L l L U A N G I A O DUC - D A Y HOC GIAfliNH TRONG U HOI }(A HOI CHU NGHiA VA m m TAC flONG CUA GIA DJNH TRONG GIAO DUC CON CAI O G ia dinh (GO) Id te bdo ci/o xd hdi (XH), Id don vj XH ddu tien, dd mgi ngudi gdn bd vdi bdi nhCfng mdi lien he hdn nhdn vd huyet thdng GD bao gdm hoi mdi quan he eo bdn, quan he giifa vg ehdng vd quan he giifa cho me vd cdc eon Nhifng mdi quan he dd vt/o Id quan he rudt thjt, vt/o Id quan he giifa eon ngudi vdi eon ngudi XH Tinh chdtXH cua GD bdn ehdt ngudi quyet djnh Ddi sdng ct/o mdi ed nhdn gdn chgt vdi ddi sdng XH Khdng theed ngudi sdng tdch rdi XH GD Id hinh tht/c tdn tqi ct/o ddi sdng ngudi, dd, ngudi eung khdng the tdch rdi XH Mdi quan he bien cht/ng giifa GD vd XH dugc bieu hien gidng nhu mdi quan he giifa te bdo vdi todn bd co the eon ngudi Vj tri vd vai trd ct/a G D GO ed vai trd rdt quan trgng ddi vdi sy tdn tqi vd phdt trien ct/a XH Ph.Angghen dd ehi rd: «Theo quan diem vdt thi nhdn td quye't djnh Ijeh st), quy che den cung Id sdn xudt (SX) vd tdi SX Id ddi sdng tryc tiep Nhung SX d d , bdn thdn nd Iqi ed hoi loqi: Mgt mdt Id SX ro tu lieu sinh hogt nhu tht/c dn, qudn vd nhd ct/a vd nhtfng edng ey cdn thiet de SX ro nhtfng thif d d , mat khde Id SX ro bdn thdn ngudi Id tie'p tyc ndi gidng Nhtfng trdt ty XH dd eon ngudi ct/a mdt thdi dgi ljch st) nhdt djnh vd eua mgt nudc nhdt djnh dong sdng Id hai logi SX dd quyet djnh; Mdt mdt Id trinh phdt trien ct/o loo ddng vd mdt khde Id trinh dd phdt trien ct/o G D " ( ; 202) • GO khdng nhtfng ed voi trd to Idn ddi vdi sy phdt trien SX vd tri ndi gidng md cdn Id mdt nhdn td quyet djnh sy vdn ddng vd phdt trien ci/o mdt che XH nhdt djnh Trinh phdt trien cua lao ddng (boo gdm edng cy SX, kT ndng loo dgng) vd trinh phdt trien cua GO (hinh tht/c ke't cd'u vd tinh chdt GO) Id hoi ye'u to quye't djnh dd'i vdi TS P H A N BICH N G O C mdi trdt ty XH Nhdn t d quyet djnh sy thay ddi mgt che XH, xet de'n cung Id trinh phdt trien cuo lyc lugng SX Ngugc Igi sy phdt trien tif thdp den coo ct/o cdc hinh tht/c ket cdu vd tinh ehdt GO Ijeh st/ cung tdc dgng de'n sy phdt trien ct/a lyc lugng SX XH, d d , cung tdc ddng den sy vdn ddng vd phdt trien ct/o mdi che XH nhdt djnh Song dd'i vdi cdc che XH khde nhau, tdc ddng ci/a GD the hien khde Sy khde dd Id nhi/ng dieu kien KT-XH tifng gioi dogn ljch st/ XH quyet djnh Trong nhtfng XH cd che tu hifu, cdc gioi cdp thdng trj, bdc lot, bien cdc GD thdnh nhifng co sd XH cho quyen thdng trj ct/o ehung Do d d , vol trd cuo GD ddi vdi XH bj hgn ehe Trong XH XHCN, ehe tu hifu vd dp bt/c bdc lot dd bj xod bd, GO dugc xdy dyng tren quan he binh ddng vd tinh thuang yeu thdt sy giCfo v g chdng Khdng cdn Id mdt don vj kinh te rieng le nhu XH cu, GO dudi che mdi Id bieu hien nhtfng quan he tinh edm, dgo dt/c XH ehi/ nghTa vd ed nhtfng chife ndng quan