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VANHOA-XAHOI ^I TANG LOP TRUNG LUU H THANH P H HO CHf MINH: CO CAU VA DAC fllEM NHAN KHAU"^ GS TS BUI THt CUONG" ThS TdDlfCTUCN PHAM THI DUNG"' jydi viit trinh bdy ca cdu tdng l&p trung luu & Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh vd mgt sd dgc JD diem nhdn khdu cua tdng l&p ndy, dua tren sd li$u khdo sdt ndm 2010 Tru&c hit, bdi viit gi&i thieu mgt khung phdn logi nhdm nghi nghiep ldm ca sa xdc dinh tdng l&p trung luu ca cdu xa hgi theo nghi nghiip vd mgt khung ca cdu bdn thdn tdng l&p trung lieu Tiip theo, bdi viit trinh bdy ca cdu tdng l&p trung luu & Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh theo nhdm vd bdc, theo khu vuc, gi&i vd tudi Bdi viit gai y rdng Thdnh phd cdn rd sodt lgi chinh sdch giai tdng xd hgi, chii trgng din vi$c phdt triin han nita vi thi vd tiim luc cua trung luu di tdng lap ndy cd thi phdt huy tdt han vai trd cua minh phdt triin xa hgi Tit khoa: Co cau nhan khau, dac didm nhdn khau chiing kidn lan sdng quan tdm ttd lgi mgnh me ddi vdi chu dd ttdn thd gidi vd Ddng Nam A (Becker et al., 1999; King, 2008) Nghidn cttu duong dgi vd tdng ldp trung luu dan ddn nhidu phdt hien ly thii nhung cung day tranh cai vd dde trung va vai frd ciia tang ldp dy frong phdt trien xa hdi Mo^dau Co cau giai tang xa hgi cd tam quan frgng ddi vdi sy phdt ttidn vd phiic lgi ciia mdt xd hpi Vi thd, chii dd ludn thu hiit quan tam ddc bidt cua gidi ldnh dgo vd nghien ciiu xd hpi Cdc nghidn cuu vd co cdu giai tang ddi tgp trung vdo cau tnic tdng the, nhung cung cd nhttng edng ttinh tap trung vao tttng tdng ldp, nhu gidi thugng luu, trung luu, giai cap lao ddng, ho^c nhdm ngheo, nhdm ddy (Townsend, 2014) Trong do, chu de cac giai cap trung luu chiem mpt vj tti quan ttpng (Scott, 2005, ttang 408-409) Vdn dd trung luu dd xuat hipn frong nhung phan tich giai cdp d thd ky XIX Ttt thap nien 1960 ddn nay, ta * BAi vi6t 1^ mOt san phSm cua DS tii cdp Nh^ nu6c "Chuyfin djcii ca cdu xa hpi ph^t trifin xa hOi v i quan ly phdt trien xS hgi vimg kinh te trpng Itikm phfa Nam din n5m 2020" (KX.02.20/11-15) ** Nghien cihi vi^n cao cap Vifin Khoa hpc xa hOi viing Nam B$; Gi&o su thinh giang Vien Nghifin Clhi chSu A, Universiti Brunei Darussalam • • • Hpc vifin cao hpc Hpc vi^n Khoa hpc xa hpi Vifin Hin ISm Khoa hpc xa hpi Vi§t Nam Mac du nhidu tdc gia ddng y rdng nghien Cliu tryc tidp vd chu dd tdng ldp trung luu d Viet Nam cdn ngheo ndn, song ttt thdp nien 2000 ddn cang nhidu tac gid qudc td vd nudc chii y ddn de tai ndy Ngoai nudc, cd thd kd ddn Victor T King (2008), NguyenMarshall va cpng sy (2012) Ndi chung, nhiing nghien cuu vd co cau xd hdi, phan tdng xa hdi, theo each ndy each khdc, ddu dd cap den tdng ldp trung luu Theo nghTa dy ed the ndi rang frong nudc cd nhidu cdng trinh lien quan ddn tdng ldp trung luu (Bui Thd