Những tín ngưỡng và kiêng kỵ trong sản xuất gốm ở Mường Chanh.pdf

Le Sy Gido - Trdn Diju Anh ivHtTNG TIN NGlTonVG V A K I E N G K Y T R O N G S A N X U A x G O M Of M U * N G C H A N H l e S? GlAO T R A N Dieu ANH Gidi thi€u Ldng nghe Viet Nam Id mdt thuat ngii diing dl chi cac don vi cu ddn, chu yeu d cdc vimg ngoai vi phd va ndng thdn Viet Nam, cd chung truyln thdng san xuit cac san phdm thd cdng ciing chung logi Lang nghi thudng mang tinh tap tuc truyln thdng d5c sdc, dac trimg, khdng chi cd tinh chat kinh te md cdn bao gdm ca tinh vdn hda vd sau cdn phuc vu cho hoat dgng du Mch tai Viet Nam La van Ld, 1968), "Tir lieu nghiin ciru lich sir xd hdi ddn lgc Thdf (dugc suu tam ciing nhieu tac gia, 1977) Ben canh dd, nghien cdu cua cam Trgng cung la nhiing tu lieu tdng quan va sdu sic vl ngudi Thai Mucmg Chanh cudn "Ngudi Thdi a Tdy Bdc Viet Nam" nam 1978 Tuy nhiSn, qua luge khdo nhiing tu lieu ndi tren, nghi gdm ciia ngudi Thdi thudng chua dugc de cap, thang hode dugc vilt din vdi trang md ta so luge vl sdn xuit gdm nhu mgt sd cdc nghi phu cua ngudi Thai Gdm Id mdt nhirng san pham thu cdng tiSu bieu, bin bi qua nhilu thi k^ gdn lien vdi vdn hda vd sinh hoat cua cac cdng ddng Neu nhu gdm Bat Trdng, Thd Ha, Huong Canh phd biln rgng rai d khu vuc ddng bing sdng Hong thi gom Mudng Chanh lai Id san phdm dugc cdc cu dan khu vuc mien mil Tdy Bdc bilt din va ua chudng Dac bi^t, day lai la san phim cii4»-ldng nghi cdng ddng ngudi Thai Den d Son La Lua chgn gdm Mudng Chanh nhu mot doi tugng nghiSn cuu chinh Id hai nghien cuu cua La Cdng Y (2002) va Pham Ly Huong (1982) Cdc tdc gia da md td dan tdc hgc chi tiet ky thuat vd qud trinh lam gom d Mudng Chanh cung mgt sd kieng ky lien quan Tuy nhiSn, van dl vdn hda, xa hgi cua lang gdm Mudng Chanh va ngudi thg lam gdm Mudng Chanh chua dugc khai thdc Nghien cuu vl ngudi Thai d Viet Nam dudi gdc dd vdn hda tdc ngudi phat triln tu nhiing nam 60 cua thi ky XX din Trudc hit, phai kl tdi cdng trinh ciia GS Ddng Nghiem Van vdi "Gido trinh ve cdc nhdm ddn toe Toy Thdi Viet Nam" (1965), "So lucre giai thieu cdc ddn tgc Tdy, Nimg, Thdi a Viet Nam" (ddng tac gia vdi Tin ngudng va kieng ky san xuat gdm phan dnh ddi s6ng tinh thin ciia ngudi Thdi Mudng Chanh ndi chung, ngudi thg ldm gdm ndi rieng Day cung Id nhiing sdn phim phi vdt the dugc bdo tdn qua ddn gian cda nghi thii cdng truyen thong dac trung d Mudng Chanh can dugc ghi ch6p, phan tich va luu trii Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc s6'6 - 2014 Bdi vilt nay' chu ylu Id md td dan tdc hgc vd ly giai nhiing tin ngudng va kieng ky mang tinh van hda dan gian sdu sac ciia ngudi thg thu cdng ldm gdm Mudng Chanh Trong dd, nhiing tin ngudng va kieng ky sdn xuit gdm Mudng Chanh chi tap trung khau dua gdm vdo Id vd