3Q Xa vvv* toi ijut i)oc i^yv tf)Uc vijwv nghiem nj^ijiK-m ^^ ^^ ^^^ ^.- ^ (^05)^ 2009 GIA DINH, DONG HO VA THON LANG V6l TlT CACH LA CAC GIA TRI CO BAN CUA VAN HOA L A N G VIET MAI VAN HAI Lau nay, tren sach bad, chung ta thfldng bat gap nhflng bai viet ve mau thuIn, xung ddt trdng gia dinh, ddng hg, thdn lang xay d ndi ndi kia, luc luc khac Trfldc thflc te do, nhieu ngfldi Id ngai r i n g trdng hd'i canh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hea va nhat la dieu kien dd thi hda nhanh va sii tac dgng manh me ciia nen kinh te thi trUdng, lieu rdi day gia dinh, ddng hg va thdn lang cd cdn tdn tai nhflng gia tri cd ban nfla hay khdng, hay chung hi mai mdt dan de cud'i cung di den tan De gdp p h i n tra ldi cau hdi tren, treng nam 2005 - 2006, Vien Xa hdi hgc da trien khai de tai ca'p Bg "Mpf so'gid tri cua vdn hod ldng Viet viing chdu thd song Hong bdi cdnh cong nghiep hod, hien dpi hod ddt nUdc'' n h i m tim hieu quan niem va hanh vi cua chinh ngfldi ndng dan ndng thdn ve van de Dia ban khao sat dUdc chgn mang tfnh dd'i sanh lang Tam Sdn va Ddng Ky, deu thudc huyen Tfl Sdn, tinh.Bic Ninh Dd khudn khd bai viet cd han, d day chung tdi khdng gidi thieu ky ve dia ban, phUdng phap nghien cflu, ma trinh bay met sd'ke't qua thu dfldc II Gia thuyet thfl nhat ciia cugc nghien cflu la.- Trong diiu kien kinh te - xd hpi nhu hien nay, cdc gid tri cd bdn cda vdn hod ldng nhUgia dinh, dong hg vd thon ldng dang gidm ddn y nghia dot vdi ngUdi ddn ndi ldng xd Ket qua dieu tra che thay, ngfldi dan tren dia ban hieu ra't re nhflng han che, ba't cap ciia ca thiet che cd da neu Chang han, d Tam Sdn va Ddng Ky cung cd ngfldi chd r i n g cugc sdng gia dinh hien vdi cac cdng viec edm ao gao tien lam "tieu td'n nhieu thdi gian, sflc liic", cac chuIn mflc gia dinh thi "gd bd, can trd tfl de ca nhan", tham chf cd ngfldi cdn ndi "khdng CO gia dinh ngfldi ta v i n sdng dfldc" Vdi ddng hg, thi ben treng ngi bg cung cd tu tudng "gia trfldng, ngdi thfl", ve dd'i ngoai khong cd chuyen cue bg, be phii nhflng cflng cd viec "ganh dua gifla cac ddng hg" Cdn thon lang thi diy nhflng mat trai nhfl "cac khoan ddng gdp chd lang nhieu va nang ne", "trdng lang cd nhieu mau thuIn", rdi tfl tfldng "cue bd, ban vi", "tranh chap dat dai", v.v Tuy nhien cac sd lieu khao sat d ca Tam Sdn va Ddng Ky da khong xac nhan chd gia thuyet da neu T r i i lai, treng tdng sd 420 hg gia dinh dfldc phdng va'n cd tfl 97% den 99.6% da khIng dinh r i n g Men thdi gia dinh, ddng hg va then lang Mai Vdn Hai 37 v i n cd vai trd "quan trgng" heac "ra't quan trgng" va dieu thu vi la sfl danh gia cd sfl thd'ng nha't d ta't ca cac nhdm khac ve gidi, Ifla tudi, mflc sd'ng, nghe nghiep, v.v Sd di ngfldi dan danh gia cad vai trd cua gia dinh nhfl the vi hg cho r i n g dd la "ndi khdng chi dap flng nhu ciu tinh cam va tai sinh gid'ng ndi" ma cdn la ndi "td't nhat che viec di dfldng tudi gia", chd "sfl phat trien ciia tre em" Treng tam tfldng cua ngfldi dan, ddng hg cung cd vai trd khdng kem Gin 100% so'ngfldi dfldc hdi chd r i n g den cac cau ndi