Cudng, 2014b) Mdt each tryc tiep de cap ddn chii dd trung luu, cd thd kd ddn Dd Thdi Ddng (2004), Nguyen Dmh Tdn (2013), Trdn Thi Minh Ngpc (2013) 73 TAP CHI Nt^HIEN CUtI PHAT THIEN SO 12 (2/2015) Bdi vidt trinh bdy co cau tang ldp trung luu frong ddn cu Thanh phd Hd Chi Mmh va mpt sd ddc diem nhan khdu cua nd, dya tren sd lieu khdo sat ndm 2010 Vide phan tich lai sd lieu cdp hai d ddy la mdt san phdm cua De tai cdp Nhd nudc "Chuyen dich co cau xd hpi ttong phat tridn xd hdi vd qudn ly phat tridn xa hdi vung kinh td ttpng didm phia Nam ddn nam 2020" (KX.02.20/11-15) Nguon d u lieu Bdi vidt dya ttdn ngudn dtt lieu cudc khao sat ciia Dd tdi nghien ciiu Ca cdu xd hgi, ldi sdng vd phuc lgi cua cu ddn Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh hiin thyc hien nam 2009-2010 Sd Khoa hpc vd cdng nghe Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh tdi ttp Chu nhidm Dd tdi Id Bui Thd Cudng va co quan chii tri la Vien Khoa hpc xa hdi vung Nam Bd Chpn mau khdo sdt ciia De tai thiet ke theo hudng dgi dipn cho ddn cu Thanh phd Lap danh sach mau co bdn gdm tdt cd qudn huydn vd xd phudng thi frdn vdo ndm 2009 Danh sdch xep theo qud ttinh lan tda dd thi hda, ldn lugt nhdm Nhdm 1: cac qugn trung tam hinh ldu ddi Nhdm 2; cac qugn ven bao quanh trung tam Nhdm 3: cac qugn mdi tdch tu ndm 1997 Nhdm 4: cac huydn ngoai thdnh Tiep theo, todn bd 322 phudng thi ttdn xd xdp theo trgt ty ciia bdn nhdm ndi frdn Dua fren danh sach tdng thd dd, chpn ngau nhidn 30 phudng thi fran xa Tgi moi phudng thi ttdn xa da chpn, dua vao y kidn ciia chinh quyen dia phuong, chpn ba cum dan cu d ba miic sdng khdc (ngheo, trung bmh, kha) Tgi mdi cym ddn cu, dua ttdn danh sach hp gia dinh ciia dia phuong, chpn ngau nhidn 12 hd gia dinh Ket qud, 36 hp gia dinh tgi moi phudng thi trdn xd dupc chpn Tdng sd cd 1.080 hp gia dinh frong 30 phudng thi frdn xa cua toan Thanh phd vao mau khdo sat Mdi hd ttong danh sach nghidn cuu phdng vdn mdt ngudi dupc hp xem la ngudi dgi dien chmh cua hd (thudng la chu hd, nhung khdng nhdt thidt) 74 Dieu tra vien chpn ngau nhidn vd gidi (ngudi dgi dien hodc vg/chdng ngudi dai didn) de ddm bao ty le can bdng gidi ttong sd ngudi tra ldi Tuy nhidn, d Thdnh phd ngudi phdng van ddn hd gia dinh, ntt gidi thudng d nhd, cdn nam gidi thudng di vdng Vi vgy, ttong mau khdo sdt, ty Id nam so vdi ntt ciia ngudi tta ldi Id 45,5% so vdi 54,5% Thu thdp dtt lieu d dia ban nghidn cuu tien hanh ttong thdng 3-4/2010 (Md ta chi tiet thii tuc chpn mau xem: Bui Thd Cudng, 2012) Khung phan loai nhom nghe nghiep va tang ldp trung luu Mpt phuong phdp nghien ciiu phdn tang xa hdi thdng dung la phan chia dan cu thdnh cdc nhdm vi thd xa hdi, vd thudng dya tren nghd nghiep (Harol Kerbo, 2011; Le Thanh Sang, 2010) Dya trdn bang ma nghe Tong cue Thdng kd ban hdnh chinh thuc, Dd tdi KX.02.20/11-15 xay dung mdt khung