nung gdm Cdc khau nhu chuin bj vd xir ly nguyen lieu (liy dat vd dap dit), tao hinh, tu sda va trang tri b6n ngoai khdng cd bat cir tin nguang vd kieng ky nao Tuy nhien, qua nhieu thap ky, nhiing tin ngudng va kieng ky chua bao gid bien ddi nguyen tic hay phai nhat ddi vdi ngudi thg lam gom Mudng Chanh Dilu ndy chdng td, ben canh vai trd tdm linh, chung ludn ludn cd mdt y nghTa nhit djnh ddi vdi sdn pham gdm Mudng Chanh Khai quat chung ve ngudi Thiii v^ nghi ldm g6m d Mudng Chanh Dua tren su tdng hgp nhung tu liSu Ijch sir gdm hai cuon su thi Thai Den Quam Id mirang (Truyen kl bdn mudng) va Toy phu xdc (Theo dudng dng cha chinh chien), cudn "Hung Hda xd phong thd tuc" kit hgp vdi Idi ke tir nljiing ngudi gia truyln qua nhilu thi he, Mudng Chanh la dilm hdi tu nhieu ddng di cu cua nhilu nhdm ngudi Thdi tir trudc the ky Xll Trong dd, phai ke din hai nhdm Thai Den, tiSu bieu Id nhdm ngudi Thdi td Xip Xoong Bdn Na (Trung Quoc) va nhdm Thdi Lang Chugng tu Mudng Ld di cu xudng Mudng Chanh trudc Id Chieng Quen, mdt chiing cua Mudng Mua thdi ky 16 chdu mudng xua d Tdy Bdc (Cam Trgng, 1978) Mudng Chanh la xa Mudng Chanh, huyen Mai Son, tinh Son La Day cung la dilm tu cu cua ddng hg ngudi Thai, lan lugt theo trinh tu di cu din day la: c i m , Ld, Hd, Luong, Vi, Hoang Ngudi Thdi Mudng Chanh hien hiiu day du cdc ddc diem chung cua ngudi Thdi Den d Tdy Bic Viet Nam Nhiing dac trung vl vdn hda nhu phong tuc, tdp quan eiia ngudi Thdi cho den van cdn dugc bao luu d Mudng Chanh Mac dii Id mdt xd miln nui, nhiing nam gan ddy, Mudng Chanh ngdy cang cd nhiing budc ddi thay ve dien mao ddi sdng kinh te - xa hdi Su tdng nhanh ve so lugng va loai hinh dich vu d dia phuang hi$n dang chdng minh ring cdc san phim chi tac tir Mudng Chanh hoan toan CO the dugc trao ddi nhu m^t djch vu hdng hda Nhung ki§ng ky san xuat gdm Kieng ky dugc thuc hi6n tu dua gdm vdo Id cho tdi gdm dugc nung xong Nhu vdy, tinh moi me gdm, nhirng kieng ky dugc tuan thii vdng mdt den hon mdt Nhirng kieng ky ndy dugc thuc hien tai hai noi chinh gin vdi sdn phim gdm va thg lam gdm: Id nung gdm va gia dinh ngudi thg ldm gdm 3.1 Kieng Aj; tai Id nung gom ' D I hoan hki viet nay, cac tac gia da th^c hi^n hai chuyln dlln d3 dan toe hgc vao thang nam 2013 vi Ihang n5ni 2013 Trong qu5 trinh dien da, cac tac gia da nhgn dupe s\r d^ng viSn, gliip t^n tinh ciia Tiln si dan tgc hpc ngvitl Thai Vi Van An, nhiing ngudi thg gom vh b i ngu6i Thai cr Mirong Chanh Cic tac gH xin Iran Upng cam on nhiJng giup dd quy bau Tir sdn phim bat ddu dugc dtra tdi Id nung, nhiing kieng ky sau dugc tudn thu tuy€t ddi: Khdng cho nhiing ngudi phu nii dang cd chda, gda chdng vd hay dang thdi ky kinh nguyet lai gin Id gdm Theo Le Sy Gido - Trdn Dieu Anh quan niem cua ngudi dan, nhiing ngudi