Luật tục người Thái trong mối tương quan với pháp luật của Nhà nước.pdf

y LUAT TUC NGU'Cn THAI TRONG MOI TU'ONG QUAN VOfI PHAP LUAT CUA NHA NU'dC VI VAN SON Tim hieu khai niem luat tuc va ludt tuc Thdi Khdi niem luat tuc duge cdc nha khoa hge ban luan nhilu, nhung ca ban thong nhdt khai niem dugc dua vao tir dian luat hge: "lua? tuc la nhiing qui tdc xir su mang tinh chdt bdt budc cdc cdng ddng ldng xd xdy dimg nin vd dugc truyen tir ddi ndy sang ddi khdc" (Tir diln Bdeh khoa, 2006, tr 528) Luat tuc cd the tdn tai dudi dang truyan mieng hoac cd th6 duge ghi bang vdn ban Luat tuc hay tap qudn phdp, tuong duang vdi cae thuat ngu nude ngoai customary laws, folk laws Id mdt hien tugng xa hdi phd bian cua nhan loai thai ky phdt trian tiln cdng nghiep vd edn tdn tai din d nhieu tdc ngudi tran tha gidi, nhdt Id ehdu A va ehdu Phi Cdc nhd khoa hgc coi luat tuc la mdt kho tang tri thiie bdn dia ve irng xir va qudn ly edng ddng nude ta, luat tue eiia cdc dan tgc thieu sd vd huang udc eiia ngudi Viet da duge cde nhd sir hge, dan toe hge, vdn hda dan gian, eae luat gia quan tdm nghian eiiu tir kha sdm ehi la "Luat" nSa (Ngd Dire Thjnh va Cdm Trgng, 2003, tr 34) Tuy vdy, cho tdi nay, rdt khd xdc dinh dau Id ranh gidi ciia luat tue ngudi Thai Cdng trinh khoa hge diu tian it nhilu dh cap tdi vdn dl la cudn "/"if lieu vi lich sir vd xd hdi ddn tgc Thdr ciia Ddng Nghi6m Van (chii bian) Cd tha ndi rang, hdu nhu mdi mudng ciia ngudi Thai xa xua diu cd bdn Luat le ban mudng "Hit khodng bdn mudng", tii'c Id nhu'ng qui dinh va ranh gidi ban mudng (chia bdn chia mudng), bg mdy quan ly, quan ly xa hdi, hdn nhdn gia dinh, nghi la hdi he, tdi pham vd cac hinh thiic xet xu vd trimg phat md mdt nao mang tinh ehdt ddn luat va hinh luat Nhu vay, luat tuc ngudi Thai gdm co ede bg phdn hgp Id luat ciia bdn mudng vd 16 tuc eua ddl sdng moi ngudi vd edng ddng, hgp cai duge ggi Id luat tue eua ddn tdc Thai Dilu eiing gidng vdi luat tue eua cdc ddn tdc thilu s6 khae, va phdn ndo khac vdi huang udc cua ngudi Viet Nhu tran da neu, luat tue ngudi Thai phdn Idn da dugc vdn ban hda (tap trung d ciia ngudi Thai phan Idn da dugc van ban Thdi Tdy Bdc) Dd la nhiing vdn bdn chep hda vd thudng mang mdt eai tan ehung la tay bdng chir Thdi co tren giiy ban hay vd ""Hit khodn^\ djch tieng Viet cd liie la hge trd, phdn Idn la chep lai, hilm co "Phong tue tap quan", "Le tuc", "Le", tham vdn bdn goc Cung gidng nhu ngudi Viet, luat tuc Tap chi Ddn tgc hgc sd - 2014 Dac diem cua luat tuc Thai Luat tuc Thai cd nhung dac diam sau: - Luat tue Thai ehua phdi la "luat" va tat nhian ciing khdng phdi Id "tuc", ma la hinh thiie trung gian gifta luat va tue Hay ndi each khdc, nd Id hinh thiie phdt trien eao eiia phong tue, tuc le ddn tgc Thai va la hinh thiie so