theo k h i u ngfl dan gian nhfl "mgt gigt mau dao hdn ad nfldc la", hay "xay eha cdn chu, xay me bu di" "vin dung" hoac "dung mgt p h i n " ; sd' ngfldi chd la "khdng dung nfla" hoac "khd ndi" chi dat 0.3% den 3.5% Cdn thdn lang dfldc danh gia cao vi nd la "ndi md ma td tien", la "que hfldng ban quan ma cung phai cd" Chang nhflng the, dat van de tfl gdc nhin lich sii, cudc nghien cflu cdn phat hien ring, treng quan niem ciia dai da sd' ngfldi dan, vai trd cua gia dinh, cua ddng hg va thdn lang hien Idn hdn thdi bad ca'p, va tfldng lai vai trd dd cdn Idn hdn ca Men Xuat phat tfl yeu cau gifl gin va phat huy ban sic van hoa dan tdc xu the tean cau hoa va hgi nhap qud'c te' thi sfl danh gia nhfl tren la ra't dang phan khdi Nhflng neu dat treng dieu kien cu the ciia qua trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hea, khdng chi cd gia dinh, ma ca ddng hg va then lang deu cd sfl bien ddng manh me, tham chf nhieu lang mac se mat di de nhfldng chd chd phfldng chd pho', ngfldi ta phai ban khoan tfl hdi : Lieu sfl danh gia nhfl tren cd lac quan hay khong ? Giai ndi ban khoan nay, thee chung tdi, khdng gi td't hdn la cin tim hieu xem hdnh vi cua ngfldi dan cd phan anh dung nhfl nhflng gi hg quan niem ve gia dinh, ddng hg va thdn lang hay khong ? Ndi rdng la phai phat Men cho dfldc cai cd sd xa hdi nao da dam bad chd sfl danh gia ciia ngfldi dan la dung vdi nhflng gi hg nghi Vdi tinh than nay, dfldi day se trinh bay tflng gia tri met Ill Gia dinh Nhieu cong trinh nghien cflu gin day da chi ra, sau 20 nam ddi mdi, gia dinh d Viet Nam da cd nhieu bien dd'i Tam Sdn va Ddng Ky cung khdng la ngeai le Ve mat kinh te, tfl chd chi cd chflc nang tieu thu dfldi thdi hdp tac xa bao cap, tfl ddi mdi, gia dinh trd mgt ddn vi kinh te c6 quyen tfl chu trdng san xuit va kinh ddanh, nen nganh nghe phat trien, mflc sd'ng cao hdn, dieu kien sd'ng dfldc cai thien Trdng quan he gia dinh, neu trUdc day nhflng bat cap ndi bat la sfl bat binh dang, sfl thii tieu ldi ich ca nhan, ca tinh thi - sau nhieu cudc cai each xa hdi, quan he gifla vd va chdng, bd' me va cai cd tinh dan chii hdn, dd vi the xa hdi ciia ngfldi phu nfl dfldc nang cao, quyen tfl cua mdi ca nhan dfldc cdi trgng Xet thee cd cau, d mdi gia dinh, sd' da giam xud'ng, viec sinh cen trai de "ndi ddi tdng dUdng" khdng cdn la nguyen tic bat di ba't dich, ty le ly hdn d day chi 38 Gia dinh, dong hg vd thon ldng vdi tii cdch la chiem chUa den 1% Tfl gdc dg van hda tinh thin, cac hinh thflc hfldng thu van hea mdi nhfl xem tivi, nghe radio, nghe nhac, dgc sach bad da chiem ty le ap die Nep Sd'ng mdi khuyen khich viec dfla cdn chau nhd tdi Idp m i u giae de bo' me, ong ba cd them thdi gian lao dgng, nghi ngdi cung dfldc h i u he't cac nhdm xa hgi iing hg, v.v Rd rang, nhflng bien ddi theo chieu hfldng cang no dii, binh dang, dan chu va van minh nhfl the dang lam tang them vai trd va lam vflng chic them vi tri cua gia dinh, chfl khong phai ngfldc lai Nhflng, ben canh cai ddng, cai bien dd'i trdng gia dinh ciing cd cai tinh, cai ft bien ddi hdn An tfldng