng vat cd cdng dung chiia benh tdu vdn, toong, nom so, kiim tsai, tung cot, khac nhau: da day (huou, nai, khi, nhim), ngimg biet (cay nuc nac), mua chua, khau mat (ong), nhung (huau) mui, chdi gai mia, chdi dgt khi, si ma puong, 3.4 Cong dung va hiiu qua chita binh nom horn, sa pin ding, lai cam lau, mang Moi loai dugc lieu dugc irng dyng cho md cha, tuc choni, me chim, cdn choang, dim ehoan mao, kirn choong may, ddng chgu tirng ddi tugng chiJa benh khde nhu: bSnh thdng thudng, benh cua phu niJ, benh dung, me deng^ ciia tre em, thudc bo Thuc tl cho thiy viec 3.2, Ductc liSu la dong vat hilu cdng dung ciia timg loai dugc lieu ddi Dugc lieu la dgng vat chiem sd vdi tirng loai benh Id yeu cau rat quan trgng lugng it nhung ciing gdp phan quan trgng dilu tri benh (xem Bang 1) Tr6n co sd vao viec chiJa benh Dd la bd phan hay san dd, ngudi thay thudc can cir vao benh tat ciia pham nao ciia cdc ddng vat: chung tirng benh nhan de cd the dung mgt hoac ket (hucru), tao ddi (nai), tao binh (khi), diing hgp nhieu loai dugc lieu khac Neu mdt ray (nhim), muSi toong (mat ong) loai dugc liSu cd tac dung vdi nhilu bSnh thi phai lira chgn chiia tri loai bfnh nao cd hieu 3.3 Gid tri sie dung qua nhit (Vu Trudng Giang, 2008, tr 42) Cac loai thao dugc cd cdc dang cay Ngudi Dao Tien cd hai each chinh sir than g5, than thao, than bui, than day leo dung thudc dl chiJa benh: sdc udng va tim Ddi vdi moi loai thao dugc, cac bd phan ciia each diing phu thudc vao the trang ciia cay dugc dung vao muc di'ch chiJa benh khac mgt sd ngudi; hoac lien quan din mdt so nhau, va cdc bd phan khde ciia ciing mgt benh dac thii (nhu phuc hdi sue khde san cay cd nhiJng tac dung khac tiiy theo phu sau sinh nd ) Khi diing theo each tam each van dung chiJa benh ciia thdy thudc Cd thudc, ngudi Dao Tien thudng phdi hgp loai cay chi cd mgt bd phan (Id, than, re, hoa, nhung loai dugc lieu cdn thiet khac nhau, qua ) dugc sii dung, cd loJii hai bd phan dun sdi vdi mgt lugng nude can cho ngudi (than va la) dugc sir dung, mdt sd khac la ba bd phan (than, la, re) va tham chi cd loai ca tim, sau dd dl nude thudc am khoang 30°C cay dugc sir dung [Nguyen NghTa Thin la ngudi b€nh cd the tim dugc N6i tilng (Chii bien), 2001, tr 84] Hode dl chu'amdt nhit la thudc tim danh cho san phu Loai thudc giup cho san phu nhanh chdng phuc hdi siic khde, mau sach san djch va ^ Ten cua nhieu loai cay thuoc goi theo tieng Dao, vdy, cd thi sdm lao dgng (sau sinh nd tir chung toi chira tim diroc ten tieng Vl^t tuong irng cho den 10 ngay) nhieu loai cay Tap chi Dan tgc hgc so ~ 2014 Bdng Cdng dung cua mdt so dugc lieu vudn nhd TT Ten tieng Dao Nom hip si Ka nhd pe Ten tieng Viet Cay dong dd Cay rau ngdt Ten khoa hoc^ Dang cay Than thdo Thdn go Sauropus Than thao androgynous Bd phan sudung Re Vd R6 La, vd Deng toong Ida Sung si Pita sam