Tiếng Hà Nội và người Hà Nội - Một cách nhìn.pdf

Si8(238)-2015 N G N NGff & S d i S N G 15 INGON NGC HOC VA VIgT NGtT HQ(j TIENG HA NQI VA NGlTOfl HA NQI MQT CACH NHIN HANOI DLALECT AND HANOI PEOPLE - A POINT OF VIEW TR|NHCAMLAN (PGS.TS; D?i hpc KHXH&NV, DHQG Hi Nfi) Abstract: Locate an area of Hanoi dialect and Hartoi people, the paper deals with a point of view about two concepts of Hanoi dialect and Hanoi people by a discussion of another points of view about these concepts, and brings out simultaneously an opinion in terms of two variants of Hanoi dialect, those are urban Hanoi dialect and rural Hanoi dialect with their typical features Key words: Hanoi area; Hanoi dialect; Hanoi people; urban Hanoi dialect; rural Hanoi dialect l.Vii nit phic thio vi dja bin Hi Nfi Bao quanh vftng trung tfim nfiy Ifi cic khu vyc qua cic mic ljch su* ngogi vi, hay ngufti Hfi Nfi vin gpi lfi ngogi d, Tiing Hd Nfi vi Ngudi Hd Nft li hai khfii vfi dfiy ehfnh Ifi khu vyc diy biin dfng (Vfl nifm nhfin dupc sy quan tfim khdng nhft ctia Kim Bfing 2010) Mft sy phficfliioflieochiiu Phuong ngtt hpc Vift Nam thfti hifn dgi Cit lich dgi ilia bin Hi Nfi qua cic mic Uch sft li nghia khfii nifm nfiy hoin toin khdng phii li mft CO sft quan trpng cho vifc nghifn ciiu mft tiiiu dem giin Sy khdng dom giin iy thi tiing Hi Nfi hdm ndi rifng vi vifc dinh hifn qua nhiiu cufc tranh lufin eia efic nhfi vi khii nifm fling Hi Nfi vi ngufti Hi Nfi ngdn ngtt hpc Vift Nam qua nhiiu cufc hfi ndi chung thio rp len vio thfip kl cuii ciing trutic mie ki 1.1 Bja bdn Hi Nft Ihdi phong kiin nifm 1000 nfim Thfing Long - Hi Nfi Hfi Mfic dft trutic Thing Long chinh thftc Ngdn ngtt hoc Hi Npi vi mft si ca sft dio tgo trft thinh Kinh dd cfta nhi L^, dia bin Hi Nfi - nghiin cttu ngdn ngtt hpc phii hpp ti chttc biy gift dfi cft mft chiiu dii lich sft Tuy vfiy, Tuy nhidn, nhthig cufc thfio lufin, cho din vio thfti dft, nudic ta cft tdi 10 thi ki chiu sy nay, hinh nhu cflng vin chua dgt dupe mft fliing hi cia nhi nuftrc phong kiin phuong fliAa thuin chung cufc Di dinh hinh hai khii Bic, Hi Npi biy gift chi li mft vine dat nifm trin dfiy, thiit nghl, truftc hit phfii dinh thupc mft qufin cia nhi nuftc niy cho den thi htah khdng gian tin tgi cho hai khii nifm niy klfliftX Tft Ngi Quyinflifing^ufin Nam Khing nghi ngft ring dia bfin Hi Npi Hin rii xung vuong, nutic ta mfti bit dau dfe Trii ba trieu dgi phong kiin ngin ngii: (flieo nghla dia bin hinh cUnh) li mft khing gian khdng in dinh qua cfie thfti ki lich stt Ngd (939-967), Dmh (968-980), Tiin Li Nhfhig qui trinh tfich nhfip khic gitta (981-1009), Hi Nfi eflng vin chl li mft ving cfiefliftiki di tgo cho Hi Npi mft khdng gian tlit ven sdng Hong nim ft trung tfim chiu thi hinh