nhu vay mang dieu xau, dieu gd theo; dd, neu hg lai gan Id nung gdm, se keo theo nhirng dilu xui xeo iy Din nay, mde dii chua cd moi lien he khoa hgc nao dugc chdng minh, nhung nhiing ngudi thg ldm gdm cho bilt da chung kien nhieu Idn nhting me gdm cua minh bi bdng, bi vd het nhirng ngudi dd, dii vd tinh hay chii y, cd mat tai noi ay cho du khdng cd gi sai sdt qua trinh nan gdm hay ddt Id nung gdm Bh tranh nhirng dilu khdng may nay, ngudi thg nan gdm ludn phdi tinh todn vd chii ddng cac hoat ddng cua minh Quang dudng td nha den Id nung cua ngudi thg khdng qua xa Khi dua gdm tir nhd xudng Id nung, san phim cd thi dugc xIp Idng vao nhau, chi mit - lin gdnh Id ngudi thg cd thi dua hit san phim xudng tdi Id Tuy nhien, liic ndo gia dinh ngudi thg cung dua gdm xudng Id vdo thdi dilm sau 12 gid 30 trua cho din trudc gid chilu dl It ngudi bdn thiy dugc viec nhd minh, trdnh dugc nhiing dilu riii ro khdng dang cd vi day Id thdi dilm ndng ndng nhit vd khdng mudn khdi nhd Bdn tinh can trgng ciia ngudi thg gdm dugc tri cudc sdng lao dgng ttr mgi viec nhd nhit Ong N., mgt thg gdm Idnh nghi, ngudi thg dugc nhilu ngudi ban, xd quy va nl trgng Thi nhung, dng cung ludn kheo leo tranh nhting dilu khdng hay, dng ndi: "Nhieu nguai thdy minh ldm dn, ho ghen Biil minh vdo 16 no xiii ddn bd dang cd chira CO kinh di vdo hdi ihdm minh Thi thi gdm cua minh hdng hit minh ciing chdng bdt din duac Vdy nin minh cu trdnh di minh ldm minh an nhd minh biil thdr 3.1 Kieng ky_ tai gia dinh ngudi thffgdm Khi Id nung gdm dd bit diu nung, gia dinh ngudi thg gdm budc phdi thuc hien cdc ki^ng ky nghiem ngat cho din Id tit Ida mdi thdi Nhung nghiem cim nhd gom nhting viec sau ddy: i) Gia gao: Ngudi Thai Mudng Chanh quan ni^m gid gao ldm rung long mach ddt, anh hudng den chit lugng gom; ii) Quet nhd, rda bat; va iii) Chdi dau, ggi dau Ddi vdi nhiing viec ndy, ngudi ta khdng Iy giai dugc nguyen nhdn, nhung tu nhieu ddi nay, nhting gia dinh ngudi thg lam gdm ludn thuc hien nghiSm tuc dl ddm bao Id nung gdm ciia minh dugc sudn se va cdng Viec tri nhiing kieng ky gia dinh ngudi thg lam gdm nhu m^t thdi quen va trd thdnh tap qudn lau ddi Dilu gdp phin tao n6n dac trung ciia cudc sdng gia dinh ngudi lam gdm Hg hda hgp vdi tap quan cua minh qua nhilu nam thang, nhung van tran trgng, tin cin vd tuan thii nghiem tue nhirng kieng ky iy Dac biet, ngudi ddng vai trd quan trgng thuc hien nhiing kieng ky vira neu la ngudi phu nii gia dinh Ngudi phu nii thugc "nim Idng" nhiing dieu cin trdnh, cin kieng qud trinh ldm gdm Hg la ngudi thuc hien chiing diy dii va diy trach nhiem hdng chuc ndm, va ciing an can chi bao chau theo dung trach nhiem cua minh Cang phdn tich sau vl nghe ldm gdm d Mudng Chanh, cang nhan thdy vai trd cda ngudi phy t\\!t mde dii khong hien htiu