Of r/ r/ • * • hi9 OIADJQ^HH VA VAST HOA GIADIMI o NGUYEN MINH THONG Gia dinh 1^ t l bao cua xa hpi, lii nhdm xa h$i d^c tht) co vai trd co* sd kiln tao nSn xa hpi r$ng Idn Qua trinh phdt triSn cua mSi quoc gia, dan toe phu thu^c rat nhi^u v&o sir t6n tai va phat triln cua gia dinh Th6ng thirdng b nhihig qndc gia c6 t6c d$ tfing trirdng cao, gia £iih \k diim xu4t phdt vd trdr vl cua cdc chinh sdch xa hpi, Id mdi tnrdng quen thugc vdi hau hit mpi thdnh vien xa hgi 8d Id linh vyc ma cung cd thi tham gia vdi tir cdch Id ngudi cn$c Htm nira, dd cung Id tinh vyc tinh te, pbong phti, phdrc t^p, d^y mau thuln vd bien ddng I Khdi ni^m gia dinh Cd thg ndi gia dinh da, dang va se la van dg cua mpi dan tgc va thdi dai Dac biet vai ndm trd lai day, van de gia dinh ndi Ign nhu mpt tieu diem trgng yeu dupc cpng ddng x3 hdi ddc biet quan tam Tgi chau A ndi chung va Ddng Nam A ndi rieng, ngudi ta ndi nhieu din gia dinh, van hda gia dinh nhu mpt giai phap de ngan trd sy xam thuc d at cua van hda phuong Tay Pfjl So 362 Eli Thang 8-2014 Hi?n nay, nhilu qudc gia chau A dd co Vi?l Nam, dang irong mdt cudc chuyin minh vi dgi: Ihyc hien cdng nghiep hda, hien dgi hda va dd thj hda vdi quy md va Idc dp cang gia tang manh liet Ciing vdi qua trinh d Vi^t Nam la su chuyin ddi va phat trign kinh te thj trudng djnh huong xa hdi chii nghTa Nhitng biln chuygn kinh te - xa hdi da tac dgng mgnh me va sau sac den thigt che gia dinh mdt thiet che lau ddi va bgn vung, song ciing het sue nhgy cam vdi mpi bien ddi chinh tri, xa hgi va Hch sir La mpt xa hdi thu nhd, gia dinh hien dipn ddy dii cac quan he xa hdi tren cac ITnh vyc kinh ll, giao due van hda td chuc Nhung biln chuyen xa hdi da va dang dpi vao gia dinli irgn mgi phuong dien va dua den nhirng h? qua da chieu, Thilt chi cd tinh ben viing cung dang vgn dpng ddi mdi va thich irng vdi nhu cdu ciia xa hgi duang dai Dugc xem nhu la te bao lam ngn sinh the ciia mdt cpng ddng xa hpi qudc gia, dan tpc, gia dinh la mdi trudng dau tign va sau ciing co y nghTa quan trpng qua trinh hinh thanh, nudi dudng va giao due nhan each ngudi, bao tdn va phat huy van hda truyen thdng tot dep, phdng, chdng va ngan ngira cac te nan xa hpi, tao ngudn nhan luc phuc vu su nghiep xay dyng va bao ve td qudc Gia dinh la mdt nhdm xa hgi dugc hinh tren ca sd hdn nhan va quan he huyet thong, Nhiing vien gia dinh cd sy gSn bo va rang bugc vdi ve trach nhiem quyen lpi, nghTa vy cd tinh hgp phap dugc nha nudc thiia nhan va bao ve, Gia dinh cung la mdt nhdm xa hpi, nhdm lam Iy - tinh cam dgc thii, vdi cac mdi quan h? ben vdi sy tac ddng qua lai ndi bg ciia cac vien de thda man nhtmg nhu cau ciia mdi ngudi, ma trpng tam la mdi quan he giiia v? va chdng, theo dd la quan he giiia cac thg h? dng, ba, con, chau gia dinh Tuy cdn cd sy khac biet quan dilm, nhung gidi nghien citu chuyen va khdng chuyen diu thdng nhat rdng: gia dinh la mgt thilt chi xa hpi, dua trgn hai mdi quan he co ban la hdn nhan (chdng - vg) va huylt thdng (cha - me - con) QIAPINH Ludt Hdn nhdn vd gia dinh Viet Nam nam 2010 dinh nghTa: "Gia dinh la lap hgp nhiing ngudi gan bd vdi hdn