phan loai CO cdu nghd nghidp gdm 13 nhdm (Biii Thd Cudng, 2014a) Dya tten khung phdn loai tren, dd phyc vy cho chu de bai viet ndy, chung tdi xdc dinh nhdm nghd tao thu nhgp Dd Id: (1) Lanh dao, quan ly Ddng, Nha nudc, doan thd xd hpi, CO quan hanh chinh sy nghiep frong khu vyc Ddng, Nha nudc, dodn thd; (2) Lanh dao, qudn ly cdng ty ttong khu vyc tu nhdn; (3) Chii eo sd kinh doanh hg gia dinh phi ndng nghiep; (4) Chuyen mdn ky thugt, nghiep vy, dich vy, thuong mai; (5) Ndng ddn ldp ttdn; (6) Cdng nhan, thg thu cdng; (7) Ndng dan ldp gitta; (8) Ndng ddn ldp dudi; (9) Lao dpng gidn don phi ndng nghiep Trong nhdm nghd nghidp ay, chung tdi xep nhdm tten vdo khdi "tdng ldp trung luu" Do hgn chd c5 mau cua khao sdt d Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh 2010, nen nhdm "Ndng dan ldp tten" khdng xudt hipn vd mat thdng ke Vi thd, khdi tdng ldp trung luu ttong phan tich se chi bao gdm nhdm nghd nghipp Dd Id: (1) VANHOA-XAHOI Lanh dgo, quan ly Dang, Nhd nudc, doan thd xa hdi, CO quan hanh chinh sy nghiep ttong khu vuc Dang, Nha nudc, doan thd (dudi day se ggi tdt la "Qudn ly Nhd nudc"); (2) Lanh dao, qudn ly cdng ty ttong khu vyc tu nhan (gpi tdt: "Qudn ly cdng ty tu nhan"); (3) Chu co sd kinh doanh hd gia dinh phi ndng nghiep (gpi tdt: "Chii kinh doanh hp gia dinh"); (4) Chuyen mdn ky thugt, nghiep vu, dich vu, thuong mai (gpi tdt: "Chuyen mdn") So ngudi dgi dien hp gia dinh phdng van ma dang cd vide lam Id 661 ngudi tdng sd 1.080 hd gia dinh dupc khdo sdt (chidm 61,2%) Trong 661 ngudi dang cd vide lam tai thdi diem phdng van, cd 383 ngudi thupc tang ldp trung luu (chiem 57,9%) Day la nhdm dtt lieu duge dua vao phan tich bai viet Trong todn bp tang ldp trung luu cung nhu ttong moi nhdm thudc tang ldp nay, chiing tdi phan bipt bgc "Trung luu tten" va "Trung luu dudi" Nhu vgy, tdng ldp trung luu d day cd nhdm vd tidu nhdm Trung luu tren ciia nhdm "Quan ly Nha nudc" gdm bac ttdn (cao cap va trung cap tren), cdn trung luu dudi cua nhdm ndy gdm bac dudi (trung cap dudi va so cap) Trung luu tten cua nhdm "Qudn ly cdng ty tu nhan" gdm chu sd hflu hay qudn ly cdng ty ldn, cdn ttung luu dudi cua nhdm ndy gdm chu sd httu hay quan ly cdng ty nhd Trung luu ttdn cua nhdm "Chuydn mdn" gdm bdc trdn Bang (cao cap va trung cap tten), cdn trung luu dudi cua nhdm gdm bgc dudi (ttung cap dudi va so cdp) Viec xdc dinh trung luu tren va dudi cua nhdm "Chu kinh doanh hp gia dinh" theo cdch lay trung binh thu nhap binh qudn ddu ngudi hd gia dinh cua todn bp nhdm lam ngudng phan logi Ho cd thu nhgp binh quan ddu ngudi trdn ngudng dugc xdp vdo trung liru trdn Va ngugc lgi thi xdp vdo ttung luu dudi Ttt sd luong trung luu tren va dudi cua moi nhdm ndi ttdn, chiing tdi cpng lai dd cd sd lugng va tv Id ciia trung luu frdn vd dudi ciia todn bd tdng ldp ttung luu Trinh bay ve chpn mau khdo sat va