ro rdng 6k bit cu den nhd cung thay, nhung nhu mdt cdi bdng Idn dm tham theo sat ngudi dan dng nha, iam nen cdi hon, cai chit ciia sdn phim gdm Tgp chi Ddn lgc hgc sd'6 - 2014 Tin ngudng san xuat gom Tin ngudng ciia nghi gdm d Mudng Chanh khdng gin vdi thd to nghi nhu truySn thuyet "ba dng td nghe gdm" d lang gdm Bat Trang, Phu Lang, Tho Ha; cung khdng gdn vdi thd cac vi than lua, ma Id rit ben bi va sau dam nhu d Idng gom Hiln Le, Van Dinh Tuy vay, tin nguong cua ngudi Thdi Mudng Chanh sdn xuit gdm khdng so sdi va thilu dac sdc Dudi day Id nhting tin ngudng sdn xuat gdm cua ngudi Thdi d Mudng Chanh 4.] Cling xin Tin ngudng cua ngudi Thdi gin vdi y niem ve cai md ho ggi la "phr Theo each 1;^ gidi cd tinh chit tdn gido, ngudi Thdi cho rdng tren trdi dat vdn tdn tai hai the gidi Dd la the gidi su sdng va the gidi hu vd Thi gidi su sdng bao gdm su tdn tai ciia ngudi, mudn vat vd cdc hien tugng the trang thuc ciia nd ma ta cd thi true gide dugc Thi gidi hu vd bao gdm mdt cdi "sdng" ngu trj y niem ve cai ma hg ggi Id "phr Cdi hu vd dy quylt djnh su sdng thuc trang trang ddi sdng ngudi Thai Ching ban, ngudi ta mudn sdng vd sdng dugc Id nhd "phi khudri", cd nghTa tuong tu nhu linh hdn Nui non, sdng sudi, cay cdi, hoa la tdn tai nhiing hinh thii vd mau sac khde deu cd "khudn" ciia nd Luc lugng sdng tao "phi khudn" ciia van vat la "phi then" cd nghTa Id chu cdi trdi Thi gidi ciia "phr dugc ngudi Thai tin ring cd rdt nhieu loai "Phr gdm "phi"" tdt vd "phr lam hai Trong tin ngudng ciia ngudi thg gdm Mudng Chanh, "phi htrdn" cd nghTa la ma nhd, se phu hd cho Id gom nung khdng bi tit Ida ngang chung, lua chdy dd deu, sdn pham se khdng bj ne, niit Vi vdy, bit diu dua gdm vdo Id, ngudi thg hoac ngudi vg ciia se tham khin xin trdi dat vd "phi hiean" phu hd cho nha minh ddt Id Ngoai ra, xua dudi nhiing "phi hgC (ma ae) di cho khac, khdng tdc ddng din Id gdm ciia minh cung Id mdt dilu rit quan trgng tin ngudng ciia ngudi thg gdm Neu nhu khdn xin "phi hiran", ngudi thg chi can cau khin bdng Idi td that tdm thi ciing dudi "phi hgf lai cd nhiing bdi cung theo vdn theo nhip Dudi ddy Id mdt bai ciing dugc luu truyen vd su dung den ngdy nay: Khdi chi du ndt nam xd xia lo hay Chdu din chdu lo cudng lo hay a Mif-ni khdi chiphau hay a Khdi chi phdn hay a Chdu lin nha mi xdng ma ke ma khuong Sung khim cii chi nhdm doong Cdng cdng ii chi nhdm bay cu nhdm lay, Khdi nhdm bay nha ke nha khuong a Xd xia phi xia xdng Xd xia tqy xep manh ngam Sdm pan Id hgi Td ngang nggi sa lang hi Meng bdu Ii meng ngam nha ma sa Khdi chi phau hay Phau hay Ha mdn di slot pdt sloi Nha mdn le mdn nhdy Khdi chi qudt pay cu nam khau hu cu pii khau tham Qudt xd sang pay xia na An hgi nha hu hin dn khin nha hu thir Sap qudt qugi pay xia Cu nam khau hu cupu