nhin quan he huylt thdng hoac quan he nudi dudng, lam phat sinh cac nghTa vu va quyen giiia hp vdi theo quy djnh ciia Lugt nay" (1) Tyu trung Igi, gia dinh cd nhOng dac trung co ban nhu sau: la mdt nhdm xa hpi phai cd tu hai ngudi trd Ien; gia dinh phai cd gidi tinh (nam, nu); quan he gia dinh phai la quan he rugl thil huylt Ihdng nghTa la cd quan he tai san xudt ngudi; cac vien gia dinh phai gdn bd vdi ve dac diem tam sinh ly; phai cd ngan sach chung; phai sdng chung khdng gian mpt nha Sinh thdi, Hd Chi Minh timg khdng djnh: " nhigu gia dinh cpng lai mdi xa hdi xa hpi tdt thi gia dinh cang tdt gia dinh ldt thi xa hpi mdi tdt", Chinh vi vgy, xay dyng gia dinh no am, binh ddng, tiln bd, hanh phiic dang la van de Ihu hilt sy quan tam ciia ca xa hdi Gia dinh Viet Nam hipn dang phai duong ddu vdi mdt loat thir thach ldn chuyen tit md hinh gia dinh truyin thdng sang gia dinh hi?n dgi De tdn tai va phat trign, mdi gia dinh phai tim each thich img vdi nhiing dilu kien mdi, timg vien gia dinh phai ly dilu chinh cac mdi quan hp gia dinh Trgn thyc tl, sy tang trudng kinh ll nhanh chdng cung vdi nhiing trao luu lign bg vg khoa hgc cdng nghe cd phan khdng tuong xiing vdi su phat trign vSn hda, xd hgi Mat trai ciia kinh te thj trudng va Idi sdng cdng nghigp cue doan da lam dd vo, md nhat mpt sd he thdng gia tri tinh thdn dgo due d nhieu nudc tren the gidi, dd cd Viet Nam Tren nhieu ITnh vyc, gia dinh Vi?t Nam dang gap khdng it khd khan, bl tde qua trinh thyc hipn chitc nang cua nd kgo theo sy suy thoai vg cdc dinh hudng gia tri anh hudng phan nao dgn sy phat trign ciia the he tre Mdi quan he giua cac vign gia dinh cdn ggp khdng it nhiing khiic mac va nhieu van de nan giai Gia dinh cd quy lugt phat trign mang tinh chdt, djc thil rieng voi tu each la mgt thi thdng nhdt, mpt le bao hoan chinh va la mpt don vj co sd ciia mpt xa hdi cy the, Gia dinh giii mdt vi tri ddc bipt quan trpng, gdp phdn quyel dinh vao thdng Ipi ciia cdng cudc ddi mdi vg kinh te, xa hgi ciia ddt nudc hipn Tim hieu cac giai dogn phdt triln ciia gia dinh Viel Nam, chiing la cd ihl hiiu rd hon vi tri, vai trd ciia gia dinh timg giai dogn phai trien ciia Hch sir dan tpc bdi le, mdi mdt qudc gia, dan tpc deu cd qua trinh phat trign mang tinh d5c thii Sy bien ddi ciia gia dinh cung nam chung xu the phat trign ciia tirng giai dogn ljch sir d lirng cdng ddng xa hgi Trinh van minh d mdi Ihdi dgi se anh hudng sau sac den cudc sdng, cau tnic chiic nang ciia quan he ndi bd gia dinh, tao ngn nhiing net phd bien va bign ddi ciia gia dinh Trong nen van minh liia nudc lau ddi d Viet Nam, gia dinh la dan vj td ehue san xuat ty chii, ddng thdi Iam co sd nen mdng ciia xa hdi Nang lyc ciia ngudi dan dng xa hdi phong kign dugc thg hien d kha nang tu than, te gia, trj qudc va binh thien hg Trinh dp ciia hp dupc danh gia d nang lyc tien ni gia hau tri qudc Hdn nhan nam na cha me ap dat, Ipi ich ca nhan phai phye tiing lpi ich gia dinh, gia tpc Vai trd nam gidi dugc coi trpng Ngudi trai trudng (con trai ca) cd quyen hanh va quyen Igi ciia ngudi gia trudng Gia dinh thdi phong kiln cd nhigu thg he ciing