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HGHIEH CllUCHiHH TRI-XA Htl TANG LOfP TRUNG LIAI Of CHAU A* TRINH DUY LUAN ** - NGUYEN THI YEN ••• I Tang ldp/ Giai cap trung li/u • Su xuat hien efla tang Idp trung lou (middle stratum), hay (cac) giai cap trang luu (middle class) da duoe dd cap trln nhieu sach bao khoa hpe xa hpi, xa hpi hpe thd gidi nhieu thap ky qua Ba c6 nhieu tranh luan xung quanh npi ham, pham vi bao quit cua khii nidm Bin canh dd, eic van d l nhu sp xuat hien, nhffng die diem va vai tro kinh tl', xa hpi, chfnh trj efla tang Idp trimg luu (TLTL) cac xa hdi khic da va dang dope thio luan sdi ndi tren eic diln dan khoa hpe xa hpl V I mat thual ngfl, can nhan xet rang, viec dung cum to giai cap trung loo (GCTL) la thong dung hon nhieu so vdi cum to "middle stratum" sich bio khoa hpc xa hpl bang tieng Anh Trln thuc te, tang ISp trang luu cae xa hdi cdng nghiep hon mpt the ky qua d§ dupe md rat rpng, mpt lap hpp ngudi bao gdm tU cic giam ddc cac cdng ly cho den nhffng ngudi Ihu ky cfla hp - rd rang dieu niy khdng the eoi la phfl hpp Trong luan giai thdng thodng thi tat c i eic loai edng nhan cd Irang deu thupe GCTL, nhifng ve m i l xa hpi hpe, can phan ehia giai cap eac nhdm khac theo tieu chl la hp chia se nhffng cdng vile, Ihi Irudng va vj the ehung Chang han John H Goldlhorpe (Social Mobility and Class Stracture in Modem Britain 1980) da phan bill mpl giai cap dich vu gdm nhflng nha quan ly cao cap v i cac nha chuyen mdn; giai cap djch vu Ire hoac cap thap hon bao gom nhflng nha chuyen mdn cap Ihap hon nhu glao vidn cic nha quan ly va quan tri tre nhdn vidn hanh chinh nhffng ngudi lam cdng vide khdng phai chin tay, nhu ke toan, thu kJ; v i nhffng ngudi sd hOu doanh nghiep nho (nhu trude day vin gpi l i lieu tu san) Tuong flng thi giai cap djch vu dupc gpi la GCTL-tren (upper-middle class), giai cap djch vu tre duoc goi la GCTL (middle class), nhflng nhdm cdn lai gpi chung la GCTL-dodi (lower-middle class) Chang han, d Anh, glai ci'p trung luu-trin bao gdm khoang 10% dan sd, GCTL chiinn khoang 20% va GCTL-thap cung chilm khoang 20% nffa Tfnh gpp lai, GCTL la giai cap Idn nhi't cau true xa hpl Anh Xuat phat ttt dinh nghTa tren ddy va nhilu quan dilm toong tu, cac nha xa hpi hpe chiu A da cd nhflng nghiln cOo budc dau lam sing t6 vd cai gpi la TLTL hay GCTL d chau A qua mpt sd qudc gia/ vflng lanh thd dal diln 2, SU xui't hien cua tang Idp/giai cap trung liAi d chau A va nhiJng dac die'm cua chijng Chi din gan day nhffng nghidn eflfl so sanh loan diln ve GCTL chlu A mdi dfloc tien hinh Khi nhin nhan eic GCTL tfl chieu eanh dat dope vj the (status attainment), de cd t h l so sinh gilJa mpt sd qude gia ehdu A, cac tac gia da lap tmng vao su kien la cdng nghilp hoa (CNH) da thiio day sp CO dpng xa hpi va biln doi vj the Irang nhttng eau trac phan tang Cac phln tich thudng dua Iren gla thuyet cho rang cd mpt vai kilu loai * Be tdi KX02.1GI 11-15: "Tdng tdp trung lita GCTL dang tdn tai hien Oac bilt hon