khau tham Xdpqy xia Qudt qugi lap xep manh ngau Sdm pau td hgi ngdng ngdi slang hi Meng bdu di manh ngam nha ma sa Khoi chiphau dm phau hay he man di Le Sy Gido - Trdn Dieu Anh Khdi chi qudt pay cu nam khdu hu cu pii khdu tham Phi pay Tdi se dudi di theo dudng cua vao l6 nude Linh hdn (xiu) di mau {Cdc tdc gid suu tdm vd dich) Tdi xin lay cay nat, cay nam dudi di Id chum Chii dit chii Id Id chum Hdm tdi xin ddt chum Tdi ddt chum Chii ddt dimg cho ma ldm cdng ldm manh Cao len tdi xin/sg dSm xudng Cong len tdi xin/sg ddm lai cho cti Dim lai dimg cdng dirng manh nhe Dudi ma mi di Dudi giun rit, cac loai ldm hai Con ngin ddi eon to nhd Con khdng tdt, eon biet cin hay sg Tdi se ddt chum Ddt chum cho chum chin, dep, tdt/diing nhu mong udc, chum den, khdng vd Dimg cho chum ne nirt Tdi s6 dudi di theo dudng eon cua vao lo nude Dudi cho cd ddn tron di Cdi hai dimg cho thiy, cdi xiu dimg cho dinh vdo Chd ndy cung dudi hit di (chum d ben, dudi lin) Dudi di theo dudng cua vao lo nude Dudi di hit khdng cho cdn giun ret Cdc ldm hai ngin eon dai Con khdng dep, bilt cdn hay sg Tdi se ddt Ig dot chum cho tdt dep 4.2 .Cdm ta leo Ciing nhu ngudi Thai d cdc vung khac cd nude, ngudi Thai d vung Mudng Chanh td trudc tdi thudng hay khdi ta leo 6k cam han (kieng nhd), cam bdn, cam mong (kieng bdn, ki^ng mudng) bdi ngudi Thdi viing ndy quan niem ring cac loai phi hgi, nhit Id phi phogng, phi su (ma cd rdng) rit sg nhin thdy ddu hieu cua ta leo Ta leo cd thi dugc dan bdng nan nua, tre, hode giang, thudng to khoang bdng hai bdn tay ngudi Idn, khudn hinh bdt gide hoac luc gide, dugc dan Idng mot theo hinh mit cdo {ta leo) de lam dl cdm phdt (cdnh la xanh) Tuy nhien, cd ta leo dugc ldm gidn don den mire toi thilu, tire Id chi cin diing ba chiee nan huge lai vdi hinh tam gide Dd la trudng hgp ciing cho ngudi dm, hode gidi han cho gia dinh, sg mam ciing khdng thi6ng, khdng ddng dugc din cho cdc vj thin linh vi bi cac loai ma hai nhu phi cat ngi (ma tr^ con), phi lai dip (ma chet tuoi) dn tranh mit, thi ngudi ta dat them ta leo tam gide len tren chile mam ciing md khdng cin cdm theo canh la xanh {phot), 6k dudi cac loai ma hai dd di Cdnh la xanh {phot) 6k cdm la leo tdt nhit Id cdnh Id cay gdng, neu khdng cd thi dung cdnh la dau hode la di Ngudi thg lam gdm sd dung ta leo tai Id nung gdm nhu mdt tin hi?u dl ddnh dau'" quyln sd hiiu, gidng nhu ta leo dugc cim d cac nuong, cac rudng cda ngudi Thai Them Tgp chi Ddn lgc hgc sd'6 - 2014 vdo do, gid tri tin ngudng cua ta leo a Id nung gdm cdn cd nhilu f nghTa hon gdm nhung gan tiln vdi vd phan dnh phong tue, tap quan, tin ngudng vd ddi sdng xa hgi Neu tai cdc rugng, nuong trdng lucmg cua ngudi Thdi Den d Tay Bdc Nhd dd, sdn thue, ta leo chi dugc diing nhu mgt tin hieu phdm gdm Mudng Chanh khdng