Con dodng Cay girng dd Lai Uu Cay rau rdm Zdm hdo si 10 Phong pieu Than go Re, cdnh 11 Timg cha mia Than day La 12 Tiim puong Than thao 13 Cdy toong 14 Pa dao bua 15 Mdcpoc 16 Than go Cay de quat Cay dau Cay budi Cay chanh 17 Cho tuoi mia Hoa dudi meo 18 Xung choang Nghe vang 19 Kdm chdu mudng Polygonum odoratum Moms alba Citrus maxima Citrus limonia Curcuma longa Than thao Than g5 Than thdo Cu La Cti Thdn thao Than, Id Than thao La Ld Cong dung chira benh ChiJa viem hong ChiJa tieu chay Bo mau Chfla benh trT, tieu chay ChOa cam Vet thucmg ngoai da Ddi vdng, dai dat ChiJa vit can Chu'a benh gan, b^nh khdp Gidi ddc, tranh ma Ldm teo cdc u lanh, chil'a hie lao Bdi bd sue khde cho san phu Bdi bd sue khde cho san phu Bdi bd sue khde cho san phu Than gd La, nggn cdy Than go Ld Than gd Rl Than go Rl ChiJa benh Id loet Than go Re Tao bdn Than thao Cu cam mdu Than thao Re cam mdu ChiJa benh Id loet Ngudn: Tai lieu dien da cua tac gia nam 2014 ' Tdt ca ten khoa hpc cua cac loai dupe li^u bai vIet deu dan theo Do Tat Loi (1999) Nhirng cay ihudc va vf thuoc Vi?! Nam, Nxb Y hpc Ha Noi va Truong Giang - Nguyen Thj Tam Ben canh nhirng loai dugc lieu vudn nha, cdc thay lang ngudi Dao Tien cdn tim nhirng cdy thudc rirng dl chi biln mdt so bai thudc chira benh Chdng ban nhu liy la cua cay nao cd, toong ca 6k chira benh dau mit hot; dting re cua cac loai cay: co dng (cay mua), gdu moong, gdu lang Id chdng, diing toy, toong, nom so, kiem tsai, timg cot, miia chiia, chdi gai mia kit hgp vdi la cua cay tdu van, khau mui va vd cua cay ngung biet (cay nuc ndc) de chifa benh Id loet; liy day nom horn, si ma puong, chdi dat dun nude cho san phu udng, tim de bdi fad sire khde; cay me deng (dt rimg) cd the chiia vlt rdn cin Khi dilu trj benh liet, mdt sd thay lang su dung Id ciia cdc loai cay sd pen ding, lai cam lau, mang md cha, tuc chdm, me chim, ddng chgu diing 6k dip va liy vd ciia cdc loai cay ket hgp vdi day kim choong may, dim ehoan mao, cdn choang dun nude cho ngudi benh udng Cac thay thudc ngudi Dao Tiln khdng chi sir dung mdt bd phan cua cdy thudc, ma cdn tiiy theo tirng loai benh dl cd su kit hgp vdi cac bd phan khac cua cay nhim tang hieu nghiem cua bai thudc Mdt sd loai ddng vat hoac mgt sd bo phan cua chung cung cd dugc tinh vd dugc ngudi Dao Tiln sir dung dl lam thudc chiJa benh Cd thd xem Bang dudi ddy dl thdy rd dilu ndy Bdng Cdng dung ciia dugc lieu tir ddng vat Ten Ten Ten Bd phan tieng Dao tieng Viet khoa hoc sir dung Chung Hutni Tao ddi Tao binh TT Cong dung Cervus nippon Da day Bdi bd sire khde Nai Cervus unicolor Daddy Bdifadsdc khde Khi Macaca sp Daddy ChiJa benh da day Diing ray Nhim Hystrix hodsoni Da ddy ChiJa benh da day Mudi Mat ong Me! Mat Chua benh da day, lam Nhung Comu cerviparvum Simg non loong Nhung depda Nguon: Tai li6u dien d3 cua tac gia nSm 