chung sdng (tam, lii, ngu dgi dong dudng) va chg dp da the, Viec Iy dj vp hilm xay bdi sy rang bupe ciia ll giao phong kiln (lgi gia tdng phu, xual gia tdng phu, phu tit ldng tit) Quy md gia dinh giai doan thudng ldn hau het la nhiing gia dinh tam dai tit dgi ddng dudng (gia dinh gdm ba bdn the he) Trong nen van minh cdng nghiep, gia dinh khdng cdn ia dan vi sdn xuat ty chii ma gdm nhiing ngudi lam thue, nhung ngudi chu xa hgi cac nha quan ly, kinh doanh, cac vign chitc lam cdng dn luong Hdn nhSn gia dinh vg ca ban theo hudng tu lua chgn ciia nam nu khdng chiu sy dp dat ciia cha me, hp hang Vi vay, lgi ich ca nhan hgnh phuc ca nhan c^ng dugc chii trpng Co cau gia dinh hai thg h? la phd bign Quy md gia dinh nhd di rat nhieu Trong xa hdi hien dai ngudi (dac biet la phy nii) dupc giai phdng bdi tipn ich ciia qua van minh cdng nghipp, cd nhilu thdi gian nghi ngai, hpc tap, giai tri, vui choi Gia dinh Viet Nam qua trinh phat Irien dd dang va So 362 i n Th^ng 8-2014: se chiu anh hudng ddng thai cua truyin thong va hien dgi, dd cd van hda phuang Ddng, van hda Ddng Nam A va anh hudng ciia Nho giao Phgt giao, Thien Chiia giao Nhilu y kien da thdng nhdt chia ra'S giai dogn phat trien ciia gia dinh Viet Nam nhu sau: gia dinh Viet Nam truyin thdng thdi phong kien, gia dinh Viet Nam thdi Phap thudc, gia dinh Viet Nam thdi khang chiln chong Phap va chdng My, gia dinh Viet Nam thdi ky xay dyng CNXH tren pham vi ca nudc, gia dinh Viet Nam thdi ky ddi mdi hien (giao luu hdi nhgp qudc te va khu vyc, cdng nghiep hda, hien dgi hda, dd thj hda) Day la each phan chia theo chilu lich dgi va nhan dien dac dilm gia dinh lirng giai doan lich su nhat djnh Mot sd mo hinh gia dinh Viet Nam hien Cd thg nhgn dien mgt sd md hinh gia dinh chil yeu d nudc ta hien nhu sau: gia dinh hat nhan gdm ddi vg chdng va nhiing dira chua trudng thanh; gia dinh md rgng nhieu the he, nhiing gia dinh cd quan he rugt thit, eiing chung sdng Irong mdi hd (lam dgi, tit dai ddng dudng); gia dinh ghep, tit hai gia dinh hgt nhan trd len (thudng la da hdn) va cau triic gia dinh kieu ludn ludn bign ddng; gia dinh thda thugn mdi; gia dinh cau tgo lgi; gia dinh dan than, ddc than; gia dinh ket bgn (nhu vg chdng); gia dinh chi cd me; gia dinh ddng linh Gia dinh Viet Nam phdn ldn la gia dinh hat nhan, dd chi cd mdt cap vp chdng (bd me) va cai ma hp sinh Hau het cac gia dinh tri thirc, vien chiic nha nudc, cdng nhan cdng nghiep, quan dpi cdng an diu la gia dinh hgt nhan Xu hudng hgi nhan hda gia dinh d Viet Nam dang cd chieu hudng gia tang vi nhieu uu diem va lpi thg ciia nd Trudc hel, gia dinh hat nhan tdn tgi nhu mdt don vj ddc lap, gpn nhe, linh hogt va cd kha nang thich ung nhanh vdi cac bien ddi xa hgi, cd su ddc lap vg quan he kinh tl, Kieu gia dinh tao cho mdi vien gia dinh khoang khdng gian tu tuong ddi Idn dg phat trign ca nhdn, dd, tinh ca nhan dugc dg cao Trong xa hdi hien dai mite dpc lap ca nhan dugc coi la mdt ylu Id bieu hipn chat lupng cupc sdng gia dinh Tinh dgc lap ca nhan dupc Sd 362 IThang 8-2014 gia dinh tao dilu kien nudi dudng phat trien se tao phong each sdng, tinh