trgng ddi vdi ddi sd'ng vd sy phdt trien cuo XH mdi Tdi SX ro ngudi Id cht/c ndng XH quan trgng nhdt cuo GD nhdm ddm bdo nhu cdu ve st/c lao ddng cho XH Cht/c ndng nudi dudng gido dye the he tre thdnh ngudi cdng ddn tdt, cd tinh thuang, biet le phdi, ed y tht/c ddi vdi ddi sd'ng chung ct/o XH, dd Id ehirc ndng quan trgng tht/ hoi ct/o GD dudi che XH chu nghTa Viec td cht/c tdt eugc sd'ng G D Id mgt yeu cdu de xdy d y n g XH m d i , gdp phdn tieh cyc vdo sy tien bg XH GO ldm tdt mgi nghTa vy ddi vdi XH Id dieu kien tdn tqi ct/a XH vd cung Id cuo GO * TnrcingDai hoc Ngoai nguf-DHQG Ha Npi Tap chi Giao due so 2 (ki a - 9/aoo9) Lgi ich vd hgnh pht/c eija GO hodn todn gdn lien vdi Igi ieh vd hgnh phuc cuo XH, vd hgnh phue cua XH dugc bieu hien Id thdng quo hgnh phuc CIJO ttrng GD, dd Id quan diem Mocxit Leninit ve mdi quan he giua GD vd XH dudi chu nghTa XH Cdch mgng XH chu nghTa dem Igi hgnh phuc eho tdt cd cdc GD Ngugc Igi, eugc sdng GO vui tuoi hgnh phuc, dugc td eht>e tdt Id dieu kien rdt quan trgng de ngudi loo dgng cd the yen tdm vd phdn khdi dem het st/c minh ro phye vyXH Hd Chu tjeh dd ehi rd: «Tdt quan tdm den GD Id dung vi nhieu GD cdng Iqi mdi thdnh XH XH tdt thi GD edng tdt GD tdt thi XH mdi tdt Hqt nhdn cua XH Id GO Chinh vi vdy, mudn xdy dyng chu nghTa XH md phdi chu y hqt nhdn cho tdt" (2; 111) Dieu kien hinh thdnh vd phdt trien cija GD dudi chij nghTa XH Cdc dieu kien KT-XH mdt gioi dogn nhdt djnh cuo sy phdt trien ljch st/ Id nhdn td quyet djnh hinh tht/c, ke't cd'u vd tinh ehdt GD K.Marx viet: «Tdn gido, GO, nhd nudc, phdp quyen, dqo dt/c, khoa hgc, nghe thudt chi Id nhifng hinh tht/c ddc thu cuo SX vd phuc King quy ludt chung cua SX" (3; 192) Ljch st/ phdt trien ct/o XH lodi ngudi cht/ng minh rdng: GD dd phdt trien vdi nhtfng hinh thi/c khde nhau, quo cdc giai doqn phdt trien khde ctja XH Trudc xudt hien hinh tht/c GD mgt vg mdt chdng, dd cd nhtfng hinh tht/c khde ctja GO phu hgp vdi trinh SX vd td ehi/e XH khde Che mdt vg mdt chdng ddnh ddu budc phdt trien coo ct/o hinh tht/c GO tien trinh ljch st/ Nguyen nhdn tryc tiep hinh thdnh GD mdt vg mdt ehdng Id ehe tu hifu vd sy phdn hod XH «thdnh gio cdp" «Dd Id hinh tht/c GD ddu tien khdng edn et/ vdo cdc dieu kien ty nhien md cdn et/ vdo cdc dieu kien kinh te, tt/c Id vdo sy thdng Igi ct/o ehe tu huu ddi vdi che cdng htru luc ban ddu duoc hinh thdnh mdt cdchh/phdt"(l;268-2d9) GD Kr chd dya tren quan he huyet thdng ty nhien dd trd thdnh nhtrng don vj kinh te rieng le, dya tren co sd chie'm htfu tu nhdn ve tu lieu SX Ld nhifng don vj kinh te rieng le cht/c ndng cuo GO Id nhdm tich luy ct/o cdi tu nhdn vd tdi tgo ngudi chu tu htfu tdi sdn, nhdm bdo ve quyen tu htru dd bdng dudng thifa ke tdi sdn Do myc dich dy, quan he hdn nhdn vd GD cdc XH cd tinh trqng ngudi bdc lot ngudi Tap chi Giao due