2014 Chira benh da day Tap chi Ddn tgc hgc so'6 - 2014 Ky thuat thu hai, chi biln, va bao ve cSy thu6c 4.1 Thu hdi c&y thuoc va each chi biin, bao quan Viec thu hai cdy thudc hien tai dia bdn nghien ciru chu ylu vdn dudi hinh thuc tu Ddi vdi nhirng cay thudc quy hiem, mdt sd thay lang cd y thdc giu' lai Tuy nhiSn, khdng it ca nhan vi muc dich kinh te ciia dugc liSu dS khai thac mdt each triet de ldm cho mdt sd loai hien khdng cdn hoac trd nen hilm M5i loai cd each phai khde cho viec phai vin dam bdo trgn ven cdng dung ciia moi loai dugc lieu Hau het cdc bai thudc cua ngudi Dao Tien tan dung than, la, rl, cii, it liy hat, qua Cdc loai dugc lieu sau da qua so che, phai kho va dugc cdc thay lang gdi theo tirng thang cd bgc giay bao hoac till ni Idng de bao qudn Ddi vdi nhiJng fadi thudc diing nhieu dugc lieu, thay lang dung thudc vao bao tai va cit giiJ d noi khd rdo, thodng mat de cd the bao qudn thudc dugc lau 4.2 Trong vd bdo vi cdy thuoc Moi lan di liy cay thuoc tr6n rirng, cac thdy lang thudng chgn tdt 6k tiln hanh thu hai Ddi vdi ngudi Dao Tien, hg thudng chgn nhifng ngdy le va gid le de di liy thudc, tdt nhit la vao budi sdng khoang gid din gid Trudc di, cac thay thudc chuin bj het cdc dung cu thu hdi va deo bao tai len ngudi, sau dd thip nen huong tren bdn thd Dia mien vdi ngu y thdng bdo cho than thudc bilt vl lich trinh thu hdi cua ngdy hdm dd, ddng thdi "mdi" thin thudc di ciing 6k viec thu hdi dugc dien thuan Igi hon Khi thip huong, thay lang dgc Idi ciu khin: "Dia mien torn ddi miing ke mia, pun miing peng" [Ong (ba) d^n ddy xin thudc, mdi thin thudc di ciing lay thudc dl cdu chxia cho ngudi b6nh] "Khi di, tdi khdng thdng baa cho ai, ke cd nhirng ngudi gia dinh biet viec tdi di liy thudc Thdng thudng cu ling lang ma di" (dng BVK, 70 tudi, thdn Na Hin, xa Ha Hidu) Sau thu hai thudc, ngudi ta mang ve vd bdm hay chat nhifng kich cd khac nhau, phii hgp vdi mdi loai dugc lieu Ddi vdi nhiJng dugc lieu khdng diing ngay, cdc thdy lang mang nia sach hoac phai kho Be chii ddng ngudn thudc chiJa benh va ijng phd vdi tinh trang khan hiem dugc lieu, ngudi Dao Tiln da mdt sd loai cay thudc vudn nhd hode vudn rimg Tuy vay, hien chua xuat hien md hinh trdng cay thudc ciia cac td chii'c hay cd nhan cd ddng ky vdi Hgi Ddng Y Hau het cdc vudn cay thudc chi la hinh thiic trdng tu phdt vdi quy md nhd, le Viec dem cac loai dugc lieu tir rimg ve vudn nhd trdng gap nhieu khd khan bdi muc thich nghi vdi hau, thd nhudng ciia cay thudc d rirng va d vudn nhd cd nhieu khac biet Mgt so bai thuoc phong va chua benh 5.1 Bdi thudc chira benh dau ccf the th&i tiit (Udm dia) Ngudi Dao Tiln ggi loai benh la benh ddc nude (khi thdi tilt thay ddi, co thi ngudi bi dau, te cac khdp xuong hoac dau bung) De thir benh, thay lang liy cay mia si (cay xdi dd) dun nude cho ngudi benh udng Neu