An sinh gia đình tại nông thôn Nam Bộ hiện nay.pdf

Nghi§n ciiu Gia d i n h va Gidi So - \l An Sinh gia flinh tai nong than Nam Bg hien Vu Thj Thu Thanh Tmng tarn Sij hoc Vien Kho3 hoc Xa hoi vung Nam Bo Tom tat: An smh gia dinh la mot khai niem dung de chi sU dam bao cua gia dinh cho tiing vien, nhat la nhiing phan doan de ton thUOng, dam bao nhiJng nhu cau cO ban ve vat chat va tinh thdn de giiip cac vien phat trien va hpi nhap xa hoi Nhieu bien dpng xa hpi da xay b ndng thon Xam Bp thdi ky cong nghiep hda nhU ap lUc dan so', can kiet quy dat nong nghiep, ba't binh dang phan phoi rupng da't, gia tang iing dung may moc nong nghiep hien dai, bien dpng gia ca nong san va xua't cu Bai viet phan tich mpt so'xu hudng xa hpi da va dang xay lam suy giam kha nang dap dng ctia gia dinh, la: sU bien dpng ve sci hilu rupng da't, ve cd hpi nong nghiep, cd hpi smh ke CO dUdc tic mang lu6i trao doi kinh le nong thon, va xu hu6ng xua't cU: dong thdi cho tha'y mot boi canh san xuat nong nghiep rpng hdn dang chi pho'i nen kinh te nong thon hien TH khda: Gia dinh, Gia dinh nong thon; An sinh gia dinh Cd thd ndi, gia dinh la noi dap iing nhiing nhu cdu co ban va Igi fch cho cac vidn Trong gia dinh ludn eo "nhiing canh tay lam vide Idn nhiing mieng an phai nudi; tre em va ngudi gia la nhifng midng an, nhiing Vu Thi Thu Thanh 11 ddi tay cua hg thi khdng cd fch Igi gi bao nhidu cho lao ddng, ngugc lai, mdn va ngudi Idn san xuat nhilu hon cai ma hg an, va didn mdi su tai phan phdi giifa ngudi va ngudi kia, mdi ngUdi diu bidt rdng sudt cudc ddi minh se trai qua tat ca cae linh canh" (Henri Mendras 1995:39-49, ddn lai theo Trdn Hiiu Quang, 2011:5) Trong xa hgi ndng nghiep, gia dinh la mdt dan vi san xudt ma phuong tien de dam bao su sinh tdn cua nd la dat dai Trong gia dinh eai la ngudn dam bao kinh td' va la noi nuong tya cua bd me hg gia yd'u Nhiing ngudi gia, sau mdt qua tnnh dai lao ddng, dugc tdn kinh, va dugc cham sdc cho tdi chd't; tre em dugc nudi ndng va duge xa hdi hda phdn Idn gia dinh; nidn va ngudi Idn la ngudn lao ddng chfnh de cung cdp cac nguon lyc cho cac vidn eon hu Cac bidn ed xay gia dinh diu dugc cac vien chia se, cham sdc va giiip dd Su phan chia cac trach nhiem dugc thuc hien giira cac the hd theo tuan hoan chii khdng phai theo luyen tinh Co the ndi gia dinh la noi ma cac vidn, iCr liic sinh cho den liic chd't di, diu cd thd dya vao dd de tim kiem su nudi duSng, cham soc, phat triln va chia se tinh cam Chinh trdn co sd dd ma gia dinh dugc xem nhu mdt bg phan ciia he Ihdng bao hiem (Bui Quang Dung, 2007:129-130) Ddu the' ky XX, tai cac nudc phat tridn, qua trinh edng nghiep hda, dd thi hda da khien hang ngan gia dinh di cu tir ndng thdn dd thj sinh sdng va lam vide Cac nha kinh te va cac nha cdng lac xa hdi bdt ddu thuyet phuc rdng cdng nghiep hda khdng eon tao vide lam cho ngudi gia va gia dinh bat lyc vide thyc hien cac trach nhidm cung cap an sinh kinh te cho cha me cua hg (Weiler, 1986:77-78) Dong thdi, cac nha cai each mdi bat ddu nhan manh mdi lien he giiia tudi gia, bdnh tat va ngheo ddi (Haber, 1983, ddn theo Weiler 1986:78 ) Bdi vi nhilu gia dinh cho rang ngUdi gia dugc cham sdc tdt d xa hdi ndng thdn qua khii, nhung xa hgi hidn dai traeh nhidm ciia gia dinh vide cham sdc gia dinh suy giam O cac nudc thii ba, sy trdng cay cua ngUdi gia vao gia dinh ciia hg cang cao vi thiiu hut sy cung ca'p cac dich vu san cd eiia ehfnh phii va tu nhan (Bali, 1999:66) Vi vay theo da phat triln, cac va'n dl lien quan den an sinh gia dinh, dac biet la ngudi gia dugc "the che' hda" theo phap ly bdi chi'nh phii