khung phdn tich neu trdn chi mdt sd hgn chd can luu y xem xet va su dung kdt qud phdn tich Trudc hdt, day la mpt khdo sat co mau tuong ddi nhd, nhat la ndu so sanh vdi qudn thd nghidn ciiu ldn va da dang nhu dan cu Thanh phd Hd CM Minh Chpn ngdu nhien dia ban khao sat chi dya ttdn danh sach don vi, khdng gia trpng theo quy md dan cu Dgi dipn hp gia dinh tta ldi phdng van cd ty Id ntt cao hon nam Tdng sd ngudi trd ldi ma dang cd vide ldm la 661 ngudi, nhdm dupc phan tich (xdp vao tdng ldp trung luu) Id 383 ngudi Trong dd, khung phan logi tang ldp trung Imi su dung cho phan tich lai bao gdm tdi nhdm vd tidu nhdm Do vay, can than trpng vdi sd lieu phan to theo nhdm va tidu nhdm Nhieu chi sd theo nhdm va tidu nhdm khdng cd y nghTa thdng ke, chi mang tinh tham khdo so bd cho mpt khung phan loai tang ldp trung luu mang tinh ly thuydt Cor cau nhom nghd nghiep va tang ldp trung lini Kdt qua khao sat md td ty lp phan tram ciia nhdm frong co cdu nghe nghidp cua ngudi frd ldi dai didn hp gia dinh mau khdo sat Theo dd, phan bd chung cua nhdm nghe nghidp d Thanh phd nhu sau: Ldnh dao, quan ly Ddng, Nha nudc, dodn thd xa hdi, co quan hdnh chinh su nghiep ttong khu vyc Ddng, Nha nudc, doan the: 3,6%; Ldnh dgo, qudn ly cdng ty khu vyc tunhan: 2,1%; Chu CO sd kinh doanh hp gia dinh phi ndng nghiep: 17,4%; Chuydn radn k j thudt, nghidp vu, djch vy, thuong mgi: 34,8%; Ndng dan ldp trdn; 0,0%; Cdng nhan, thg thu cdng: 23,1%; Ndng dan ldp gitta: 0,5%; 75 TAP Cffl NGHIEN CUtl PHAT TRIEN SO 12 (2/2015) dinh Day cung la hinh dnh chii dgo cua gidi Laoddnggiandoni^ndngnghidp:14,8% trung lim dudi Cdn gidi tnmg luu tren thi hinh dnh khac ddi chiit, tyfrpngngudi trung lim Co cdu trdn cd the kdt hpp theo vdi edeh fren d nhdm "Quan ly Nhd nudc" va "(Juan ly dd nhin nhdn tinh chdt giai tdng xa hdi cua cdng ty tu nhdn" tdng cdng chidm 14,0% Thanh phd Nhin biic tranh theo nhiing ket hgp khac nhau, ta thay co cau ay cd mdt sd Phdn bd khu vyc va d^c diem nhan khau ddc didm dang chu y Trudc hdt, ta thay day tang ldp trung luoi Id thdnh phd cua tinh thdn kinh doanh tu Xet theo khu vuc, khdo sdt cho thdy tdng nhdn, cu ngudi thi cd ngudi Id quan ldp trung luu cu tni nhieu hon d dd thi Trong ly cdng ty hodc chd kinh doanh hd gia dinh Ddy cung Id thdnh phd cua cac giai cdp cdng dd thi, tdng ldp chidm tdi 65,7% so vdi nhdn lao dpng, gdm cdng nhan cd trdng vd 34,4% Id ngudi thude cdc nhdm nghd khdng cdng nhdn cd xanh (cdng nhan, thp thu cdng phai tdng ldp trung luu Cdn d ndng thdn, cd hoac khdng cd tay nghe) Hp chidm 57,9% tang ldp ttung luu chidm 33,8% so vdi 66,2% tdng sd ngudi tta ldi Ndu tinh cd ndng dan vd khdng thudc tdng ldp frung luu lao ddng gidn don, thi ty Id ldn tdi 76,8% dan Khudn mau nhu the deu tuong ty d cd eu dang ldm vide Day cung Id phd ciia nhdm cda tdng ldp trung luu Nhung ngoai tni tdng ldp trung