diu tien cua nhdm nghien cflu den Tam Sdn va Ddng Ky la ddi sd'ng gia dinh ndi day vin bad Iflu nMeu net cua gia dinh cd truyen Chang han, d Ddng Ky - ndi cd mflc Sd'ng rat cad, rieng ngudn thu tfl cac ngudn san pham thii cdng my nghe go dem lai thu nhap che nMeu hg moi nam hang tram trieu - ngfldi dan van khdng xa rdi vdi truyen thd'ng ndng nghiep H i u nhfl nha nae cung gifl dat canh tac, nMeu hd cd tren 10 sao, sd'hd khong cdn dat cM chie'm 5.6% Hdn nfla, hg van tfl san xua't - kinh ddanh tren phin rudng ciia minh, so' cho thue, cho mUdn khdng dang ke, vi vay cac hd h i u het deu cd thu nhap thap tfl trdng trgt va chan nudi Treng sinh heat hang ngay, gin 100% cac gia dinh d ca hai lang van gifl thdi quen an chung cho tat ca mgi ngfldi trdng nha bfla sang, trfla va tdi Gifla cac the' he lai ludn gifl md'i hen he chat che va am ap Vdi nhflng ngfldi cd bd' me cdn sd'ng, du khdng d cung nha, song hg van giup dd va tham nom hang hdac hang tuan Cdn nhflng ngfldi cd cai cdn nhd, kM dfldc hdi "ve gia thfch sdng vdi ai", cd den 39% van gifl ne'p sd'ng cd truyen la tMch sd'ng vdi trai trfldng, v.v Nhfl vay, khong chi nhflng yeu td dpng, bien ddi ma ca nhflng ye'u to' bin viing, it bien dot deu gdp p h i n cung cd sfl ben vflng cho gia dinh, vdi tfl each la met gia tri he gia tri van hea lang Dong ho Chung ta deu biet, tfl hdp tac xa ndng nghiep hi giai the, cac hd nong thon phai tfl chii san xua't kinh ddanh tren p h i n rudng dfldc giad khoan lau dai cua minh Treng dieu kien dd, de cd the tdn tai va phat trien, ngfldi ndng dan da quay trd ve tim chd dfla cac md'i quan he cua hg hang than tgc nhim khic phuc nhflng khd khan cua budi diu tu lap nhU cdng cu, sflc lao ddng, vd'n heng, ky thuat, v.v Viec dieu tra hdi cd'cho thay d thdi diem a'y cd den 81.9% sd ngfldi d Tam Sdn va Ddng Ky gap khd khan da nhd va nUdng tUa vad hg hang ndi ngdai, nhat la cac md'i quan he can huyet Cdn nay, nen kinh te thi trUdng da len lach vad mgi ngo ngach cua cugc sdng viec kinh deanh d Ddng Ky, cin lao dgng ngUdi ta vin Uu tien chd "hg hang" tdi 19.4%, d Tam Sdn tieu chuan cdn dat tdi 41% Nhflng cdn sd thdng ke chflng td la, d i u khdng ddng vai trd nhfl met ddn vi kinh te, song thdi ky dd'i mdi dfldi sfl tac dgng ciia nen kinh te thi trfldng, ddng hg va cac quan he hg hang v i n cd vai trd quan trgng ve mat kinh te Tren binh dien qudn ly va quyin lUc, ngfldi ta thfldng ndi den te keo be keo canh cua ddng hg Nhflng dieu dd cd mang tfnh phd bien va anh hudng tieu cUc cua Mai Vdn Hai 39 nd cd thuc sU to Idn khong? Ket qua nghien cflu tra ldi la khdng Bdi vi, neu nhfl trUdc day d nong thon, vdi sU dan xen ciia nhieu nguyen ly tap hdp ngUdi khac nhu Idp tudi (giap), dia vUc (xdm, ngd), sU tU nguyen (phe, phudng, hdi) va nha't la ve kinh te (giai ca'p, t i n g Idp) lam che ddng hg khdng phai la mgt ddn vi thdng nha't va nha't de cd the khuynh loat mgi dieu, thi nay, vdi sU bd sung cua cac nhan to' mdi nhu Dang, cac doan the va nha't la sii tac dgng ciia kinh te thi trUdng, cac quan he ddng ho cang kheng the gifl vai