va cac id chiic cdng va lU dd ddi vdi cac van dd cd lien quan (Weiler, 1986:78) Trong tien trinh phat tnen, cdng nghidp hda vdn giai doan dau eiia su tfch liiy tu ban, vice thye hidn an sinh xa hdi chi danh cho bd phan chi'nh thiic d dd thi Nhung cdng nghiep hda phat iriln vdi siic manh kinh id'manh me, thi vide thuc hien an sinh xa hgi dugc cung cap cho ca bd phan chfnh thitc va phi chfnh thiic d ea dd thi Idn ndng 12 Nghien eiiu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 25, so 1, tr 10-21 thdn Dilu dd cd nghTa la su xua't hien eiia an sinh xa hdi la kit qua tat ydu cua su cdng nghidp hda Neu nhu den mdt giai doan nao dd ciia su phat tridn eong nghiep hda, an sinh gia dinh ddn ydu di, thi nha nudc va cac td chiic xa hdi se diing dam nhan vai iro cung cdp cac ngudn lue dl hd trg eho cdc cdng dan eiia hg Cau hdi dugc dat la tinh hinh an sinh gia dinh ndng ihdn Nam Bd hien nhu thd' nao da tdi "ngumig" dc' eae ehfnh sach an sinh xa hdi tfnh dd'n hg hay chua Dua trdn kdt qua khao sat eua dl tai "Mdt sd dac trung vl dinh chi xa hdi va eon ngudi Nam Bd Uln trinh phdt triln bin vCnig giai doan (2011-2020)" thudc Chuong tnnh "Nghidn ciiu Nam Bd 2011-2012" (CT 11-22) Vien Khoa hgc xa hgi viing Nam Bg chu tri, dugc lien hanh tai xa ndng nghidp thude cac tinh An Giang, VTnh Long va Ba Rja-Vung Tau, bai vidt xem xel cae yd'u id' ed tfnh chat quydt dinh dd'n sy an sinh gia dinh, qua dd ggi y rdng cdn ed cac ehfnh sach an sinh xa hdi hidu qua hem dl thay the' cho an sinh gia dinh dang ddn yeu di Sci huu mong dat va thu nhap nong ho hien Cd le vi sy tru phii vl ngudn cung ca'p luong thuc sdn cd, "lam choi an thidt", "da't rdng, ngudi thua" ma Nam Bd da thu hut dan cu tu eae noi khac ddn dinh cu va lap nghiep ndn mat dan sd Nam Bg gia tang kha nhanh, dac bidt 80 nam qua: tir 70 ngudi/km-nam 1931 len tdi 502 ngudi/km- nam 2011 (Trdn Hun Quang, 2013:36) Ciing vdi qua trinh tang dan sd, dien tfch dat canh tac cung lang Idn dang ke: tir 294.336 nam 1836 (Nguydn Dinh Ddu, 1994:137,182-183) Idn gdn 4.000.000 nam 2011 (Tdng cue Thd'ng ke, 2011, ddn theo Tran Him Quang, 2013) Trai qua hem ba the ky phat tridn, Nam Bd da khong cdn mang hinh anh sung Hie nhu cau ca, cau hat Irudc day: "Ai ve miet Thdp Mif&i cd torn sdn bdt lim trdi san dn" hay "Gid difa gid ddy ve id\ dn cdng, ve song dn cd ve ddng dn cua" hay "cd hay thang cdnh" Nam Bd gid day dudi ap lyc dan so cang gia tang quy dai cd ban da lam binh quan dat ndng nghiep ddu ngudi cang thdp Cudc dilu tra ciia Trdn Hu^i Quang vao 5-2012'" cho biet sd hd khdng cd da't chiem 30,3% trdn tdng sd mdu dieu tra, sd hg cd da't vdn chilm da sd (209 hd tdng sd 300 hd dilu tra) nhimg sd hd ed lii' mdt hecta trd xudng chid'm de'n 68,4%, dac bidt kel qua cugc dilu tra cho tha'y hd cd sd hiiu Idn vl dat dai khdng cdn nhu trudc day (xem Bang 1) Ddi vdi ngudi ndng dan truyin thd'ng, rugng d^t la mdt nguon lgi kmh Vu Thi Thu Thanh Bang L Cu cdu nong hn, phan theo quy md ruong dat sd hi^ Nam bo nam 1931 va2012(%) (Chi tinh ly It (ren tdng sd ho cd rugng dat) _ ^ _ ^ - Ho CO duoi 0.3 - Ho CO 0.3-0,.^ -Hpc6U,5-l -Ho CO 1-2 -Ho CO 2-5 -Hpc6 5-10h:i -Ho CO 10-50 - Ho cd tren 50 Hp cd ihrdi i hti llp,61-5 liei Ho CO nen Tdng cgng ^ Dicn lich da't binh qufln ciia I hp Sdhp CO (la! Iroiif- man dieu iiti Toitfi \dhp (heu Iru Nam bg 1931* < I : 33,7 /-5/ia;3S.l 14.7 11.0 2.5 33.7 38,1 28.2 100,0 Nam 1)62012 19.6 21,1 27,7 210 S,6 68.4 31.6 100,0 0.98 209 300 * Chu Ihich: Vi sahi'di mong (Wit Num Bo irinn ckiv h'fii khong iiuinh iiiiiii nen Y Henry i hi chia Iw i () ,lu-ii ii( h dut di(cn I