nude tieu mau tring thi dung benh, cdn nude tieu mau dd thi khdng phai Khi xac dinh diing benh, thay lang tim du 16 vi thudc Mdi loai cay su dung mdt hoac hai bd VS Truong Giang - Nguyen Thi Tam phan khde Lilu lugng dugc xac djnh tuong ddi id nim hay bd nhd Cd 10 loai cdy sir dung rl: co dng (cay mua), gdu moong, gdu Idng, Id chong (cay Id chdng), dung tdy (cay mudng), cdy chanh, mac poc (cay budi), kiem stai, miia chua, chdi gai mia Cd loai cay sii dung re vd than cay: tdu van, toong, nom sd, timg cot Cd loai cay su dung vd cay: ngitng biet (cay niic ndc) Cd loai cdy sii dung than vd Id: khau mui Cac vi thudc ndy dugc rua sach, bSm nhd, phai khd, dun nude udng hode ngdm rugu Trudc mdi biJa com, ngudi benh udng mdt bdt nude thudc hode chen rugu thuoc den ndo benh khdi thi ngirng udng (dng BVK, 70 tudi, thdn Na Hin, xa Ha Hieu) 5.2 Bdi thudc chua benh I& loet ngoai da (Tiim la) Theo ngudi Dao, nguySn nhan cua benh la ngudi dn d khdng sach se, ngudn nude bi nhilm khuin hode nam niJ quan he tinh due khdng lanh manh TriSu chirng ciia benh Id ngudi benh cam thiy ngiira toan than, lau ngdy dan din Id loet, chay nude (com nip), chai d (thit ga), peo (cd), ngung d (thit trau), ngiing zodng d (thit bd), chai chdo (trdng) Khi khdi bSnh, nhitng ndt Id loet biln mit, khdng ngijra, ngudi b|nh cd the an nhiJng thuc an ndy 5.3 Bdi thudc chOa b$nh Het (benh gid) Thdy thudc BHC (78 tudi, thdn Na Hin, xa Ha Hieu) cd bai thuoc gdm 10 vi thudc, vdi each chUa b^nh: dip, udng, tim Cd loai cay sir dung la va vd cay: sd pin ding, lai cam lau, mang md cha, tuc chdm (mdi loai mdt nim la gia nhd diing dl dip, vd cay dun udng vd tam); cd loai cay diing la va than cdy (moi loai mdt nim la gid nhd de ddp, thdn cay dun udng va tim); cd loai cay su dung than day leo: cdn choang, zim ehoan mao, kim chdng may, cd tang (mSi loai mdt bd nhd dun nude tim) Khi chira benh liet phai kieng dn ngung d (thjt trau), ngiing zodng d (thit bd), gp d (thit vit), ngan d (thit ngan); khdng dugc dn mi chinh hay udng s&a bd vd nhiJng dd chua qua trinh udng thulc chiia benh 5.4 Bdi thuoc tam cho san phu Bai thudc de chita benh ndy gdm hai vi: cdnh, Id cua cdy triet kodng va cay mia sang (moi loai mdt bd) 6k cho ngudi benh dun nude tim chifa ngda Ngudi benh tim lan/ngdy vao cac budi sang {ddm dieu), trua {an), tdi {mudng) Mdi ndi thudc nhu vay cd thi dun tim lin Benh nhe thi dun tim khodng din ngdy Id khdi, trudng hgp benh ndng thi phai chira vdng mdt thdng, tri muc tim hang ngdy bdng nude thudc Bdi thudc tim cho san phu gdm vi thudc Trong dd, cd logi cdy dung la: turn puong dd, chdi dgt khi, cdy ndm sd, sinh khinh chdu, pa dao bua (moi loai mdt bo nhd); cd loai cay ddy leo: si ma puong (mdt bd); cd loai cay diing day leo vd re: ndm hgm (mdt bd); loai cay diing Id, than va nggn cay: cdy tong (mgt bd !a va than