each, nang lyc sang tgo rigng, khien cho mdi ngudi deu cd ban sac Dd cung chinh la ngudi cd kha nang dap iing yeu cau cdng nghiep hda hien dgi hda Tuy nhien gia dinh hgt nhan cung cd nhirng digm yeu nhat dinh Chang han, muc dp lien kit giam siit va sy ngdn each khdng gian giiia cac gia dinh nen kha ndng hd irg Ian ve vat chdt va tinh thdn bj hgn chi Anh hudng ciia thi he tdi it di ciing lam giam kha ndng bao luu cac gid tri van hda truyen thdng gia dinh Dil vay, gia dinh hat nhan van la logi hinh kha phd bien d nudc ta hien va la loai gia dinh thinh hanh cac xa hdi cdng nghiepdd thj phat trien Dd cung Id kigu gia dinh cua xa hdi hien dai Hien nay, ciing vdi su phat trien ciia xa hpi hien dai d nudc ta, cac loai hinh gia dinh ciing dan bien ddi vdi nhieu dgng gia dinh mdi nhu: gia dinh don than (me va con, cha va con), gia dinh cac cap ddi nam nii khdng ket hdn van chung sdng ty nguyen, thgm chi la gia dinh ddng tinh dang gay nhieu y kien trai chigu d Viet Nam va tren the gidi Day la nhirng bien ddi ciia gia dinh thdi hien dai, hdm an nhieu gia trj khac chiu su chi phdi ciia cac dieu kien kinhte, chinh trj, vdn hda xa hpi Cd the ndi gia dinh Viet Nam hien da va dang bien ddi dudi lac ddng ciia nhirng chuyen bien xa hdi Tuy nhien, su bien ddi khdng h5n se tach rdi nhiing ddc trung Iruyen ihdng cua gia dinh Viet Nam ma van tiep tuc ke thira tren co so thich nghi vdi nhimg dieu kien hoan canh mdi, Chuc nang cua vdn hda gia dinh van hda gia dinh la mgt he gia trj tinh than dugc hinh lau ddi theo thdi gian, duac hien thj qua sy quy udc each ung xit giiia cac vien gia dinh Vdn hda gia dinh dam trach nhung chitc nang ca ban sau: chitc nang gdn bd vo chdng va sinh de cai, chitc nang thda man nhu cau tam ly, tinh cam, chiic nang an djnh uy tin va dia vi xa hdi, chuc nang giao due ngudi, chitc ndng bdo ve cac viea (an ninh linh than), chuc nang giai tri, chiic nang thyc hanh tdn giao, lin ngudng rslABINH Gia dinh la mdi nhdm tam ly - tinh cam xa hdi dgc thil Cac mdi quan he, su cd ket giira cac vien gia dinh bat ngudn tit quan he huyet thdng rugt thil va quan he tinh cam, trach nhiem Trong gia dinh, cac vien gan bd vdi bdng nhifng nhiing mdi Hen he thudng xuyen, lau dai Trong gia dinh thuan hda, hgnh phuc, cac vien ludn quan tam din nhau, hy sinh cho nhau, khdng ngai thiet thdi Gia dinh d nudc ta thdi ky cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda da dugc coi la mgt van de xa hgi Idn, cd vai tro quan trgng de thiic day sy phat trien bin virng ctia xa hdi Viec td chirc gia dinh tdt va giao due gia dinh chu dao se cd tac ddng sau xa din viec hinh nhan each ngudi, tao tien de quan trpng dg cung cap ngudn nhan lyc dap img vdi yeu cau ciia dat nudc qua trinh phat trien Vi vgy, giao due gia dinh the hien tinh da dang va nhieu chieu, viia cd anh hudng ciia ca nhan ddi vdi ca nhan (giira cha me vdi cai, giita dng ba vdi chau), vira cd anh hudng ciia ca tap the lien ket vdi lac ddng den timg ca nhan qua ldi sdng nep sdng o mdi gia dinh Tinh da dgng ciia giao due gia dinh cdn the hien qua phuong phap giao dye, khdng chi bang ldi ndi ma bdng