khai, hinh thii'C ti6n luat phdp Chinh vi thi, hinh thue luat tue ndy phii hgp vdi xd hdi tian edng nghiep, phii hgp vdi cac cdng ddng nhd hep gan vdi tii'ng nhdm tdc ngudi, timg dia phuo"ng eu tha Dae trung khdng nhiing riang ciia luat tue ngudi Thdi ma ed luat tuc ndi ehung Luat tuc Thai {Hi! khodng bdn mudng) tdn tai dudi hai dang: Luat mudng va nhii'ng tue le Hen quan tdi cudi xin, ma chay Cling 16 Luat mudng duge coi nhu luat tue ehinh thiic ldm ca sd bdt bude de di6u hdnh mgi hoat ddng cua ban mudng Do vay, luat mudng mang tinh luat hon Id tinh tuc le, phong tuc Ndi dung ciia luat mudng da cap ede vin dl: lai Ijch mudng; ranh gidi mudng; bd mdy qudn ly mudng va quyen Igi eiia eac ehii'c djeh; nghTa vu va quyan Igi ciia ngudi dan; viee ciing ll, tl tu bdn mudng; eac qui djnh thudng phat lien quan tdi sd huu, quan he hdn nhan gia dinh, viee xam pham tdi than thi, cac phong tuc tap quan Hit khodng ciia ngudi Thai cdn bao gdm ca nhiing khia canh dao ly vd phong tuc, nhu eac cdu cham ngdn, tuc ngu' vl dao lam ngudi, tuc le cudi xin, tang ma vd tl tu phdn nay, cdc ylu td "luat" thudng md nhat ylu to 16, dao ly dam net hon - Khac vdi huang udc ciia ngudi Viet chi cd gid tn mot ldng, luat tue ngudi Thai cd pham vi dieu chinh rdng hon, bao gdm todn mudng, toan vimg, tham ehi cd nhilu ngi dung diau chinh ehung cho ea ddng tdc - Ludt tuc Thai khdng han eha miie hinh phat, ed tha ttr hinh mdt sd tdi danh va khdng han chi v6 tham quyln xet xir, khae vdi huong ude eua ngudi Viet la ldng xd bj ban eha mii'c hinh phat vd ban ehe quyan han xet XU' (lang xa chi dugc xet xir mot sd hdnh vi nhdt dinh, mii'e xir phat ehi duge xir phat nhiJng hinh phat vira nhu; phat tiln, danh roi, ngdi thir , khdng cd quy6n giam giii' ngudi khde) - Ludt tuc Thdi thian vl giao due, rdn de, phdng ngira Id chinh, cd ed hinh phat tii' hinh nhung rdt it, vd neu cd thi trude dimg hinh phat tu hinh da ed cac hinh thii'c gido due til' thap len eao Vi du, luat mudng, ludt 16 djnh vdi tirng loai ngudi ehi cd 03 loai ngudi phai tir hinh, la: ngirdi dn cudp (loai ngudi khdng ed cdc hinh thiic gido due); ngudi hay hat leo, xd xien, tdi nhd thi bdt, tdi to thi giat; ddi vdi ngudi ngd nghich {cdn ngdn), lan dau thi ming, mdng khdng chira thi ddnh, ddnh khdng chira thi bdt, bit khdng chira thi giat Trong ludt tuc ngudi Thdi cd mdt phdn quan trgng danh cho viee rdn day dao ly, nhan dl la Quam son cdn, nghTa Id dao ly ldm ngudi, phin thudng dugc dp dung cho ea cdng ddng Thai - Ludt tuc Thdi vd ludt ciia xa hdi phong kian sa ky vdi uy quyan rdt Idn eiia ehiia dat ma cao nhat la dn nha Chiia dat dn nha lai ddng thdi Id lanh ehiia phong kiln ciia mdt dia vue tuang duang vdi dan vj hanh chinh la mdt chau ciia nude ta ngdy Vi Van San chdng quan liau, tham