phdi chi la cdu may, mong cho rugng nuong tuoi tdt, sdn pham thu cdng truyen thdng, ma nd cdn khdng bj pha hoai thi d Id nung gdm, ta leo dugc khoae len minh mdt niem tin, vdn hda cdn CO them ^ nghTa Id xua duoi nhting dilu cua ngudi Thdi Mudng Chanh vl cudc sdng xiu, "phi haf va ddc biet la y nghTa canh yen lanh Tinh chat tinh thin san phim bao de nhiing ngudi xung quanh tdn trgng, gdm Id sdn phim cua vdn hda dan gian idu tl nhj viec den tham hdi, ndi chuySn ddi va nilm tin bit diet ve cdc thi lire sieu T$p qudn Idu ddi cua ngudi Thai Mudng Chanh la sir trao ddi gin gui, thudng xuy6n giiia nhiing ngudi anh em, ngudi cung Idng cdng bdn Sau thdi gian di lam, hg thudng qua nhd thdm hdi nhau, ndi chuyen gia dinh, eon cdi cdng viec NhOng ngudi thg lam g6m cting dugc su quan tdm, quy cua ngudi dan cdng ldng, ban Vi thi, hg thudng xuy6n dugc anh em ban be qua lai, chuyen trd Ta leo dugc ngudi thg gdm lam va cdm d idi di vdo Id gdm moi dot Id nhu mdt tin hi^u thdng bdo tl nhi ,Nhd tin hieu ndy, nhiing ngudi phy nti dang mang bau, thdi ky kinh nguyet bode phu nd gda chdng se khdng den gin Id gdm, giiip cho nhiing kieng ky cua thg gdm dugc dam bdo nhien cua ngudi Thdi Mudng Chanh Tai li^u tham khao Pham Ly Huong (1982), "Nghi lam gdm Mudng Chanh", trong: Nhirng phdt hien mai vi khdo cd hoc 1982, Nxb Khoa hgc xahdi, HdNdi Cdm Trgng (1978), Nguai Thdi a Tdy Bdc Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hgc xd hdi, HdNdi Ddng Nghiem Van (1965), "Gido trinh vi cdc nhdm ddn lgc Tdy Thdi Viet Nam", Trudng Dai hgc Tdng hgp in Roneo, HdNdi Ddng Nghiem V^n, Ld Vdn Ld (1968), "Sa Urge gidi thieu cdc ddn lgc Tdy, Ngoai ra, tren ndc ham Id gdm, ngudi ta ciing cdm th8m mdt chile la leo Chiec ta leo mdi dam nhdn vai trd chinh tin nguong ciu diem may, dudi dilm gd cda ngudi thg ldm gom K i t lu^n Nhiing tin ngudng, kigng ky chi tdc san phim gdm Mudng Chanh chi tap trung khdu dua gdm vdo Id vd nung Niing, Thdi a Viet Nam", Nxb Khoa hgc xa hdi Ha Ndi Vien Dan tgc hgc (1977), Tuliiu ve lich sir vd xa hdi ddn tdc Thdi, Nxb Khoa hgc xahdi Ha Ndi La Cdng Y (2002), "Nghi ldm gdm ngudi Thai d Mudng Chanh", Tgp chi Ddn /pc/rpc, Sd 6, tr 18-24  ... ngudng va kieng ky mang tinh van hda dan gian sdu sac ciia ngudi thg thu cdng ldm gdm Mudng Chanh Trong dd, nhiing tin ngudng va kieng ky sdn xuit gdm Mudng Chanh chi tap trung khau dua gdm vdo... he, Mudng Chanh la dilm hdi tu nhieu ddng di cu cua nhilu nhdm ngudi Thdi tir trudc the ky Xll Trong dd, phai ke din hai nhdm Thai Den, tiSu bieu Id nhdm ngudi Thdi td Xip Xoong Bdn Na (Trung... nay, cac tac gia da th^c hi^n hai chuyln dlln d3 dan toe hgc vao thang nam 2013 vi Ihang n5ni 2013 Trong qu5 trinh dien da, cac tac gia da nhgn dupe s\r d^ng viSn, gliip t^n tinh ciia Tiln si dan