luu: nhdm hpp tang nhdm "Qudn ly Nhd nudc", d nhdm cdn lgi ldp trung luu theo khung phan loai ndu tten chenh lech khd cao Ty ttpng ciia nhdm "Qudn chidm 57,9% Nhttng kdt hgp ttdn cho thay, ly cdng ty" sdng d dd thi gap 4,3 ldn ty trpng vd CO bdn vd so vdi phdn cdn lai vung ctia nhdm sdng d ndng thdn Tyfrpngciia Nam Bp cung nhu ed nudc (Ld Thanh Sang, nhdm "Chii kinh doanh hp gia dinh" song d 2010 vd 2011; Dd Thidn Kinh, 2012), co cdu thi gap 2,3 lan ty frpng ciia nhdm sdng d xa hpi cua Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh mang tinh ndng thdn Tyfrpngcua nhdm "Chuydn mdn" trung luu rd hon sdng d thi gap 1,8 ldn ty ttpng cua nhdm sdng d ndng thdn Luu y day la phan bd Ty lp trung luu tten so vdi trung luu dudi cu tni Trong ldm vide, mpt phdn ddng ke chdnh lpeh kha ldn: 13,1% so vdi 88,7% tang ldp trung luu sdng d ndng thdn se tdi lam Nhdm "Qudn ly cdng ty tu nhdn" cd ty Id trung vide d khu vyc thi luu tren cao hon nhidu: 35,7% Trong ty lp d nhdm "Quan ly Nhd nudc" chi la Ve khia canh gidi, tdng Idp trung 8,3%, d nhdm "Chu kinh doanh hd gia dinh" luu dugc phdng vdn, cd 45,2% Id nam va la 14,8% vd dnhdm "Chuyen mdn" la 11,3% 54,8% la ntt Nhung hinh dnh gidi rat tuong Ket qua khdo sdt cho thdy ty ttpng ttong phan gitta trung luu trdn va trung luu dudi tdng ldp trung luu rat chdnh lech gitta cac CJ bgc trung luu tten, nam gidi chiem 64,0% nhdm Nhdm "Quan ly Nha nudc" chidm 6,3% cdn nu gidi chidm 36,0% Ngugc lai, ty le ttong gidi trung luu Con sd ndy cao hon hdn d trung luu dudi la 42,3% vd 57,7% Ndi ty ttpng ciia nhdm "Qudn ly cdng ty tu nhan" each khdc, ngudi trung luu trdn mang khudn (3,7%) Cdn nhdm "Chu kinh doanh hd gia mat thidn vd dan dng, cdn ngudi trung luu dinh" chidm 30,0% va nhdm "Chuyen mdn" dudi mang khudn mat thien vd phy ntt Ndng ddn ldp dudi: 3,6%; chidm tdi 60,1% Ndi each khac, hinh anh chu Xet theo nhdm, khuon mau gidi chia thdnh dgo ciia tdng ldp trung luu Thanh phd Hd Chi khdi ro ret Khdi gdm nhdm "Quan ly Nhd Minh la ngudi lam chuyen mdn (hay cdng nudc" va "Quan ly cdng ty tu nhan" vdi ty nhan cd ttdng) vd ngudi kmh doanh hd gia le nam dp dao Ty le nam so vdi ntt d nhdm 76 VANHOA-XAHOI "Qudn \f Nhd nudc" la 58,3% so vdi 41,7% Ty lp d nhdm "Qudn ly cdng ty tu nhan" cdn cao hon: 78,6% so vdi 21,4% Tuong quan gidi nhu thd diing cd cho bgc trung luu ttdn lan trung luu dudi Khdi gdm nhdm "Chu kinh doanh hd gia dinh" va nhdm "Chuydn mdn", vd tucmg quan gidi ngugc vdi khdi C) nhdm "Chu kinh doanh hd gia dinh", ty le nu dp dao: 63,5% so vdi 36,5% Ty Id ntt so vdi nam d nhdm "Chuyen mdn" la 53,9% so vdi 46,1% Nhung khac vdi nhdm thupc khdi 1, tucmg quan gidi gitta bac trung luu ttdn va trung luu dudi d nhdm thudc khdi Id khdc Trong bac trung luu ttdn cua nhdm "Chu kinh doanh hd gia dinh", cd 52,9% la nam gidi va 47,1% Id ntt gidi, chdnh lech didm phdn trdm