chfnh lmh hogt vi ludn thay dii Tuy Bic Bf vi dupc biit din vfti cii tin Dgi La nhiin, eflng cd thi nfti, dtt hing ehyc lin thay thinh Cao Biin - mft tuftng cia nhi dii nhung dia bin Hi Nfi luin tin tgi mft Duftng - xfiy dyng cftn kinh dd ciia dit nuftc viing tnmg tfim in dinh qua cic mic lich stt van tpa lgc ft ving Hoa Lu (Trin Quic Cii vCmg tiimg tfim iy vin tin tgi vi gift Vupng & Vfi Tuin San 1975) nguyin vi thi cfta nft sau hing thi ki mfi Miafliunim Canh Tuit, L^ Cdng Uin lin chftng ta vin quen gpi Mphi phudng Hd Nfi ngdi vi quyft dinh dfti dd ttt Hoa Lu vi Dgi 16 N G N NGff & Bin S6NG S68(238)-2015 khdng gian dia If hai huyfn Vinh Thufin vl Thp Xuong CMng vdi vifc fliinh lfip fliinh phi Hfi Nfi, ngirfti Phip quyit dinhttfiphin dit ffng Hda vi Thuftng Tin vi cho Hi T^, tifi L^ Nhfin vi cho Hi Nam Nim 1889, ngufti Phip thinh lfip khu vyc ngogitiiinhHi Nfi bao gom nhihig phin dit cia hai huy^ Vihh Thufin vi Thp Xuong nhihig nim ngoSi fliinh phi.vi mft si xi,flidnfliufchai huyfn Tft Liim vi Thanh Tri Dau flii kl XX, vilo khoing ttt 1904 din 1915, ngufti Phip lfi quyit dinh nhfip khu vyc ngogi thfinh Hi NJi thinh mft huyfn ti^ fliufc tinh Hfi Dflng liy tfn lfi huyfn Hofin Long Nim 1942, hp lfi fliinh lfip mft dgi li dfic bift tivc tiiufc flM phi Hi Nfi gim huyfn Hoin Long vi 22 xi fliufc phi Hoii Ehic (Trin Huy Lifu 2000) 1.3 Bja bin Hi Npi lii 1945 din 1954 Nim 1945, sau C:ich mgngtilingTim thinh cing, nuftc Vift Nam dfin chi cfng h6a dfti, Hfi Nfi trft thfinh thi ciia dit nudc Ngiy 30/8/1945, Bfic Hi sic Ifnhfliinh% tjy ban nhfin dfin thinh phi Hi Nfi Ngiy 22/11/1945, mft sfic Ifnh khic quy dinh i chttc hfinh chfnh ciia Hi Nfi gim khu phi nfi thinh vi 120 xi ngogi thinh Ngay sau &, Hi Nfi lgi dupc ciu tiiic Igiflifinh17 khu phi nfi thinh vi khu hinh chfnh ngogi fliinh Thing 11/1946, Hi Npi chfnhfliiicdupc cing nhfin li thu dd cia nuftc Vift Nam dfe l$p flidng qua bin hiin phfip diu tiin Theo H, nfiflifinhHi Nfi biy gift dut;ic chiaflifinh3 liin khu: Liin khu nfim ft phia bic bao gim khu vyc qufin Hoin Kiftn vi mft phin hai qufin Ba Dtah vi Tfiy Hi hifn nay; Liin khu2 nfim ft phia nam bao gim khu vyc qufin Hai Bfi Trung, Hoing Mai vi mft phfin qi4> Thanh Xuin hifn nay; Liin khu nimftphia tfiy bao gim khu vyc qufin Ding Da, mSl phin qufin Thanh Xufin vi qufin Ciu Giiy hifn 1.2 Bia bitn Hi Nft thdi thuft: Phip (tit Vfiofliftitgm chiim, ngufti Phfip chia nOi 18SSdittl94S) fliinh fliinh 36 khu phi vfi mft dgi 11 tnit Nfim 1888, ting fliing Phip sic Ifnh fliufc mang tin Hoin Long vdi qufin (li fliinh lfip fliinh phd Hi Nfi bao gim hiu hft Minh Hing 2001) Nfim 1948, chinh phi » La, dii tin fliinh Thfing Long Thing Long chinh thftc trft thinh kinh dd cua triiu Ly vi