trd quyet dinh treng ddi sd'ng chinh tri - xa hgi lang xa Tai dia ban khao sat, lam viec vdi ddi ngu lanh dao, ke ca nhflng ngfldi da nghi va nhflng ngfldi dfldng chflc, cau hdi dat la: "Trdng nhflng nam lam quan ly, dng/ba cd flu dai gi dac biet cho ngfldi trdng hg khdng?" Tat ca khang dinh "khdng cd Uu dai dac biet" NgUdi ta cd the chUa that tin vao sfl khIng dinh Nhflng kiem chflng qua ngUdi dan d cau hdi "Ong ba nghithe nao ve ngfl : Mdt ngfldi lam quan ca hg dUdc nhd" thi 85.9% sd' ngUdi dUdc hdi ndi r i n g cau ay "khdng dung nfla", sd'ngfldi cho la "van dung" chi chie'm 14.1% Cung nhfl vay d cau hoi "tieu chuan b l u chgn ngfldi lanh dao" d dia phfldng cd 75% den 94% ndi la b l u chgn cho " ngfldi cd nang Iflc quan If", "ngfldi cd dad dflc sach", rdi "ngfldi lam kinh te gidi", chfl ra't ft ngfldi ndi b l u chd "ngfldi trdng hg" Thai dd va each flng xii kha nhat quan tfl ngfldi quan li den ngfldi dan d Tam Sdn va Ddng Ky chflng td sfl "keo be keo canh" cac ddng hg dan den tinh trang mat dean ket xdm lang thflc sfl khong phai tram trgng va mang tfnh bien nhfl nhieu ngfldi van tfldng Va dieu nay, dfldng nhien lam chd hinh anh ddng hg cang dep hdn trdng ddi sd'ng d ndng thdn, chfl khdng phai ngfldc lai Ve vdn hod tinh thdn, nhd viec tad "mgt nen cgng cam diia tren huyet thd'ng", ddng hg tfl xfla den van la chd dfla "vflng chai va vinh hing" ciia tflng vien ciia nd Dung nhfl nhan xet cua Trin Tfl, r i n g bat Man treng Men thflc cd dien nhfl the nao thi "cau true hflu thflc", tflc la quan niem ciia ngfldi dan, ddng hg van cd vi trf va vai trd cflc ki quan trgng Nhflng khong chi dflng lai d y nghi hay quan niem, viec de cao ddng hg d phfldng dien van hda hay tinh t h i n cdn dfldc the Men d cac hanh vi cu the ciia mei ngfldi, nhfl sii tham dii ciia ddng hg cac gid to, viec stta sang tfl dfldng, xay cat md ma td tien hay cic viec cUdi xin, ma chay, khuyen hgc, khuyen tai ddng hg Cd the ndi, neu ddng hg khdng cdn y nghia thi khdng cd li gi de ngUdi ta tin tudng va tham gia vao cac hdat ddng ke tren mgt each day du, nhiet tinh va hae hflng nhU vay Thon lang Ndi den then lang vdi tU each la mdt gia tri, trUdc het ngUdi ta mud'n ndi den tdm li cpng ddng ldng Treng dieu kien ciia nen san xua't "tii cap tii tuc, tu san tii tieu" thi qua la tam ly cgng ddng lang cd mdt vai trd ra't quan trgng NhUng cin nhd r i n g tam li dd khdng phai bay gid mdi cd, ma da dUdc hinh thanh, tdn tai va phat trien hang nghin nam, nd khong chi an sau vao tam tinh cua nhflng ngfldi hien dang sinh sd'ng tai lang, ma cdn cd ca d nhflng ngfldi da xa que hfldng 40 Gia dinh, dong hg vd thon ldng vdi tii cdch la ban xfl tfl nhieu ddi Khdng phai n g l u nhien ban ve sflc sd'ng cua dan tgc, cd ngfldi da ndi "khdng cd lang xa Viet Nam thi khong cd qudc gia Viet Nam" Met tac gia khac cung khang dinh ring, cho den nay, mdi ngfldi Viet Nam deu la mdt ngfldi lang - dfl hg sd'ng d bat cfl ndi dau tren trai dat Ndi ggn lai thi tam li cgng ddng lang (hay tinh cgng ddng lang) khdng phai la van de ciia vai ba chuc nam bien ddi, ma