nhung, cd nhirng qui dinh khd chdt ehe, ed qui djnh chi mang tinh giao due, rdn day la ehinh, nhung suy cho eiing, nhu'ng quy djnh diu hudng tdi ngan ehdn, phdng ngira, diu tranh ehdng cae bilu hien ti6u cue cua bg may vd eon ngudi cu thi; hoac ludt tuc ngudi Thdi cd cdc qui djnh vl phdng ngira tdi pham, gido due ythuc sinh hoat tin ngudng v.v Trong dilu kien mdt qude gia cd nhiau tdc ngudi ciing sinh sdng vdi trinh phdt triln khd eh6nh leeh nhau, vdi trinh xay dung phdp ludt cua ede ca quan nha nude edn han chi thi phdp luat edng khdng thi dilu chinh hit cac tinh hudng xdy^ thuc tiln Trong dd, he thdng luat tuc ngudi Thdi dugc due kit, sdng Igc qua nhiau thi ha, dugc kilm nghiem qua thue tien dleu ehinh cdc quan he edng dong ngudi Thdi, va phdn nao da khang djnh dugc vai trd di6u hda xd hdi Rd rang, d ddy ludt tuc se bd sung cae qui dinh cdn thilu ciia phdp ludt, tao di6u ki6n cho phap luat thuc hien duge vai trd qudn ly xd hdi hieu qua, ddp irng yeu cdu khach quan viee dilu chinh cdc quan he phdt sinh edng ddng Thir hai, luat tue ngudi Thai cd kha ndng hd trg cho phap luat Thuc t6, nhilu trudng hgp, cdc qui dinh cua phap ludt ehua hdn dugc dp dung vd chip hdnh ehinh xac, ddy dii edng ddng dan tdc dan tdc Thdi Chang han, luat tuc ngudi Thdi vl giao due ndng cao y thirc bdo va tai nguyen mdi trudng, gido due tinh bin virng hdn nhdn gia dinh, nhirng qui djnh vdi mire dilu ehinh khdc nhau, nhung dugc edng ddng tu nguyen thuc hien va thue tien eho thdy, nhimg khu rung d vimg eu trii eiia ddng bdo Thai phat triln tdt hon, ehe phu rirng eao hon vung khde; tinh trang xung dot, ly hdn gia dinh ngudi Thdi rit han chi v.v Trong trudng hgp nay, phap ludt va su thuc hian phdp luat chi cd thi diln nlu cd SU' hd trg ciia luat tuc ngudi Thai bdi vi luat tue cd khd ndng c6 kit edng ddng, cu thi hda, ehi tidt hda eae qui djnh cua phdp ludt chudn mue dao diie, each xii sir ciia cdng ddng Tuy nhian, dilu cdn luu ^ |a mdi lian h6 cua ludt tuc ngudi Thdi vdi pMp luat, nhirng khd ndng bd sung, ho trg ciia no ddi vdi phdp luat la mdi quan he chat ehe, khdng tha tdch rdi, ed gia tri to Idn, co y nghTa quan trgng qud trinh xay dung va dp dung phdp ludt d nude ta hien Thit ba, nhiJng gid trj tich cue he thdng ludt tuc eiia ngudi Thdi dd dugc due kit qua nhiau tha he, la tinh hoa van hoa ijan tde Thai, cd gia trj xay dung, cd ket C9ng ddng Idn lao Do dd, qua trinh nghien cii'u xay dung hoan thien he thdng phap luSt qude gia, ben canh khd ndng bd sungvahd trg eho phdp luat, luat tuc ngudi Thdi c6 tha trd ngudn hoat d6ng x5y dung va hoan thien he thdng phap luat, vira dam bao ngudi Thai dugc thira kl nhiJng gia trj truyin thdng eiia dan tdc vira lam phong phii phdp luat qude gia Nghian ciru van dung tap quan xay dung vd hoan thien