cay), nggn cay dCing de niu vdi thit ga cho sdn phu dn Khi ch&a benh nay, ngudi benh can phai kieng cac loai thfrc an sau: nang prgt Tat ca cac vj thudc dugc cho vdo ndi to dun sdi, de nude ngugi rdi cho sdn 19 Tap chi Dan tdc Iwc so'6 - 2014 phu tdm hdng vao budi chieu Sau sinh - ngdy thi san phu cd thi tim dugc Day la bai thu6c tam dp dung cho san phu va cd the diing de tdm hode lau ngudi cho dura tre Sau sinh hon mdt thang, ngudi me cd the di lam viec binh thudng Trong sir dung bai thudc nay, san phu kieng an thit gd trdng, thit Ign nai; kieng nude lanh vd nhting dd chua, dd nggt hode dd cay 5.5 Bdi thudc chiia binh cho tre em D I lam giam sot, co giat vl dem d tre em, ngudi Dao Tiln thudng diing la ngdn vdo liJa cho ndng roi dip len trdn vd thdj) cua diira tre De chOa mun nhgt d tre em, ngudi ta lay qua du dii xanh thui tren lira, bd ddi qua va lay mdt nira up vao vet mun 6k chdng dau, sung Sau do, hg liy dao cao nhua d vd cay gao dip true tilp vao vlt mun va keo dau mun Nghi thu6c va thu nhdp cua gia dinh Cdc thdy thudc ngudi Dao Tien d xa Ha Higu trudc day thudng lay thudc chGa bSnh ngudi benh cd nhu ciu cin giiip Hiu hit hg chi bilt mdt vai bai thudc chinh minh da tirng dugc chiJa, hoac mdt sd cha me truyin day Theo truyln thdng, dugc chiJa khdi, ngudi benh se mang ll vat din ta on vd thudng kem theo tien bdi dudng cho thay thudc; nhien, sd tiln ndy tiiy thugc vao su hao tdm vd gia canh ciia ngudi benh Do vay, ngudn thu tu nghi thuoc cua cac thay" lang ngudi Dao Tien khdng dang ke Nghi thuoc chi Id phu, dd, ddi vdi cdc thdy lang, viec chiJa benh chi mang tinh chit "ldm phuc" ban la Igi ich kinh te Tuy nhien, ddi vdi mdt sd ngudi vira ldm thdy thudc vira bilt ciing chQ-a benh thi thu nhdp cd phin trdi hon Ong BVK (70 tudi, thdn Nd Hin, xa Ha Hieu) cho biet: "Mdi lan lay thudc, neu chiia khoi benh, ngirdi ta den cho toi 100 - 200 nghin ddng (ddi vai benh khd chira) cdn vai nhung binh nhe thi cho lie 50 - 70 nghin dong Ngoai ra, thi thodng nguai a cdc nai den ddn tdi vi ciing chua binh cho ho, a xa thi duae trd cdng vdi chiic nghin Niu di xa len tan Cao Bang ihi ho trd cong cho tdi cao han, cd lan duac 300 nghin ddng vd thu lan chin mang vi " Thu nhap trung binh hang thang ciia ngudi hanh nghi thudc nam chira benh khodng 300.000 ddng/thdng, neu hg vira cd ngudi lam nghe thudc vira lam nghi thay Cling thi thu nhap binh quan khoang 700.000 ddng/ngudi/thdng Sd dT cd su chenh lech vi ddng bao Dao Tien d Ha Hieu van tri nhirng tap qudn cung bdi ddi sdng hdng ngdy hode cung chii'a benh ddi vdi mdt sd trudng hgp dac biet Bdi vay, thay Cling va thay thudc van giir mdt vi tri quan trgng cdng ddng ngudi Dao Tiln Nhin chung, nghe thudc mac dii khdng mang lai ngudn thu Idn, song nd mang gid tri tich cue viec ciru giiip cdng ddng, dac biet Id nhiJng nhdm ngudi ngheo