cic phdt trien xd boi ud qudn ly phdt trien xd hoi d Viet GCTL cdn dupe phdn ehia mpt vai nhdm Nam deh ndm 2020" ** Gido Sli, Tien sl, Vien Hdn ldm Khoa hoc Xd hol nho hon nhu: "GCTL mdi' (bao gdm cac nha Viit Nam chuyin mon hfldng luong quan trj ky thuat edng *** Thac sl Hoc vien Hdnh chlnh 98 TAP CHi GiAo DPC Lf LUAN - S6 230 (6/2015) j nhdn cd trang lam quan ly - nhttng ngudi cd ky luong lam lao dpng thd so va e i c cdng nhan lam nang va kinh nghidm dac biet) "GCTL cu" (bao djeh vu ca nhan) gdm nhffng ngodi sd httu nhd va nhttng ngufli tu Ket qua la dinh nghia ldm viec (operational kinh doanh) va GCTL ngoai bien (marginal definition) ve GCTL chfl ydu dua tren so glai middle class) (bao gom nhttng cdng nhan hudng cap cua John Goldlhorpe S(j giai cap cOa Goldthorpe va cda Sinica ve GCTL S0 giai cap goc cua Goldthorpe Stf chinh sira cua Vien HL Sinica Cac nhS chuyen mon, nba quan tri, vi6n chiJc cap cao ll Cac nh^ chuyfin mon, nhS quan tri vien chirc cap thap II Nha tu ban GCTL m Ilia lllb NhiJng ngircri lao dgng tho so Lao dflng lam dich vu cS nhSn III a+b GCTL ngoai bien IVa NhCfng ngadi scthiJu nho, thothCi cong co ngucri lam thue IV a+b GCTLCu IVb Nhflng ngucri scf hOu nho, tho thu.cong l(hong co ngucri leim thug IVc Vllb ChD trang trai va cac nhd thau nho Cflng nhan n6ng nghiep IVc +Vllb Chi trang trai/ Cflng nhSn nflng nghiep V Ky thuat vien cap thap vd nhi^g ngucri giam sat lao dflng thfl so V+VI +Vlla Giai cap cflng nhan Vi Lao dflng thfl so cfl ky nang Vila Lao dgng thfl so ban/ khong c6 ky nang Nguon: Eriltson snd Goldltiorpe (1992) and Hsiao (1999) Vao dau nhttng nam 2000 mpt series gom khoang Ihdi gian ngan hon dudi hinh thfle "CNH nhilu nghiln effu trdn chu d l "Su xua't hien cua rat ngan" Hon nffa, trfl qude gia Nhit Ban va GCTL d chau A va nhttng d i e diem cfla chung" Thai Lan, cac node dupe nghiln cflo deo d i tflng da dupc tien hanh tai quoc gla va vung lanh thd la thudc dja cOa cac codng qudc phuong TSy, d ehau A gdm: Han Quoc Hdng Kong Singapore Cac qudc gla/ vung lanh thd da di qua thfli Malaysia Philpplnes va Thai Lan Ngoai viec 8m ky tang tnjdng kinh te vdi tdc dp ra't nhanh, chi hilu bdi canh va nguon gdc xa hpl xuat than cua 30 hoae 40 nam, hoac vdng mdt, cung GCTL c i c nghien eilu edn de cap tiSi nhOng dac lam la hai the he Oang chfl y kinh nghiem eua dilm cfla (cic) GCTL 10 ddy cd I h l giflp hieu duoc Nhat Ban la rat khac vdi cac nude chau A k h i c vi val Ird xa hdi va chfnh trj ma GCTL chiem gitt d N h i t Ban ed mpt Ijeh sfl HOH tuong ddi dai cung mdl qudc gia / vflng lanh Ihd dupc nghien cOu nhu tang truflng kinh te, keo dai ca tram nam v i Trode het phai tha'y rang q u i trinh h i l n dal cau trflc nha nude da dupc tai lap gan nhu hoan hba (HDH) va tang tnjdng kinh te d ehau A cho toan sau that bai Chien tranh the gidi lan thay nhttng d i e d i l m rat khac so vdi nhflng qudc Ihfl hai gia di theo eae xa hdi phuong Tay Id noi HOH Do q u i trinh CNH rut ngan, cae ddng di c u d i l n tuan