kmh fliinh Thing Long chfnh fliiic dupc xfiy dyng Kinh thinh dupc xfiy trdn ving dat ba sdng - sdng Hing, sdng Td Lich vi sdng Kun Nguu - bao bpc Thing Long biy gift CO 10 trang trgi nfi thfinh vi 61 phuftng ngogi thinh Sang dfti Trin, ti chttc hfinh chinh vi dia gifti Thing Long vi co bfin vin gitt nhu dfti Lf Sang din dfti Le, khu vyc ngogi fliinh rit xuing cftn 36 phuftng Din nhi Le chiin thing qufin Minh, Thing Long dupc giii phftng, kinh fliinh dupc mft rpng phfa ddng (Trin Quic Vut;ng & Vfl Tuin San 1975) Din dfti Nguyin, vua Gia Long dinh di tgi Phi Xuin Thing Long khing cftn li kmh di Gia Long cho phfi Hoing thinh cfi, xfiy thinh mfti nhft htm vi mpi sy bi tri bin cflng thay dii Vio thfti Minh Mgng, vua xiy dyng mft hf fliing quin li mtii gim 26 flnh ti^ dii ttt bien gidi phia bic din miii Ci Mau, dfit tin tinh cd fliinh Thfing Long tpa lgc li Hi Nfi Ttt dd (1831), Thfing Long mang ten Hi Nfi Dia gitii Hi Nfi thfti Nguyin bao gom ving dit Thing Long cfl vi mft si dia phuong fliufc Hi Tfiy cfl, kdo xuing phfa nam den tfin Ly NhSn (Hfi Nam) Vi mfit hfinh chlnh, tinh Hfi Nfi dft cft phi: phi Hoii Dttc (gim thinh Thing Long vi Ttt Liem), phft Ung Hfta, phi Thuftng Tin vi phi Lf Nhfin Phi Hoii Dttc cft hai huyfn Vliih Thufin vfi Thp Xuong Huyfn Thp Xuong ft phia ddng kinh fliinh,tiendit eia cic qufin Hoin Kiim, Hai Bi Trung, Ding Da vfi mft phin qufin Ba Dhlh gim ting vfti 193 phu&ng Huyfn Vihh Thufin ft phfa tfiy kinh fliinh, ticn Sk cia mft phin qufin Ba Dtah vi cic qufin khfic li Tfiy Hi, Ding Da, Hofing Mai vi Thanh Xufin ngfiy (Hoing Dgo Thuy 1975, Tran Huy Lifu 2000) s i (238)-2015 NGON NGff & Bin S N G nWn Phfiptiifinhlfip dfi sfip nhfip Hi Nfi vi Hi Dong fliinh mpt tinh gpi li Luftng Hi Rieng Hi Nfi ehia fliinh huyfn li Trin Tfiy vfi Trin Nam Thfing 2/1949, Trin Tfiy vfi Tlin Nam ti* tiiinh lifn khu phi, ngogi thfinh chia lfim qugn Mft thfti gian sau, chinh quyin lgi doi liin khu phi nfi thinh fliinh qufin I vi H Thing 11/1949, chia qufin npi thfinh thinh 17 khu vi qufin ngogi fliinh fliinh 34 liin xfi (Trin Quic Vupng 2006) 1.4 Bja bin Hi Nft tit 1954 din 1975 Thing 11/1954, Uy ban hfinh chfnh Hfi Nfi dirtjTC thinh lfip Hi Npi dut;K: chia thfinh qufin nfi thinh vdi 34 khu phi vi qufin ngogi thinh vfti 46 xfi Nfim 1958, qufin nfi thinh dupc chia thinh 12 khu roi sau dd lgi duprc nhfip Igi thinh khu phi, cftn phin dit ngogi thinh vin gitt nguyen lfi qufin (Td Hofii & Nguyin Vinh Phuc 2000) 1.5 Bia bin Hi Nft Hi 1975 din a Giai dogn 1975 - 2008: Sau dit nuftc tiiong nhit, nfi thinh Hi Nfi dupc ciu trie lgi thinh khu phi li Ba Dtah, Hofin Kiim, Hai Bi Tnmg vi Ding Da Ngogi tiiinh gim huyfn Gia Lfim, Ddng Anh, Thanh Tri va Tft Liim,tiifing12/1975fliem2 huyfn