thai dp, tinh cam, neu guong, khdng chi la ndi ly thuyet sudng ma phai bang thuc lien lir nhiing viec lam cu the; qua viec ma cac vien gia dinh tiep xiic rgng rai vdi mdi trudng xa hdi tao cac he gia trj khac giao due cac the he Day la nhiing van dg quan trpng ma mdi gia dinh khd cd the hinh dung het va thay hgt dugc trach nhiem ciing nhu vai trd ddng gdp to ldn ciia minh cho tuong lai ciia dan tpc Dg dat dugc tieu chi dd, hem bao gid hgt cac vien gia dinh ma quan trgng nhat la cac ban tre phai thyc su chung sire chung ldng ddng gdp site lyc dii chi la be nhd ddi vdi sy phat trien ciia gia dinh Mudn cho gia dinh am no trudc het, cac vign phai gdp phan ciing gia dinh lam tdt chiic nang phat trien kinh te, xda ddi giam ngheo Mudn gia dinh binh ddng tien bd, hanh phiic va phat trign bgn viing thi cac vign phai dupc hpc tap, dugc gido due tat ca ve hgc van, chuyen mdn, vl van hda truyen thdng tdt dep ciia gia dinh, ciia que huong ddi nudc Nhu vgy, xay dyng gia dinh theo chuan myc no am binh dang, tien bd, hanh phiic khdng chi tao sy tien bd loan dien cho mpi gia dinh mpi ngudi ma cot ldi chinh la viec tao nen diem lya viing chac cho mdi tg bao xa hdi Khi ire em ldn len mdi trudng lanh manh va phat trien cua gia dinh, chiing se trd thdnh nhiing chii nhan tuang lai dap ung vdi yeu cau ciia thdi cdng nghiep hda hien dai hda dat nudc Gia dinh van dugc coi la mdt nhtmg gia trj linh than vd ciing quy gia cua nhan logi Gia dinh giao dye ngudi mpt each toan dien tit luc tre tho hinh nhfrng pham chat va nang luc co ban dau tign ciia ngudi (sinh dudng - giao) Tre em ludn cd xu hudng bdt chudc ngudi Idn nen cha me dng ba la nhiing ngudi thay dau Hen Ngudi Viet xua da phan tich, ly giai dieu dd qua nhiing cau: Con nhd tdng khdng gidng long cimg gidng cdnh, Gio nhd quai nhd ndy Tricng rang lgi na rdng, liu diu Igi n&ra ddng liu diu Ldm quan cd md ke cd cd ddng Dgy tie lhu& cdn tha, Dich lu nbi gido (ddi cho ma dgy) Giai phap de nang cao chat luong van hoa gia dinh hien Truyen thdng van hda gia dinh ctia dan tgc can dugc giit gin va phat huy irong xa hgi hien dai Dac biet d Viet Nam, van dl gia dinh dupc Dang, Nha nudc hgt sire quan tam Ngay 28-6 hang nam da dugc chgn la gia dinh Viet Nam dg hudng tdi muc tieu xay dyng gia dinh Viet Nam no am, binh dang, tign bd, hgnh phiic va phat trien ben viing Trong Van kiin deu hot dgi bieu todn qudc ldn thie XI, Dang la xac djnh phai cham lo phat trien vdn hda va sdm cd chien lupc qudc gia vg gia dinh Viet Nam Nham myc dich nang cao chat lupng giao due gia dinh can chii y den mdt sd giai phap sau: Nang cao nhgn thiic ve vai trd dac biet quan trpng ciia gia dinh giao dye ngudi cdng ddng xa hdi Tang cudng giao due the he tre (nam nir nien) giai doan tien hdn nhan (trudc kit hdn phai bdi dudng ve van hda gia dinh, vdn hda tinh yeu, tinh due, kien thirc vl hdn nhan va gia dinh, cac chiic nang gia dinh: lam bd, lam me) S6 362 | r r | Thang 8-2014 Thudng xuygn tga dam vg cac phuang phap nudi dgy tre Ong ba cha me phai la tam guang sang cho chau Day chau theo cac phuong phap khoa hpc su pham trao truyen nhiing gia tri