s6 2 (ki a • 9/aoo9) deu Igi ich tu htfu ehi phd'i Angghen khdng djnh: «Tif che tu htfu chien thdng ehe cdng htru, tif ed sy quan tdm chuyen tdi sdn theo dudng thifa ke md ehe phy quyen vd che mdt vg mdt chdng chie'm djo vj thdng trj, thi tif ddy viee ke't hdn ehi Id hodn todn phy thudc vdo nhifng li kinh te md thdi" ( ; 284) Bdt binh ddng Id ddc diem ndi bdt cuo GO tu hifu Ngudi chdng, ngudi eha Id cht/ tdi sdn GO, dd, cung Id ngudi chi phdi GD, du hg cd thom gio hoy khdng thom gio loo ddng SX, vj tri dd khdng he thay ddi Ngudi gio trudng cd uy quyen tuyet ddi, qudn li mgi tdi sdn, djnh dogt mgi cdng viec GD, thdm chi cd quyen quye't djnh ed vdn menh ct/o vg vd Nhtfng nguyen tdc «phu xudng, phy tuy" GD phong kien, «tien trao, ehdo mue" XH h/ sdn dd eho thdy rd so phdn le thudc cuo ngudi ddn bd K.Marx vd Angghen dd chi rdng sy ro ddi ct/o GO mdt v g mdt chdng Id mgt hien tugng tien bd ljch st/ hinh thdnh GD dy tdt nhien boo hdm cd tinh trgng nd djeh ngudi phy ntf Tinh trgng dy gdn lien vdi sy ro ddi ctJO che tu htfu, cuo gioi cdp vd ddu tranh gioi cdp Tinh trgng khdng binh ddng, thieu tdn trgng Idn gitfa vg vd ehdng, giifa cha me vd cdc con, sy tranh gidnh quyen Igi kinh te, quyen thifa ke tdi sdn, sy ton rd cuo nhifng mdi lien he vdi GD the hien rd nhtrng mdu thudn khdng the ndo khde phye dugc cuo cdc GD phong kien vd tu sdn Hdu qud thdng trj cuo cdc giai cdp bdc lot ldm cho dgi bd phdn GO etjo nhdn ddn loo dgng bj phd sdn, bdn cting vd mdt hgnh phuc Dieu dd ldm eho mdu thudn giifa ede GD lao ddng vd XH ngdy edng phdt trien GO XH XHCN Id mdt kieu GO hodn todn mdi, khde ve chdt vdi GO dudi che tu hifu Nd dugc hinh thdnh gdn lien vdi ehe tu hifu Nd duoc hinh thdnh gdn lien vdi edng cudc cdi too XHCN vd xdy dyng CNXH De thyc hien bie'n loo ddng tu nhdn thdnh loo ddng XH tryc tie'p, edn phdi xod bd ehe tu nhdn, tien hdnh cdng hifu hod nhifng tu lieu SX ehu yeu, ldm eho GO khdng cdn Id don vj kinh te ty nhien rieng le ntfo Tu lieu SX dugc cdng huu hod vd tdp the hod thi lyc lugng lao ddng GO se dugc XH phdn cdng, dieu chinh, thdnh qud lao ddng dugc phdn phd'i theo sd lugng vd ehdt lugng loo ddng md mdi ngudi dd ddng gdp eho XH Viee ldm dd se ed tdc ddng sdu sdc ddi vdi mdi GO vd ldm cho quan he ndi bd GO cung thay ddi ve chdt Bie'n loo ddng tu nhdn thdnh lao ddng XH tryc tie'p cdn Id xod bd eo sd kinh te thdng trj ct/o ngudi gio trudng, xda bd ngudn gdc cua tinh trqng dp bt/c, bdt binh ddng dd'i vdi phu nif GD; xod bd nhtfng mdu thudn quan he ndi bg GO sy tranh chdp ve tdi sdn md sinh ro, bdo ddm GO dugc xdy dyng tren quan he binh ddng tdn trgng ldn vd gdn bd vdi giifa mgi thdnh vien Angghen viet: «Sy thdng trj cua ngudi ddn dng hdn nhdn chi Id hdu qud eua sy thdng trj ct/o ho ve kinh te vd su thdng tri dd tu nd se tieu ton di cung vdi sy thdng trj