C) bac trung luu tren cua nhdm "Chuyen mdn" chenh lech rd ret hon: 61,5% nam so vdi 38,5% ntt, cdch bidt tdi 23 diem phan trdm Ty lp gidi bi ddo ngugc hodn todn d bac trung luu dudi Trong nhdm "Chii kinh doanh hg gia dinh", d bdc trung luu dudi cd 33,7% nam va 66,3% ntt Trong nhdm "Chuydn mdn" d bgc ttung luu dudi cd 44,1% nam va 55,9% ntt Ndi khdi quat, ngudi trung luu "quan ly Nhd nudc" va "quan ly cdng ty tu nhdn" (ed trung iuu frdn vd trung luu dudi) mang guong mdt thien ve dan dng Ngudi trung luu ttdn "chtt kinh doanh hd gia dinh" va "chuyen mdn" cung vdy Nhung ngudi trung luu dudi kinh doanh hp gia dinh vd ldm chuyen mdn thidn vd guong mat phy ntt Phdn bo gidi nhu thd phan anh phdn ndo bat binh ddng gidi theo nhdm vd theo bgc ttong tdng ldp trung luu Md ta phdn bd tudi ttong tdng ldp trung luu Thanh phd Tudi trung binh ciia todn mdu khdo sat (661 ngudi ttd ldi dang lam viec) la 45 Tudi trung binh cua tang ldp trung luu cao hon ddi chiit (45,8) Dp tudi trung binh cua nhdm "Qudn ly Nha nudc" va "Chu kinh doanh hO gia dinh" cao hon dp tudi trung binh chung, ldn lugt la 54,0 va 49,2 tudi Cdn dp tudi trung binh cua nhdm "Quan ly cdng ty tu nhan" va "Chuyen mdn" thi thap hon, lan lucrt Id 40,6 vd 43,5 tudi Nhdm "Quan ly cdng ty tu nhan" cd dp tudi binh quan tte nhdt ttong tang ldp trung luu, ddc bidt tudi trung binh cua trung luu dudi d nhdm ndy chi la 34,6 Xem xet phdn bd tudi theo bgc trung luu frdn va dudi, ta thay mpt sd dgc diem dang chii y Trung luu trdn cd dp tudi trung binh tre hon trung luu dudi (43,8 so vdi 46,1), each biet 2,3 ndm 52,0% vien ciia trung luu fren d dp tudi dudi 45 Nhdm "Chu kinh doanh hd gia dinh" vd "Chuyen mon" eiing theo xu hudng ay nhung miic each bidt cao hon Dp tudi trung binh ciia trung luu tren nhdm "Chu kinh doanh hd gia dinh" la 44,1 cdn cua trung luu dudi Id 50,1 (each biet tdi ndm) 58,8% vien trung luu tten cua nhdm d dp tudi dudi 45 Dp tudi trung binh ciia trung luu ttdn nhdm "Chuyen mdn" la 41,0 cdn cua trung luu dudi Id 43,8 (cdch biet 2,8 nam) 57,7% thdnh vien tnmg luu ttdn cua nhdm d dp tudi dudi 45 Ngugc lai, ddi vdi nhdm "Qudn 1^ Nha nudc" vd "Quan ly cdng ty tu nhan", dp tudi trung binh cua trung luu ttdn cao hon ciia trung luu dudi Dp tudi trung binh cua trung luu trdn nhdm "Quan ly Nhd nudc" ldn tdi 59,0 cdn ciia trung luu dudi la 53,6 (cdch bidt 5,4 ndm) Dp tudi trung binh eua trung luu tten nhdm "Qudn ly cdng ty tu nhdn" la 51,4 cdn cua trung luu dudi la 34,6 (each bidt tdi 16,8 ndm) Ket luan Phan bd co cdu xa hdi theo nghd nghiep d Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh mang tinh trung luu rd ret, vdi ddc trung ndi bat la kinh doanh tu nhan (cdng ty hoac hd gia dinh, ttong kinh doanh hd gia dinh la phd bidn) va cdng nhan cd frang (lam chuyen mdn ve kj* thudt, nghidp vu, dich vy, thuong mai) Nhung ty Id trung luu