thieu dieu kien tiep can vdi cac phuang phdp cuu chOa hien dai Nhu vay, nghe thudc nam cdn cd gid trj cudc sdng cdng ddng, gdn kit tinh cdm ciia ddng bdo vd gdp phin mang lai hieu qua kinh te cho gia dinh Kit luan Ngudi Dao Tien d xd Ha Hieu hien cdn luu giiJ dugc nhieu tri thuc dan gian vl sii dung cay thudc, dac biet Id nhirng bai 20 thudc gia truyen Nhieu bai thudc, cay thudc cua ngudi Dao Tien da phdt huy tdc dung manh me chdm sdc sire khde cdng ddng vd gdp phin chua dugc mdt sd benh nan y, hode chi phi qud Idn ndm ngodi khd ndng ciia nhiing ngudi dan ngheo Da sd cdc thdy thudc ngudi Dao Tien tri cdc phuang phap kham benh theo each truyln thdng: nghe ke benh, hdi, quan sdt ngudi benh hoac lay thudc da cd kit qua kham chiJa b€nh ciia y hgc hien dai Cdch chiia benh truyen thdng la sac thudc cho ngudi benh udng hode dun nude de tam Viec ghi chep, theo doi benh nhan vao sd sdch khdng dugc thuc hien Hg cung chua dugc cip giay phep hdnh nghe y cua bat ky td chiic nao, chii ylu kham chira benh theo kinh nghiem Cac thay thu6c khai thdc ngudn dugc li^u tren rimg ludn cd y thdc tdi tao, nhung nhilu ngudi dan thudng di liy cay thudc vl ban chua cd y thirc bdo tdn, mdt sd vi lgi nhudn kinh te nen da tan diet nhilu cay thudc quy Mdt sd thdy lang da nhan gidng cay thudc d vudn nhd, song sd lugng dugc li?u phdt triln dugc rit it khdng phii hgp vdi dilu kien hau, thd nhudng Mde dii hien nay, dudi tac ddng cua nen kinh te thi trudng, cudc sdng cua ngudi Dao da cd nhilu thay ddi nhung hg van giiJ dugc truyln thdng chiia benh bdng cdc cay thuoc nam Viec tim hieu tri thuc ciia hg si> dung cdy thudc khdng chi cd y nghla gin giu mdt di san van hda ma cdn hilu dugc mdi trudng sdng, cung nhu mdi quan he giiJa vdn hda vdi cac ylu td kinh tl xd hdi eiia tdc ngudi Cdng ddng ngudi Dao Tien deu mong mudn dugc bdo tdn, phdt VS Trudng Giang - Nguyin Thi Tdm triln nghi thudc nam truyln thdng ben canh hS thdng y hgc cd truyln cac ca sd y te, nhim kit hgp cd hieu qud vdi y-tl nha nude chdm sdc sue khde ngudi Tdi li£u tham khao Pham Phi Anh (2005), "Bdo hg tri thiirc truyln thdng" Tap chi Hogt ddng khoa /ipc, Sd9,tr 18-19 Vd Vdn Chi (1976), Cdy thudc hi thuc vat miin Bac Viet Nam (phdn thuc vat hat kin), Luan an phd tiln sT Sinh hgc, Dai hgc Tdng hgp Hd Ndi Vu Trudng Giang (2008), "Tri thirc bdn dia ve thudc nam cua ngudi Thai d mien niii Thanh Hda" (Nghien cuu tai xa Yen Khuong, huyen Lang Chdnh), Tap chi Ddn /pc V c , S d i , tr 38-52 Trin Vdn Hdi (2012), "Khai thac thuong mai ddi vdi tri thirc truyln thdng tilp cdn tii quyIn sd hOn tri tue", Tgp chi Hogt ddng khoa hgc, Sd 3, tr 54-59 Trdn Van Hdi (2013), "Tinh mdi viec bdo hg sang chi ddi vdi cac bai thudc cd truyen cua Viet Nam", Tgp chi Khoa hgc, Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi; Lugt hoe Tap 29, Sd (2013), tr 