ve kinh te" ( ; 288) De thyc hien mdt cdch triet de viee bie'n loo ddng tu nhdn thdnh lao ddng XH tryc tie'p cdn phdi tien hdnh cdng nghiep hod XHCN, xdy dyng CO sd vdt ehdt kT thudt ctJa cht/ nghTa XH ed nen cdng nghiep hod XHCN mdi cd tdc dyng tich eye viec XH hod loo ddng ntf vdo SX XH vd ddy mgnh sy nghiep gidi phdng phy ntf Nen cdng nghiep Idn XHCN, XHCN phdt trien vdi ndng xudt coo, ldm cho cua cdi XH ngdy cdng ddi ddo, gdp phdn cdi thien vd ndng coo khdng ngung ddi sdng ci/o GD, tdng cudng phuc Igi tdp the vd phuc Igi edng cdng Nhd tre, mdu gido, trudng hgc vd cdc cdng trinh phye vy Igi ich cdng cdng phdt trien se ldm gidm nhe cdng viec ngi trg GO, nhdt Id ngudi v g , ngudi me cd thi gid hgc tdp, nghi ngoi, gidi tri, ldm cho ddi sdng tinh thdn cuo GO phdt trien phong phu vd tdt dep Nhd nudc vd phdp ludt cd vol trd to Idn dd'i vdi sy hinh thdnh GO XHCN Nhifng dieu kien khdch quan dd tdc dgng dung hudng vd thue ddy nhanh qud trinh hinh thdnh GD mdi, cdn cdn cd sy tdc ddng mgnh me eua nhd nude XHCN Hien phdp nude cdng hod XHCN Viet Nam chi rd: «Nhd nude bdo hd hdn nhdn vd G D " (dieu d4) vd «XH chdm lo phdt trien cdc nhd hd sinh, nhd tre, Idp mdu gido, nhd dn edng cdng vd nhung eo sd phue Igi cho phy ntf SX, cdng tdc, hge tgp vd nghi ngoi." (Dieu d3) De bdo ve che hdn nhdn mdt vg mdt chdng Nhd nude XHCN thyc hien triet de gidi phdng phy ntr, ban hdnh Ludt hdn nhan vd G D mdi, phdn dnh yeu cdu vd nguyen vgng ct/o nhdn ddn lao ddng vd cuo phy nif ndi chung Tuy nhien, thyc te cdn thdy rdng thyc hien che hdn nhdn mdt vg mdt chdng Id qud trinh ddu tranh xod bd nhtfng tdn d u cua XH eO bdng nhieu hinh tht/c vd bien phdp, gdn lien vdi qud tririh phdt trien cua cdng cudc cdi tqo XIHCN vd xdy d y n g CNXH Hdn nhdn ty vd tien bg Id hdn nhdn d y a tren eo sd ty iiguyen, binh ddng xudt phdt tif quan niem luyen di dung ddn vd tinh yeu ehdn thdnh Bd me cd trdch nhiem gdp y kie'n, hudng ddn hdn nhdn, nhun^ khdng cudng ep, bugc phdi theo y minh Angghen cho rdng cdn phdi trdnh thdi khdng dung ct/a the he gid ct/ mudn djnh doqt the xdc vd tdm hdn, tdj^ sdn, hqnh phuc vd khd dau cuo the he tre, phdi de cho nien nam nif cd quyen ty djnh dogt tuong loi vd hqnh phuc ct/o hg, vui sudng hay dau khd, hg cd trdch nhiem vdi Hdn nhdn tt/ vd tien bd phdi dugc bdo ddm ve m g t p h d p li Tinh yeu nam nu Id vdn de rieng ct/o mdi ngudi, XH khdng thiep, nhung mdt hoi ngudi thod thudn ke't hdn thi phdi tdn trgng ludt phdp, phdi bdo ddm co sd phdp li cuo hdn nhdn Dd Id dieu chifng td sy tdn trgng Idn tinh yeu, bieu thj trdch nhiem dd'i vdi nhau, dd'i vdi GD vd todn the XH Thyc hien dung co sd phdp li ke't hdn edn Id yeu edu cdn thiet de bdo ddm xdy dyng hqnh phuc ct/o nam, ntf dugc XH edng nhdn, dugc ludt phdp ct/a nhd nudc XH cht/ nghTa bdo ve Tinh thdn co bdn cuo nhifng quan