Sftc Son vfi Mi Lmh Nfim 1980, Hfi Nfi lgi thay dii gim khu nfi thinh nhu cfl, 1ti4xi Son Tfiy vi 10 huyfn ngogi fliinh, ngoii huyfn cu, them huyfn cia Hi Tiy lie biy gift li Dan Phupng, Hoii Dftc, Phic Thp, Thgeh Thit Nfim 1981, khu phi nfi fliinh dii fliinh qufin NSm 1991, mft si huyfn vin thupc Hfi Tfiy vfi Vihh Phi dupc tri lgi cho hai tinh niy Ngogi thinh Hi Nfi chi cftn huyfn li Gia Lfim, Ddng Anh, Sdc Son, Thanh Tri, Ttt Liim NSm 1995, cftng vfti qui tiinh dd thf hfta Hi Nfi bit diu chi tiirong mft rpng nfi thinh vtii vifc thfinh lfip thfm cic qufin trin co sft mft si phuftng cua qufin cfl vfti mpt si xfi efla cfie huyfn ven dd Thfing 12/1995, qufin Tfiy Hi dutjc tiifinh lfip trin ca sft phuimg ciia qufin Ba Dtah vi xi fliufc huyfn Ttt Liim Thing 9/1997, 17 qufin Thanh Xuan dupe thfinh lfip vtii phuftng ciia qufin Eiing Da, x3 thufc Ttt Liim li Nhfin Chlnh v i l xfi fliufc Thanh Tri li Khuong EMnh Thing 9/1997, qugn Ciu Giiy dupc thinh lfip trin co sft xi cftn lgi cfta huyfn Ttt Liim Thing 11/2003, qufti Hoing Mai dupc thinh lfip trin co sft phuftng phia nam ctta t]ufin IM Bi Trung vi xfi cftn lgi ciia huyfn Thanh Tri Cing thfti tiiem niy, qufin Long Bien ciing dupc thinh lfip tren co sft thi tran vi 11 xfi thufc huyfn Gia Lfim Nhu vfiy, dia bin vi to chttc hfinh chtah cia Hi Nfi tiirftc 2008 cft qufin nfi thinh vi huyfn ngogi thfinh (Gia LSm, Ddng Anh, Sftc Son, Thanh Tri, Tft Liim) (DinflieoVfl Kim BSng 2007) b Giai dogn 2008 din ngy: Ttt ngfiy 1/8/2008, dia gifti hinh chinh cfta Hi Nfi dupc mft rfng tren co sft ht^p nhit thinh phi Hi Nfi vfti Hi Tfiy, huyfn Md Linh ciia Vliih Phic vfi xfi thupc huyfn Luong Son, Hda Btah Dfiy 14 lin mft rfng ldm nhfit ttang lich sft Hfi Nfi Hfi Nfi ti* fliinh mft flii dd vfti ting difn tich li 3.300 km^ vfti kfch cft dfin si tren trifu ngufti vio thfti tiiim dd Tyu trung lgi, ttt flii kl XI, L^ Cdng uin dinh dd ft Thing Long, cho din thfti tiiim niy, dia bin hinh chfnh Thing Long Hi Nfi tifi cft biit bao thay dii ciing vtii nhftag biin thiin thing trim cia lich sft din tfe Tuy nhiin, nhta mft cich ting thi, cho dft tiia gitii khu vyc ngogi vi cft linh hogt vi nhiiu biin doi qua cic qufi trinh tich nhfip thi khu vyc trung tam vin gitt dupe dp in dinh, vfbig bin bfn trong, dd li khu vyc nim gifta ba sdng (sdng Hing, sing Kim Nguu vi sing Ti Lich) mfi hgt nhfin cfta nft ching ta vin quen goi li 36 phi phudng Hd Nfi Dft li khu tam giic ci gom egnh: egnh Ihtt nhit giip vfti sdng Hing, chgy ttt Hing Dfiu tfti Him Tft Quan, egnh thtt tft Hing Dfiu qua Phftng Hung xuong Ciia Nam vi egnh thtt ttt Ciia Nam dpc theo tuyin Hing Bing, Hing Gai, ciu Go, Lft Sfl din Him Ttt Quan (Din flieo va Kim Bfing 2007) 18 N G N NGff & Bin S6NG Si8(238)-2015 