lu Irong val the ky Cdn d chau A ndng thdn - dd thj fl chau A lang manh, ket qua la HDH bat dau mupn hon nhung lai d i l n GCTL Ihi dau lien la su "ket noi/ hda trdn cua TAP CHI GIAO DUC LV LUAN - S(5 230 (6/2015) 99 HGHIEH CUU CHiHH TRI-XAHOI rat nhilu ngudn gdc xa hpi khac nhau" Hon nfla nhflng cu dan dd thj cua mdt Ihl he die bill, ren que hoong thj lip nghiep, nhung vin de bd me is lai, van edn bao luu manh ml nhttng gia trj ndng thdn cua minh Cd the qua sflm d l khang djnh ho se gla nhip mpl glai cap - gde dd Ihj thdng qua "hdn nhan npi bd giai ci'p", nhong tren thue te thl hien hp khdng edn lou gitt ea y thttc glai cap lin van hda glai cap cila rllng minh ntta GCTL ehiu A hiln khdng cd nhffng dac diem nhu GCTL d chau Au tn/flc day, vdn dupc phln bllt vdl cac giai tang khie bSI van hda va y thOc (Giddens, 1973), cung khdng gidng vfli "quin chOng trung lou mdi" S Nhit Ban, vdn khdng cd bat ky vj the hay bilu dac bill nao cfla ridng hg (Murakami 1984) Vi thl, GCTL chlu A ehi cd the dope phac hpa il nha't vio thdi gian niy nhfl la mpt tang Idp trung gian gitta TLTLdufli va TLTL-tren GCTL chau A chia se nhttng dac dilm ehung S mpt mflc dp dang ke song hinh hii thpc te eua GCTL fl moi noflc lai rat khac so vdi GCTL cOa mpt nuflc khic, thupc vio nhllu nhln Id Cac nhan td bao gdm nhttng tien de eua HOH, qui trinh ting trfldng kinh t l (die biet la tde dp phat trien va each thfle ma eie ddng di eo ndng thdn - dd thj dien ra) eic ehuong trinh chinh sach ma ehfnh phii Iheo dodi va nhflng dilu kiln mdi trudng VI viy ehi so xua't hien va cac dac dilm cfla ho ta se dong thdi tha'y dope ea su da dang efla cic GCTL fl chau A Nghien cflu truflng hop cfla Han Qude cho thay GCTL fl day da Ifln lln bdi canh cfla cic ddng di cu lao dpng d at ttt nong thdn dd Ihj cflng vfli qui trinh CNH mt ngan vdi su phit triln ri't nhanh cfla giio due Ta't ea nhflng dilu kiln da thuc day qui trinh co dpng xa hpl duoe dae rat ro bSI sp liln kl't xa hpl nhttng eon ngodi cd nguon gdc xa hpi ra't khae nhau, Nhttng su lien ket lao mdt cau true phdn tang khic thuflng khac thttflng bfli nhttng kinh qoan trpng de di dpng di len bao gdm khong chi su di ddng tU GCTL cu GCTL mdi ma edn 100 ttt cflng nhan va ndng din trfl thinh GCTL eO (dufli hinh thflc cfl dpng ben the he hoac gitta cac the he) Hon ntta nhflng rao can Ihi'p doi vdi di ddng di len duflng nhu cung phan nao giai thich vi GCTL Hin Qude khd cd thl nuPi dodng mdt van hdariengcua hp Hong Kong Singapore v i Malaysia thi ri't khac vdi Han Quoc l hieu ve GCTL eua eac nuflc/ vflng lanh thd can phai tfnh de'n nhffng lien de cho eflng eude HDH cfla hp, bao gdm nin dpc lap va nhttng bien ddi chfnh trj di kem, cung nhu die diem cua hp nhu nhttng nha nudc - dan ldc hay nhttng thinh thupc dja cu Theo Lui, nhttng tiln d l cho sp xua't hien cOa GCTL mfli ljeh sO efla Hong Kong tO mpl phd thupe dja den trfl ve vdi Trung Qude, da la mpt tien de khien GCTL Hong Kong cd phin mien cuflng phai cd nhttng hanh dpng chinh