dgo Iy va phap ly cua dan tpc (truyin thdng va hien dgi) Day qua viec lam cu the (qua lao ddng va bang lao ddng, viec lam hang ngay, tir dan gian den phuc tgp) hay trd chai trye quan va internet mdt each phii hgp Tdn trgng, khuyen khich, ddng vien kjp thdi, hpc ciing chau Day tre sy ngan ndp, y thirc ky lugt, day ty thuyet trinh ve ban dd tu duy, each tdng hop, khai quat, tu ddc lap, sang tao SUC THUYET PHUC (tilp theo trang 34) chdng lai nhiing mua bdng gid Sau 14 thang bi giam cam nha lao Tudng Gidi Thgch, ca the Ngudi suy nhupc tram trpng mdi m& chdn chdm nhung Ngudi da quyet tam "dii phai bd, phai lgt mdi cd di dugc 10 budc" de tiep tyc hogt dgng each mang Qua m^t thdi gian kien tri tap luyen, Ngudi khdng chi di dugc ma cdn leo Ign dugc dinh Tay Phong LTnh Nhiing nam cdng tac d Viet Bac hay sau vl Ha Ndi Ngudi van giir thdi quen sdng dgm yeu thich cham sdc cay trai, day sdm lap the due Xuat phat lit ham mudn tdt bgc "la lam cho nudc ta dupc hoan loan dpc lap, dan ta dugc hoan loan ly do, ddng bao cung cd com an, ao mac, cung dugc hpc hanh" (4) nen Ngudi da thudng xuygn luyen tap thg due, de cd thg ddng gdp dugc nhieu nhat cho sy nghiep each mgng Sue khde vd thi due la mdt ang vdn luyen truyen mdu myc, ndi dung het siic sang rd, luan diem, luan cu, luan chimg hit sire chat che, hpp ly bigu hien mdt tu logic, bien chimg hai hda vdi tinh cam chan thanh, sang Bai vilt gdm phan: phan md dau, Ngudi ngu tdm quan trpng ciia site khde; phdn thii hai: nhiem vu tap the due nang cao sire khde; phdn thit ba: nilm tin ciia Ngudi ve viec ren luyen siic khde loan dan Ndi dung ham siic ciia bai vilt dupc f r a So 362 Thang 8-2014 Cdn thudng xuyen ket hgp chat che, ddng thuan giii'a gia dinh nhd trudng va xa hdi qua trinh giao due the he tre Gia dinh phai ddng thugn quan digm vdi nhd trudng va xa hdi de giao due tre em irong tudi vj nien Gia dinh cdn la noi tiep luc chdm lo bao vp giii gin va nang dd ngudi sudt cugc ddi trudc nhimg ddi thay bien cd ciia cudc sdng, nham dat dupc nhtmg chuan myc chan, thien mj, nhiing ve dep van hda, vdn minh cua nhan loai J N.M.T Lugt Hon nhdn vd gia tlinh Vifi Nam, 2010, Chuong I - Dieu - Khoan 10 -NhO'ngquy djnh chung thg hien qua hinh thiic nghe thual vd ciing sinh ddng, Bai viet het sue ngan gdm 11 cau, chii yeu la loai cau cd cau true dan gian Cac tir ngii bai vd ciing gian di, dl hieu, chu ylu la tir thuan Viet Viec sir dyng cac cdu tnic song song lap tit vung ngudi dan ddng bao sue khde, the due lam cho y van thgm manh me, mdi quan lam cua Bac vg sire khde ciia nhan dan them tha Ihiet, Dieu dd cd tac dung khoi day moi ngudi dan yeu nudc y ihirc trach nhiem cong dan, phai thudng xuyen tap the dye, van dpng mpi ngudi ciing tham gia de cd sire khde bao v? va xay dung dat nudc Viec kel hgp nhuan nhuyln cac phuong thitc bieu dat ldi keu gpi, khign bai tuyen truyin, van dgng mang dgm tinh nghp thugt Sue khde vd the due la m^t ang van mlu myc, nhdc nhd ngudi cam biit biet lua chpn van de thigt thuc vdi nhan dan, biet vigt cho dan hieu, dan tin va lam theo _i N.LH I Ho Chi Minh, Tuyen lgp tgp 2, Nxb Chinh tri Qti^