he thing phap lual da dugc Dang Cong sdn Viet Nam chii trgng Tai Nghi quylt 48/NQ ciia B5 chinh tri khda IX, ed doan neu ro: "Nghien cini khd ndng khai thdc, sir dung dn le, tap qitw (ke cd tap qudn, thong li qude ti) va qui& ciia cdc hiep hoi nghi nghiep, gdp phan ho sung vd hoan thien phdp lugt" (Ban Chap hanh TW, 2005) Day chinh la sir cu tha hoa nhu'ng quan dilm ciia Dang vl quySti W" 49 Tap chi Ddn toe hoc s65 - 2014 ngudi, quyan eiia eac cdng ddng ngudi thieu sd viee xay dung va hodn thien phdp ludt Viet Nam thdi gian tdi Kit ludn Ludt tuc ngudi Thdi vd phdp ludt cd mdi lian he mat thiat, tdc ddng qua lai lan nhau, bd sung eho nhau, tao nen su hdi hda diau chinh ede hdnh vi ngirdi Ludt tuc ndi Chung, ludt tuc ngudi Thai ndi riang tran thue te da ho trg phap ludt da qudn ly xa hoi tgc ngudi tdt ban theo hudng phii hgp vdi van hda ciia tgc ngudi va dugc tdc ngudi nghiam tiic thuc hian Phdp luat khdng ngdn cam, loai trir mgi phong tuc tap quan tdt dep ciia cae dan tgc ma ddng hanh vdi nd, tao diau kien da tdp qiidn hay luat tuc phat triln ldnh manh, ed y nghTa, trudng tdn ddi sdng xa hdi Phdp ludt chi ngdn cdm, loai bd nhirng phong tuc tdp qudn cd hai cho xa hdi, khdng phii hgp vdi tien bd xa hdi Ban Chip hanh TW (2005), Nghi quyet ciia Bg ehinh tri ve chiin luge xdy dimg vd hodn thien he thdng phdp ludt tgi Viet Nam din ndm 2010, dinh hudng den ndm 2020 Nhd xudt bdn Chinh trj qude gia (2000), Luat tuc vdphdt triin ndng thdn Viet Nam hien nay, Ky ylu Hdi thdo khoa hgc Ha Ndi Chu Thai Son, Cdm Trgng (2005), Ngirdi Thdi, Nxb Tre Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh Ngd Due Thinh, Cdm Trgng (2003), Ludt luc Thai d Viii Nam, Nxb Van hda ddn tgc, Ha Ndi Ngd Diic Thjnh (2003), 77m hiiu ludt tuc cdc tgc ngudi d Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hge xa hdi Ha Ndi Cdm Trgng (2005), Nhirng hiiu biit Tai lieu tham khao Vi Van An (1999), Thiit ehe bdn mirdng truyin thdng ciia ngirdi Thdi d miin Tdy Nghi An, Ludn an tiln sT Sii hge, Vien Dan tdc hgc Ha Ngi ve ngirdi Thdi d Viet Nam, Nxb Chinh trj qude gia Ha Ndi Tir diln Bdeh khoa (2006), Tir diin Ludt hgc, Nxb Tir dian bdeh khoa, Nxb Tu phap  ... ll, tl tu bdn mudng; eac qui djnh thudng phat lien quan tdi sd huu, quan he hdn nhan gia dinh, viee xam pham tdi than thi, cac phong tuc tap quan Hit khodng ciia ngudi Thai cdn bao gdm ca nhiing... mdng khdng chira thi ddnh, ddnh khdng chira thi bdt, bit khdng chira thi giat Trong ludt tuc ngudi Thdi cd mdt phdn quan trgng danh cho viee rdn day dao ly, nhan dl la Quam son cdn, nghTa Id dao... sinh hoat tin ngudng v.v Trong dilu kien mdt qude gia cd nhiau tdc ngudi ciing sinh sdng vdi trinh phdt triln khd eh6nh leeh nhau, vdi trinh xay dung phdp ludt cua ede ca quan nha nude edn han chi