niem hdn nhdn ct/a giai cdp vd sdn Id nhdm gicio dye eho mdi ngudi cd thdi trdch nhiem ddy dt/ nhdt tinh yeu vd hdn nhdn, bdo ddm xdy dyng GD hqnh phuc Nhung tdc ddng ciic G D viec gido due cdi GO Id mdt te bdo ctja XH, nd cd chi/c ndng co bdn nhdt Id eung cdp cho XH nhifng ngudi Trong GD, cho me Id ngudi ddu tien cd nhtfng tdc ddng tryc tie'p den tre, truyen den tre nhung kinh nghiem cuo XH lodi ngudi mdt cdch sdm nhdt qud trinh phdt trien cua dt/a tre ndi rieng eung nhu phdt trien nhdn cdch - ngudi ndi chung GO Id noi ddu tien dien qud trinh «XH hda" dt/o tre Cting vdi ddng sua me, dt/o tre dd hdp thy cdc quan he XH thdng qua cdc quan he GO GD Id trudng hgc ddu tien xdy dyng nhdn phdm vd truyen dgt tri tht/c cua nhdn loqi cho tre Trong GD, gido dye cdi Id mgt viec ldm md cdc bdc cha me khdng the khdng quan tdm, Tap chi Giao due so 2 (kt a 9/aoo9) vi «tudi gid cuo chung to hjy thude d eon cdi chung ta Dugc gido dye tdt, chung se ldm cho tudi gid ctja chung to sung sudng, khdng dugc gido dye tdt chung se ldm cho chung ta dou khd vd chinh chiing ta Igi Id ngudi chju trdch nhiem ve ehung trudc td qudc" (3) Cha me mudn eho eon hgc tdp tdt trudc het phdi hieu biet dt/o cd minh mdt cdch sdu sdc todn dien Dieu quan trgng de td cht/c hogt dgng hge tdp cho tre - ngudi cho me trudc het phdi ndm duge qud trinh hgc tdp dien ro nhu the ndo? Hogt ddng duge eoi nhu Id phuang tht/c eo bdn de hinh thdnh nen nhdn cdch N d the hien tinh tich cyc cuo ngudi trudc hodn cdnh khdch quan Con ngudi khdng chi chju sy tdc dgng eua hodn cdnh md edn Id mdt nhdn to tdc ddng len hodn cdnh mdt cdch tich eye Ke't qud gido dye cdc eon GD ndi ehung vd gido dye hgc tdp ndi rieng, phy thuge vdo kT nang td cht/c hogt ddng gido dye eho Ngudi cha, me phdi hgc tdp dugc cdc kT ndng dd, nhdt Id cdc kT ndng td chuc cdc hogt dgng eho tre Lao dgng hgc tdp Id mdt hoqt dgng dde thti ciJa lua tudi tre em Mudn hge tdp tdt, difa tre phdi ed sue lyc, phuang tien vd ddi tugng nhdt djnh, bdi vdy dieu kien kinh te, mt/c sd'ng cuo tre CO dnh hudng Idn tdi hogt ddng ct/o tre Trong qud trinh hgc tdp, difa tre phdi hen hdnh cdc hogt dgng thye t i l n , hogt ddng nhdn tht/c Tdt ed cdc hoqt dgng ndy deu phdi tieu tdn nhifng ndng lugng cdn thiet Ode biet Id logi loo ddng hge tdp tieu tdn mdt ndng lugng Idn, md thdi gian phye hdi rdt Idu Bdi the, vdn de bd sung ndng lugng bdng tdi SX st/c lao dgng hgc tdp eho tre Id khong the thieu O t r e , ndng lugng khdng chi cdn de tri sy tdn tgi md cdn cdn de phdt trien, bdi CO the duo tre chua dugc hodn thien N h u vqy, eting mgt luc duo tre cdn mdt sd ndng lugng de tdn tgi, phdt trien vd loo dgng hgc tdp, so lugng ndng lugng dd rdt Idn Neu mi/e sdng ct/a gia t^inh kem, tre d i bj suy dinh dudng, khd ndng hgc tdp cuo tre gidm rd ret Cdc edng trinh nghien ci/u tdm sinh