In dua trln sing kiln riing cfla minh Hong Kong khdng ed nen ndng nghilp nin GCTL mdl thodng xui't hien 10 nhung ngufli nhip eu nhanh ehdng dat va dl lln Nhttng ngudi thupe GTCL mS cfla Hong Kong dupc phac hpa nhu la nhffng ngufli khit khao theo dudi cic loi ieh kinh t i v i thd V(5i chinh Iri den mfle thim ehl hp edn phai vien den ehien lupe thio ehay khdi Hong Kong d Singapore, su thd ve chfnh trj efla GCTL dien mpt nha nuflc - dd thj, gan gidng nho Hong Kong, khflng cd nong nghilp fl Singapore, h i thdng ehinh trj chinh phfl nam giff v i thuc Ihi cie ehinh saeh nham null duflng mpt GCTL llnh hoa Bleu dupe xem nhu li nguyin nhan chinh tao su xa lanh v l chfnh Irj efla GCTL De hieu la d l bao dam cho su tfln tai va on dinh chlnh trj cfla mpt qude gla - thi nhd nhu Singapore, che dp chfnh trj dufli sp lanh dao cfla Dang Hinh ddng Nhln din da tfch euc theo dudi nhttng chfnh sach phit trien ngudn nhan Ipc va chinh sieh giao due nham nudi doflng mpt GCTL mfli vdi rat nhilu ou dal Dupc mpt chinh phfl manh hP trp nho vay GCTL Singapore din vin hit sflc iing hp chinh phfl vile tri tang trudng kinh te (xem tiep trang 104) TAP CHi GlAO o y c LY LUAN - SO 230 (6/2015) HGHIEH CUU THE CHE yA dung Noi theo ngdn ngO dfli thodng la "phai ed dd lo nghT eho viee ehung" Neu khdng cfl mpt ngufli vupt ti'di len ve dfle va tai till ehang cd dja phuflng nao phat triln l l n duoc Day l i v i n d l rat quan frpng va rat tiiuc tien, can cd nghien cflu thuc chflng va lupng hda de doi mfli cflng l i c can bd Dja phuflng nao m i khdng eo nhffng biln doi phat triln ro nit till ed till nghT d i n frang thil "ddng d l u trang binh k i m ' ti'ong co quan lanh dao dang ngu trj Van de tiifl hai la quan he Ipi ich Trade h i t ein phai lou y ITnh vue djeh vu cdng khdng ehiu anh huflng tiifc tilp cfla quan he quyen lue Nhln td giae va dong tiiuan eua quin chflng I I van de quylt djnh tiianh cPng cfla cac ke hoach phit triln kmh t l CHiHHSACHCUK xa hpl v i n hoa Trang ttiai tiJ giic va ddng thuin chi ed dupe chfl ttil nhin lpi ieh cfla minh se dat dupc qua k l hoach kinh te - xa hpi ma chinh quyln de xuat va ldnh dao ttiuc hien D i n day vai trd ciJa trayin thdng se noi len ro rit Cong tae fruyen thdng c i n phai phat triln theo huflng chuyen nghilp hda: Npi dung thilt ttipc phoong thfle sinh ddng thdng tin trang thuc va ludn ludn kilm tia k i t qua Phai khac phuc rat nhilu khuylt t i t bay lau sfla dupc: Dai khai hinh lliOc chfl nghia ngudi tuyen trayen tu minh ttidng tin v l khdng cd trach nhiem vfli thflng tin hoat dpng thpng tin giy phan cam tOc l i binh "ndi lay dope" ma khdng bilt minh dem lai dieu gi cd IcJ khdng?ll TANG LOrP TRUNG LUU O r C H A U nhanh va bao dam cac phuc Id vat chat, nhien, ho cung rat hoai nghi ve trien vpng dan chO hoa dat nudc Trong mpt quoc gia da sac tpc nhu Malaysia, net noi bat CLia GCTL Malaysia xuat phat tCr nhOng sang kien manh me cOa chinh phO vi$c nu6i dudng mpt nhom sac tpc dac biet, nhom ngadi Malay Trong da dang hoa