la chuyen cua hang nghin nam lich sii Tren tinh t h i n ay ta se khdng ngac nhien ngfldi dan Tam Sdn va Ddng Ky danh gia cao thon lang va tin tfldng d sflc sd'ng trUdng tdn cua nd Viec de cao thdn lang cua ngUdi dan se dUdc minh chflng cu the quan sat ddi sd'ng tam linh tfn ngfldng ciia hg O Tam Sdn va Ddng Ky, chi tfnh rieng ve cac ll hdi lang, ngfldi ta khdng chi tham dfl mdt each diy du, ma cdn san sang ddng gdp cho viec td chflc tren ca phfldng dien la tien mat, hien vat va cong lao ddng So' ngfldi tha'y lo "vi phai ddng gdp chd ll hdi lang" cd ty le khdng dang ke, chi chiem 0.9% Lf quan trgng de ngfldi dan tham gia va san sang ddng gdp vao le hgi lang vi ngUdi ta tim tha'y d dd ra't nhieu y nghia : "de gifl gin truyen thd'ng cua lang", de "bay td long biet dn vdi nhflng ngfldi cd cdng vdi dan vdi nfldc", de "nhim gin be cac vien trdng lang vdi nhau, v v " d day cin ghi nhan mgt dieu la, dd'i vdi ngfldi dan, gia tri ciia lang rat da dang, chfl khdng chi bd hep lam an kinh te Mdt bieu Men cu the nfla ciia viec de cae thdn lang la sfl gdn bo vdi ldng cac cau hdi trie nghiem "6ng/ba nghi the nao ve cau : Ta ve ta t i m ad ta/Dfl trdng du due ad nha v i n hdn" hay "Hang xdm lang gieng td'i l i a t i t den cd nhau", p h i n ddng ngfldi dfldc hdi chd la cac cau ay hien "vin dung" heac "dung mdt phin" ; sd ngfldi cho la "khdng dung nfla" cd ty le rat thap (2.3% va 1.4%) Y nghi nhfl vay, cdn viec lam thi sao? d Tam Sdn va Ddng Ky cd den 82.5% ngfldi dfldc hdi da la'y vd lang, chi cd 17.5% la'y vd khac lang Treng viec ket ban, cd 23.1% chi ket ban lang; 60.2% cd phin Idn sdban la ngfldi lang; 10.0% cd mgt niia ban la ngfldi lang ; chi cd 6.5% cd sd ban nhieu hdn d lang va 0.2% cd sdban trdng lang Xin lUu y viec la'y vd va ket ban lang dUdc the hien nhU met niem tii had, chfl khdng phai hg khdng cd dieu kien lay vd va ket ban d ndi khac Rd rang, viec de cad thdn lang d Tam Sdn va Ddng Ky khdng phai la mdt ldi ndi suong, cflng khdng chi tdn tai trdng "ca'u true hflu thflc" cua ngfldi dan, ma da dfldc the hien treng chfnh viec lam va hanh vi ciia hg rv Gia thuyet thfl hai cua cugc nghien cflu la: d cdc ldng xd ndo chu ye'u sd'ng bang nong nghiep thi gia dinh, dong hg vd thon ldng vdn dUcfc bdo luu khd bin vUng, trdi lgi ldng xd ndo co nghi phu phdt trien, gidu co, dd hod nhdp vdo kinh te thi trUdng, lgi chiu tdc dpng manh cda cong nghiep hod, hien dgi hod thi cdc gid tri ndy dang bi thii thach manh me vd mdt ddn vai tro ddi sd'ng xd hpi Mai Van Hai 41 Nhim xac dinh gia thuyet, chgn dia ban nghien cflu, chung tdi cd gIng tim hai lang cd hean canh khac theo nghia Tam Sdn chu yeu sd'ng b i n g nghe nong, dd ldi sdng cdn mang dam tfnh tieu ndng; cdn Ddng Ky sd'ng chii ye'u bing san xuit kinh doanh dd gd my nghe nen Id'i sd'ng da cd phan thi hoa Chuyen sang kinh te thi trfldng, Tam Sdn dang tim each hda nhap, trdng Ddng Ky da d mdt trinh kha, tham chi da trd met trung tam san xuat va kinh doanh manh Ve mflc sd'ng, Tam Sdn d mflc trung binh va tren trung binh thi Ddng Ky da la met lang kha gia khdng