Bin lugn ve dja bin Hi Nfi vi c(p Nfi nfim 2008) li tiing gi? Di dinh, vfti toSn khii nifm lien quan: Hing Hi Nft Ihi vi bf khu vyc tiiufc Hi Tfiy efl, cfng ding din cu khdng gian dft vin ndi mft thtt tiing tiing Hi Nft ndng than Cft flii nfti, de xfic dinh khing gian sinh mfi truyin thing quen gpi li tiing Hd Tdy vi tin cia ngufti Hfi Nfi vfi tiing Ha Nfi vi mfit khfii nifm nfiy tifitiifinhci dinh, di vfio tiim dia li, canfliietphii dya vio nhflng phan tich, thttc, trft thfinh tii thttc cia si ddng vfi cd thS lufin giii vi khong gian dia If Hfi Nfi Vi diiu bfiy gift, di muin hay khing, ciifliycthe niy, ching tdi chia si vtii Vu Kim Bing vi dupe dinh danh li tiing Hd Tdy iy vin tin t^ ding syftchi khdng flii khdng di cfip din ba vfi sttc sing cia nft li ty nhien, cft thi liu bin, phgm vi khdng gian bao bpc lay Phgm nfim ngoii y chf cia mii chiing ta eho dii chi vi cimg, dupc xem li hgt nhan li khu nhfin cia nti hifn cft thi dupc gpi li ngudi phi ci hay khu 36 phi phuong, tiip din li Hd Nfi Nhung, cfiu bfti tifit lfi cic cfng mft khu vyc rfng htm dutjc bao bi?c bfti ding cu tri tgi efic ving ndng thdn Hi N^ sdng (sdng Hing, sdng Kim Nguu vfi sdng Td khic nhu cic huyfn Gia Lfim, E)dng Anh, Sic Lich), dfiy li hai phgm vi khdng gian in dinh, Son, Mi Lmh cu'' ndi tiing dia phuong nao vttng bin qua cic thfti dgi, li khdng gian cfta nfti khing phii cflng li tiing Hd Ngi umg khu phi phuftng Hi Nfi thfti cfin hifn dgi, thdnl cflng li noi tgo nen mft thtt mi ing gpi li Vdi lfip lufin nhu vfiy, chftng tdi cho ring, liing Hd Nfi thi (Vu Kim Bing vi ding sy cin thiit phii tiinh hlnh Igi cii phgm vi khdng 2010) v i mfit thufit ngtt, chftng tdi cfing chia gian thtt ba - noi ton tgi efta tiing Ha Npi si vi stt dyng cich gpi niy ndng thdn - rfng htm so vtii phgm vi mi Vii Tuy nhifn, vi phgm vi khdng gian thtt ba, Kim Bfing vi ding sy dfi tiinh vi Phgm vi d6 cd mft sy khic bift giita quan diim cia ching bao gom it nhit toin bp phin khing gian dja tdi vtii quan diim eia Vfl Kim Bing vi ding If Hi Nfi ttudc nim 2008 vtii mft diiu kifn li sy Dd li, theo Vfl Kim Bing, phgm vi niy chip nhfin sy tin tgi liu dii hem cia khii ni^ chi li ranh gifti tiia 11 ciia hai huyfn Ttt Liim tting Hd Tdy, bit chip f chl chi quan eia vi Thanh Tri bfti theo tic gii thi diy vin li ngufti flii hifn trin sy sip nhfip Hfi Tfiy via dia gitii hinh chinh ngogi thinh liu nhit cfta Hfi Nfi vi phuong difn hinh chinh Cftn niu thfl dd suit chiiu tlii 1000 nim lich stt khfng, phuong in dung hda hom, tiinh dupc vi tgo nin tieng Hd Ngi ndng thdn Nhu vdi nhflng kl flii, vfi cft flii lfi hgrp li cho mft cii khii nifm tiing Hd Ngi thi, chung tdi cung nhta nhit qufin, dft li coi tiing ndi cia toinb$ chia sd vi stt dyng