cac chmh sach kinh te cua minh, chinh phQ Malaysia coi GCTL ngucfi Malay nhu la nhuTig dai dien chu yeu cua phat trien kinh te, cho dCi dinh nghTa ve cac GCTL va npi dung cua cac chinh sach nuoi dudng chOng deu thay ddi theo thdi gian Do GCTL Malaysia ludn nhan dudc su h5 trd chu yeu cila chinh phO, nen cole vi the cho den 1999, hp van mang tinh bao thO ve chinh tn (Torii) Vuong quoc Thai Lan, vcri khu vuc ndng nghi§p rdng Idn, di cu ndng thdn - thl mang tfnh tuan hoan, ngudi di cu tU ndng thdn van khd djnh cu d dd thi va thudng phai di ve qu6 hudng ncri xuat cu GCTL Thai Lan da xuat hidn mdi trudng kinh te xa hdi nhu vay, noi ma cd su tap trung nhigu cd hpi (nhtf cd duoc hpc van/ giao due) cho su di dpng di len /thang tien d cac phd, dac biet la d thu dd Bangkok Hp thudng cd nguon goc tU cac tang Idp xa hdi thap d dd thj Dong thdi, mac du da trai qua su ket ndi cac nhdm cd ngudn goc xa hdi khac nhau, GCTL Thai Lan ve co ban vlin cdn kha dong nhat theo nghTa !a tap hpp nhffng ngudi cd hpc van 104 A r&eprrangfOO) Tai Philippines, qua trinh HDH dat nudc lai di§n kha cham chap, bdi t^ le tang trudng cua khu vi/c kinh te hien dai khdng dD manh d^ cd the tuyen chon dudc nhieu lao dpng \\(Sr\ Dieu da anh hudng den dac diem cQa GCTL Phipilpln v^ nhffng vai tr6 chinh tri cOa nd, vdi sd ludng tuong ddi nhd cung vffi mffc dp cfi kfit xa hdi cdn thap Bat chap vi$c iio dang d mpt vi tri cd the thach thu'c nen chinh tn truyen thdng qua vide dira nhffng md hinh mdi tham gia chinh tri, song mffc dp cd ket x§ hoi thap da khien hp thudng phai tham gia vao nhffng trd choi iidn kfit hay td chffc lai, ma ket qua thudng la si/ that bai va khdng gay dung dUdc cho minh nhihig anh hudng chinh tri du manh (Kimura) Nhin chung, GCTL cua ch^u A ddi qua trinh CNH va HDH thdng qua su cd ddng xa hdi di len co cau phan tang xa hdi va cd nguon g5c xa hdi rat da dang Nhffng khac biel giUa cac nudc ve cac tien de cho phat trifin va cac chinh sach phat trien, ve co cau xa hdi trudc dd, dang cd nhffng anh hudng sau rpng den dac diem cCia GCTL, tham chi anh hudng ca den thai i t chinh tri ciSa hp GCTL chau A dang chiem giff nhffng vai trd nhat dinh quan he vdi nha nudc, dac biet tang trudng kinh tfi, thuc day dan chO hda xa hpi, tham gia chinh tri vdi d nhffng mffc dd khac nhau, tiiy thudc vao dac difim phat trifin mdi nudc.lHl TAP CHI G I A O DVC LY LUAN - SO 230 (6/2015) ... vdl cac giai tang khie bSI van hda va y thOc (Giddens, 1973), cung khdng gidng vfli "quin chOng trung lou mdi" S Nhit Ban, vdn khdng cd bat ky vj the hay bilu dac bill nao cfla ridng hg (Murakami... 1984) Vi thl, GCTL chlu A ehi cd the dope phac hpa il nha''t vio thdi gian niy nhfl la mpt tang Idp trung gian gitta TLTLdufli va TLTL-tren GCTL chau A chia se nhttng dac dilm ehung S mpt mflc dp... d l cho sp xua''t hien cOa GCTL mfli ljeh sO efla Hong Kong tO mpl phd thupe dja den trfl ve vdi Trung Qude, da la mpt tien de khien GCTL Hong Kong cd phin mien cuflng phai cd nhttng hanh dpng