trdn frong tdng ldp (theo khung phan logi cua chiing tdi) khd thdp: 13,1% Didu 77 TAP Cffl NtfflEN cut PHAT TRIEN SO 12 (2/2015) phuc lgi cua cu ddn Thdnh phd Hd Chi mdt phdn nhdm "Chu kinh doanh hd gia Minh hiin riay, Sd Khoa hpc va cdng nghd dinh" cd su phdn hda thu nhap kha ldn, dgi da Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh va Vidn Khoa sd hp thupc nhdm cd mue thu nhap dudi hpc xa hdi vimg Nam Bp, 2010 nguong trung binh cua toan nhdm Nd ciing ggi y rdng cd it ngudi dgt bgc cao cap va trung ^ Bui The Cudng, Ca cdu xd hgi, ldi sdng capttdn(theo phdn logi d Bang 1)ttongnhom vdphuc lgi cita cuddn Thdnhphd Ho Chi "Chuyen mdn" (cdng nhan cd ttang) Minh hiin Bdo cdo tdng hpp dd tdi Sd Khoa hpc vd cdng nghe Thanh phd Hd Ve cu tni, tang ldp trung luu chiem 65,7% Chi Minh va Vidn Khoa hpc xd hpi vimg dan cu dd thi, va 33,8% ddn cu ndng thdn Vd khia cgnh gidi, nhieu nam hon d bdc trung Nam Bd, 2012 luu ttdn, nhieu ntt hon d bac trung luu dudi ^ Bui Thd Cudng, Ca cdu xd hgi vd chuyin Nam nhidu hon d nhdm "Quan ly Nha nudc" dieh ca cdu xa hgi: Ca s& ly ludn chung, vd "Quan ly cdng ty tu nhan" Ntt nhieu hon Chuydn dd Dd tai "Chuydn dich co cdu d nhdm "Chu kinh doanh hd gia dinh" va xa hdi ttong phdt trien xa hdi vd quan "Chuydn mdn" Ve tudi, dieu tuong doi ngge ly phat tridn xa hdi vung kinh td ttpng nhidn la trung luu tren cd dp tudi trung binh didm phia Nam den nam 2020", Md sd: thap hon trung luu dudi Gan 60% vien KX.02.20/11-15,2014a trung luu trdn ciia nhdm "Chu kinh doanh hd gia dinh" vd cua nhdm "Chuydn mdn" thupc Bui Thd Cudng, Ca cdu xd hdi vd chuyin dp tudi dudi 45 Nhung d nhdm "Qudn ly Nha dich ca cdu xd hdi: Tdng quan tinh hinh nudc" vd "Qudn 1^ cdng ty tu nhdn" thi trung nghiin cuu nu&c, Chuyen dd Dd tai luu tren cd dp tudi trung binh cao hon trung "Chuydn dich co cdu xd hdi ttong phat luu dudi, va muc chenh lech Id ddng kd tridn xd hdi vd quan ly phdt ttien xd hpi vung kinh td trpng diem phia Nam ddn nam Tinh trung luu ttong co cau xa hpi Thanh 2020", Ma sd: KX.02.20/11-15,2014b phd Hd Chi Minh Id mdt dac trung quan ttpng lam nen ban sdc kinh td, xa hdi vd vdn hda Bill Thd Cudng vd Le Thanh Sang, Mdt sd vdn de ve ca cdu xa hdi vd phdn tdng xd cua Thanh phd Ld mdt ngudn lyc van hda-xa hdi & Tdy Nam Bg: Kit qud tie cudc khdo hdi quan ttpng, giai tang trung luu cua Thanh sdt dinh lucmg ndm 2008, Tgp chi Khoa phd can dupe ddo sau nghien ciiu Hieu biet hpc xa hdi (Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh) Sd vd ngudn vdn (kinh td, tdi chinh) cd tam quan 3(139), 2010, ttang 35-47 ttpngfrongkinh td hpc va chinh sdch kinh td Tucmg tu, hieu bidt vd tinh chdt va ngudn luc n Dd Thai Ddng, Vdn de trung luu hda tgi ciia tang ldp trung luu ciing cd y nghia ldn ddi Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh: Phdn tich thuc vdi nhdn thuc nghidn ciiu xa