7-15 Trin Hdng Hanh (2001), "Thulc nam phdng vd chiia benh ciia ngudi Dao Quin Chet d xa Tu Ly, huyen Dd Bic, tinh Hda Binh", Tgp chi Nghien cmt Ddng Nam A, S6 2, IT 67-75 Trin Hdng Hanh (2002), "Tri thiirc dia phuang sOr dung thudc nam ciia ngudi Dao Dd" (Nghien cuu d xa Ta Phin, huyen Sa Pa, tinh Lao Cai), Tgp chi Ddn tgc hoc, Sd 5, tr 23-30 Tgp chi Dan lgc hgc sd6 - 2014 21 Dang Thi Hoa (2001), "Tri thuc dia phuang v6 cay thudc ciia ngudi Hmdng d Tay Bic Viet Nam", Tgp chi Ddn tgc hoc, Sd 6, tr 48-55 15 Ninh Thi Phip (Chu bien) (2011), Ddnh gid da dgng cdy thudc tdm cua nguai Dao Td Phin, Sa Pa, Lao Cai, Nxb Ndng nghiep, Hd Ndi Trin Cdng Khanh (1978), Nhimg cdy thudc bd thuong diing, Nxb Khoa hgc va ky thuat Ha Ndi 16 Ddng Kim Thanh, Trin Cdng Khdnh (2008a), "Dilu tra ngudn dugc lieu y hgc cd truyen cua ngudi Dao Tiln d xa Tu Ly, Da Bic, Hod Binh", Tgp chi Y hgc Viet Warn, thang 6, Sd l,tr 8-11 10 Trin Cdng Khanh (2005), "Bao tdn cdy thudc dan tdc va tri thdc y hgc gia 17 Dang Kim Thanh, Trin Cdng truySn d Vi8t Nam", trong: Cdc cdng trinh Khanh (2008b), "Dieu tra ngudn cdy thudc nghiin ci'eu cua Bdo tdng Ddn tgc hge Viet ciia ngudi Cao Lan d xa Dgi Cin, huyen Nam (Tap V), Nxb Khoa hgc xa hdi Ha Ndi Yen Son, tinh Tuy6n Quang", Tgp chi Y hgc 11 Do Tit Lgi (1999), ATifmg coy ?M/oc Viet Nam, thang 6, sd 2, tr 5-10 vd vi thudc Viet Nam, Nxb Y hgc Ha Ndi 12 Trin Vdn On (2003), Gdp phdn nghien ciru bdo tdn cdy thudc a vudrt Qudc gia Ba Vi, Ludn dn tien sT Dugc hgc, D^i hgc Dugc Ha Ndi 13 Trin Van On (Chu bi^n) (2006), Cai each phdt triin duac liiu a vung nui cao Viet Nam, Nxb Ndng nghiep Ha Ndi 18 Nguyen NghTa Thin (Chu bien) (2001), ThiK vat hgc ddn tdc: Cdy thudc cua ddng bdo Thdi Con Cudng Nghi An, Nxb Ndng nghiep, Ha Ndi 19 Vu Hdng Thuat (2005), "Khai thdc vd sir dung cdy thudc d ngudi Ldo, Ha TTnh", trong: Cdc cdng trinh nghiin cuu ciia Bdo tdng Ddn tgc hgc Viet Nam (Tap V), Nxb Khoa hgc xd hgi Ha Ndi 14 Le Dinh Phai (1996), Nhitng vdn 20 Hoang Khanh Toan (2012), Duac di duac hoe ddn tgc (Mdi trudng vd ung xic lieu Viit Nam nguy ca can kiet, tren trang cua ddn cu Viet Nam trin ITnh vuc bdo ve http://suckhoedoisong.vn (Truy cdp siK khoi), Nxb Dd Ndng thdng I nam 2012) ... Anh, 2005; Trin Van Hai, 2012, 2013) Bai vilt trinh bay tri thiic ve thudc nam ciia ngudi Dao Tiln d xS Ha Hieu, huyen Ba B I , tinh Bic Kan Dia ban nghiSn cihi x a Ha HI6u thugc huyen Ba Be; phia... ngudi Dao Tiln d Hda Binh (Dang Kim Thanh, Trin Cdng Khanh, 2008a); tri thuc ve thudc nam cua ngudi Dao Quin Chet d Hda Binh va ngudi Dao Dd d Lao Cai (Trin Hdng Hanh, 2001, 2002) Thu nam, nghien... 39,98km^ gdm nhilu tgc ngudi cu trii: Dao, Tay, san Chay, Hmdng, Nilng, Kinh Trong dd, dan tdc Dao gdm hai nhdm la Dao Dd va Dao Tiln Do cu trii d khu vuc gan rimg nen ngudi Dao Tiln d xa Ha Hi6u cd