khfii nifm tiing Hd Ngi khdng plan hinh chtah ngogi thinh Hi Nfi d ndng thdn Tuy nhien, quan tiiim eia ehftng tiifti diem hifn tgi (bao gdm ci Hi Tiy curf tdi vi khdng gian tin tai cia tiing Hd Ngi cic xfi cia Hfta Btah mdi nhfip) li tiing B ndngthdntaUiic Ndi ndng thon Vi theo dd, niu tiing Hd M Cd 16 ching ta diufliCtanhfin ring tiing dd thi li mft thyc flii fliuin nhit, in djnh vi Hi Ndi ndng thdn chic chin phfii latiengndi bat biin mft efich tuong dii flii tiing Hd Wi cia ngirfti Hfi Ndi cu trft ft khu vyc ndng thdn nong thdn li mft fliyc flii Itah hogt vi da sic Vfiy niu chl coi tiing Hd Nft ndng thdn li hom Ttah da sic iy flii hifn ft sy tin tgiila fling ndi cia cic cu dfin cutiiifthai huyfn Ttt dgng cia nhiiu logi biin thi dia U vi xfi hfi i Liim vi Thanh Tri thi tiing ndi cia cu dfin nhiiu khing gian dia li vfi xfi bfi khic Hfi Nfi cu tii ft cic khu vyc ndng thdn Hi mi nit dfic bift hon efi li sy tin tgi dan xO Nfi khic (bao gim cic huyfn Gia Lfim, Eidng Anh, Sdc Son, Mi Linh, toin bf tinh Hi Tfiy tAi goi la *ca' bdi nhOng lin md i ^ g gin dK, da^ cfl vi cic xfi cia Hfta Binh mtii nhfip vfio Hfi 'Chlteg mot piiin, tham dil ptiin 16n tda mOt vij hu}«i Irong lO d a v qi4n v i duoc xem la khu w c n4i cOn Ha NOt hj«o dfi 56 (238)-2015 NG6N NGtr & D6I S6NG 19 ;ua nhiing ddo tho ngft dugc bilt den su6t trgng thdi hftnh chiic ciia mlnh v6i tu :hieu dM lich sur phuong ngft hpc Vi$t Nam cdch Id m$t phuang ti$n giao tilp, cdi ggi Id tihu ch Nhue, Trieu Khiic, Son Tay, Thach ng6n n ^ nhu chiing ta thudng ggi vft bilt Ihdt den, chdng hgn, tilng Vift, tilng Anh, tilng Du sao, hai van de 1^ vSn \k khdng Hdn chi tin tgi da&i dgng cdc biln thi X6t gian t6n tgi cua tiing Hd Ngi non^ thdn \k vl m§t dia U, logi biln the ton tgi mOt dau? C6n hay kh6ng khai n i ^ tieng Hd Toy phgm vi khdng gian thudi^ dugc xem lft cdc th6i hi^n d^i? Biet rdng dieu ndy ]k toi tiing dfa phuang Chiing ta c6 thi n6i Ngh$ sT kj nhui^ day sS la hai v ^ de vak chiing toi Nhu Qupnhndi tiing Hd Ndi, Bd Tdn Nit Thi vSn quyet djnh d^ ng6 khu6n kho bM Ninh ndi tiing Hui, bien t^ vien Hodi Anh vilt Ket lu|n v§n dang cdn phia tru6c ndi tiing Sdi Gdn, v.v Vd cd cdc Chi c6 dilu, vugt len tren s\r chua r5 rMig ay, phdt vi€n Ddi tilng n6i Vift Nam hay c3p khii ni^m tiing Hd Ndi ndng thdn \k Ddi truyin hinh Vift Nam n6i mft thii tiing tieng Hd Ngi thf s6 la hai khdi ni$m ma dii md mOt sl ngudi vSn ggi Id tiing phd thdng the ndo Ihi chiing van ton tgi vh chiing t6i sS tieng Vi^t todn ddn thi cdi thii tiing sifiu sic dyng chiing mOt s6 blnh di$n khdo sdt phuong ngft ly ciing van c6 ca sd tfr mOt thOr tilng l^ NQI tucmg lal tiingy mgt phuang ngit hay tieu phuang ngft Tieng Hi N^i vft NguM Hft N^i nhit djnh - thudng du