chi se vdi nhflng lang xa xung quanh, ma cdn ndi tieng tean qud'c Tat ca nhflng khac biet dd, cd' nhien da cd sfl tac ddng khdng gid'ng den gia dinh, ddng hg va thdn lang tren hai dia ban Nhflng ket qua dieu tra cung khdng hoan toan chflng minh eho gia thuyet Cung cd met so cM bao ve viec gifl ^ n cac gia tri cd truyen d Tam Sdn cd ty le cao hdn d Ddng Ky Nhflng neu xet met each tdng the, tM cMnh Ddng Ky mdi la lang cd nhieu chi bao dat ty le cao hdn ve viec bad Iflu va phat huy cac gia tri cd truyen ndi lang xa Chang han, trdng pham vi gia dinh, dd la viec tri cac bfla an chung hang ngay, viec td chflc cac le - tet nam, viec tham nom bd' me, md'i quan he chat che gifla bd' me va cai, v.v tdi ddng hg va thdn lang tM dd la viec lien ket lam an kinh te ddng hg, viec gid td hg, sfl gan bd ciia ngfldi lang trdng cung mdt nghe nghiep, viec cdi trgng hang xdm lang gieng, de cao que hfldng ban quan, viec lay vd lang, ket ban treng lang, sfl phan khdi tham gia ddng gdp cho le hdi lang, v.v Qua day la mdt phat Men thu vi ve sflc sd'ng gia dinh, ddng hg va thdn lang qua trinh day manh cdng nghiep hoa Men dai hea va dieu kien ciia nen kinh te thi trfldng ma Ddng Ky la mdt dai dien V Tdm lai, sfl lo ngai r i n g hd'i canh cdng nghiep hoa Men dai hoa va nha't la dieu kien cua nen kinh te thi trfldng nhfl Men nay, ma gia dinh, ddng hg va thdn lang deu cd sfl hien ddi manh me ve mat thiet che thi cung cd sii bien dd'i ve mat gia tri theo chieu hfldng hi lang quen va mai met din la khdng cd cd sd Dung la d ndi ndi kia, luc luc khac cung cd nhflng Men tfldng nhfl the, nhflng cugc dieu tra xa hdi hgc d Tam Sdn va Ddng Ky vdi sd' m i u la 420 hd gia dinh da khdng chflng minh cho dieu dd Ngfldc lai, cudc dilu tra da ghi nhan ve gia tri gia dinh, ddng hg va thdn lang khdng chi d kha nang ddi mdi va thich flng, ma cdn ca d sfl trfldng tdn cua chung Trfldc ket qua dieu tra tren, ngfldi ta cd the nghi nhflng bieu hien ciia gia dinh, ddng hg va thdn lang Men khdng cd dieu gi mdi, r i n g dd chang qua chi la cac thiet che cd truyen dang la'y lai cac gia tri ciia minh sau nhieu nam hi mai met cd che hdp tac xa thdi bad ca'p ma thdi Nhflng, tfl met gdc khac, cung cd-the ndi, chinh dieu kien kinh te - xa hdi mdi, cu the la bdi canh cdng nghiep hea Men dai hoa va nen kinh te thi trfldng ma gia dinh, ddng hg va thdn lang da chflng minh them dfldc sflc sd'ng cua minh, tflc la chung da cd them y nghia mdi ma trfldc day chfla he cd./ ... gdp p h i n cung cd sfl ben vflng cho gia dinh, vdi tfl each la met gia tri he gia tri van hea lang Dong ho Chung ta deu biet, tfl hdp tac xa ndng nghiep hi giai the, cac hd nong thon phai tfl... danh gia nhfl tren cd lac quan hay khong ? Giai ndi ban khoan nay, thee chung tdi, khdng gi td't hdn la cin tim hieu xem hdnh vi cua ngfldi dan cd phan anh dung nhfl nhflng gi hg quan niem ve gia. .. sd xa hdi nao da dam bad chd sfl danh gia ciia ngfldi dan la dung vdi nhflng gi hg nghi Vdi tinh than nay, dfldi day se trinh bay tflng gia tri met Ill Gia dinh Nhieu cong trinh nghien cflu gin