li cuo tre dd cht/ng minh: mdt co the khoe mgnh, phdt trien tdt thi khd ndng tri gidc, tri nhd, tu duy, tudng tugng cuo tre se nhanh nhgy hon, ben vtrng hon Tdt cd nhtfng cdi dd se Id tien de tdm li tgo nen dieu kien eho hogt ddng hgc tgp cua t r i d i i n ro dugc tdt GD cd dnh hudng rdt Idn tdi hogt ddng cuo tre Dgc biet ddi vdi hgc sinh cd ndng khieu, dnh hudng Tap chi Giao due so 2 (ki a - 9/aoo9) ngdy edng thdy rd O nhung GO ed truyen thdng hgc tdp, ed b d me dqy vdn, todn, nhqc, hoy ngoqi ngir thi cdc em GO dd thudng cd ndng khieu vdn, todn hoy nhqy cdm vdi dm nhqc Sdng cdc GO ndy cdc em se Id nhu'ng mdm non ndy nd tren nhtfng mdnh ddt tdt Ngay ttr be, cdc em dd dugc nghe nhifng bdi tho, edu vdn, hoqc ed nhu'ng em mdi hge ndi dd duge b d me dgy ndi bdng tieng nudc ngodi Cdc em dugc tiep xuc, gdn gui vdi nhgc cy, vdi vdn hgc, todn hgc Idu ddn thdm vdo tdm hdn, tri tue cuo cdc em vd ludn tgo dieu kien thudn Igi ndng dd, diu ddt, thuc ddy mdm mdng ndng khieu cdc em phdt trien • Tai lieu tham khao C Mac - Ph Angghen toan tap, tap II NXB Su thdt,\{ 1971 C Mac Ban thao kinh te triet hoc nam 1844 NXB Suthdt.n 1962 Makarenko Noi chuyen ve giao diic gia dinh NXB Kim Dong, 1978 Ho Chi Minh toan tap, tap II NXB Su that, H 1980 Giao due giai tinh cho ni6n Tap chi Ddn so lie hogch hoa gia dinh, so 18/2003 Phan Bich Ngoe Mot so' suy nghT xoay quanh quan diem giao due eija Khdng TCr Hoi nghj khoa hoc lan thtf8,DHQGHN Phat trien ben virng (Tiep fheo trang 10) De hogt ddng ndy dugc d i l n ro thudng xuyen vd cd hieu qud, cdc trudng CD nghe nen hen hdnh nhtfng budc di thich hgp • Tai lieu tham khao D6 Minh Cuung Dao tao nghe da dang, linh hoat, lien thong de dap ihig nhu cau san xuat va nhu cau hgc tap suot doi ctia nguoi lao dpng NXB Lao dgng vd Xd hgi, H 2002 NguySn Thi HSng Dao tao nghe dap irng yeu cau phat trien kinh te - xa hpi nhifng nSm dau the ki XXI NXB Lao dgng vd Xd hgi, H 2002 Phan Chinh Thife Thach thtrc va giai phap doi vdi he thong day nghe NXB Lao dgng vd Xa hgi, H 2003 Dang Qu6'c Bao - NguySn DSc Hung Giao diic Viet Nam hmrng tdi tmmg lai, van de va giai phap NXB Chinh tri quoe gia, H 2004 Dam Hiru Dde HOi nghj "Day nghS dap ung nhu eau doanh nghiep" (5/2008) # ... Makarenko Noi chuyen ve giao diic gia dinh NXB Kim Dong, 1978 Ho Chi Minh toan tap, tap II NXB Su that, H 1980 Giao due giai tinh cho ni6n Tap chi Ddn so lie hogch hoa gia dinh, so 18/2003 Phan... thtrc va giai phap doi vdi he thong day nghe NXB Lao dgng vd Xa hgi, H 2003 Dang Qu6'c Bao - NguySn DSc Hung Giao diic Viet Nam hmrng tdi tmmg lai, van de va giai phap NXB Chinh tri quoe gia, H... phdm vd truyen dgt tri tht/c cua nhdn loqi cho tre Trong GD, gido dye cdi Id mgt viec ldm md cdc bdc cha me khdng the khdng quan tdm, Tap chi Giao due so 2 (kt a 9/aoo9) vi «tudi gid cuo chung