hdi, chinh tti va trgng vd du bdo xu thi biin ddi, Phiic trinh chinh sdch xa hpi tdng hgp De tdi, Trung tdm Khoa hpc xd hdi va nhan vdn Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh Sd Khoa hpc va cdng nghd Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh, 2004 Tdi lifu tham khao Becker, Bert, JuergenRueland,NikolausWerz, Mythos Mittelschichten: Zur Wiederkehr Do Thien Kinh, Hi thdng phdn tdng xd eines Paradigmas der Demokratieforschung, hgi & Viet Nam hien (Qua nhieng cugc Bonn: Bouvier Verlag, 1999 diiu tra muc sdng hd gia dinh Viii Nam 2002-2004-2006-2008), Hd Ndi: Nxb But Thd Cudng, Bd sd lieu cua Dd tdi Khoahpcxd hdi, 2012 nghien ciiu Ca cdu xd hgi, ldi sdng vd 78 VANHOA-XAB Earl, Catherme, Cosmopolitan or Cultural Dissonance? Vietnamese Middle Class Encounters with the other Paper presented to the 17"' Biennial Conference of the Asian Studies Association of Austtalia in Melbourne 1-3 July 2008 10 Hodng Ba Thinh, Phdn tdng xd hdi vd su hinh thdnh tdng l&p trung luu Tap chi Khoa hpc xa hgi (Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh) Sd 4(140), 2010, ttang 33-42 11 Kerbo, Harold, Social Stratification and Inequality Class Conflict in Historical, Comparative, and Global Perspective, 8* Edition, McCjTOw-Hill Higher Education, 2011 12 Ld Thanh Sang, Nghien cuu phdn tdng xd hgi: Tir ly thuyit den luang thuc nghiem Tap chi Khoa hpc xa hpi (Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh) Sd 2(138), 2010, ttang 31-40 13 Le Thanh Sang, Ca cdu xd hdi, vdn hda vdphuc lgi xd hgi viing Tdy Nam Bd, Bao cdo khoa hgc Dd tai cdp Bd, Vidn Phat trien ben vihig vimg Nam Bd, 2011 of Entrepreneurs in Vietnam, Master Thesis for Contemporary Asian Studies, University of Amsterdam, May 11 *, 2011 19 Townsend, Peter, Giai cdp day vd giai cdp dinh: Ho ngdn cdch giira cdc giai cdp xd hdi &Anh thgp niin 1980, Tgp chi Khoa hpc xa hdi (Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh) Sd 11(195), 2014, ttang 76-92 20 Tdng Vdn Chung, Gdp phdn nhdn dien vai trd cita tdng l&p trung lieu a Viet Nam th&i ky Ddi M&i hien - Tic gdc nhin xd hgi hgc, (Trong: Bgi hpc qudc gia Hd Ndi Trudng Dgi hpc khoa hpc xa hdi va nhan vdn Khoa Xa hpi hpc 2011 Nhieng vdn di xd hgi hgc su biin ddi xd hgi Ha Npi: Nxb Dai hpc qudc gia Ha Ndi), 2011, ttang 59-86 21 Tran Thi Minh Ngpc, Tdng l&p trung luu vd mgt sd vdn de ddt nghien ciru giai tdng ndy a Viit Nam, Tgp chi Xa hpi hpc Sd 3(123), 2013, ttang 24-33 22 King, T Victor, Phuong An Nguyen and 14 Nguyen Dinh Tdn, Su hinh thdnh tdng Nguyen Huu Minh, Professional Middle l&p trung luu vd vai trd cua nd phdt Class Youth in Post-Reform Vietnam: triin kinh te thi tru&ng vd hgi nhdp kinh Identity, Continuity and Change, Modem te qudc ti hien nay, Bdo cdo ket qua de tai Asian Studies, 42, 4, 2008, pp 783-813 khoa hpc cdp Bd, Ma sd B12-12.33, Vien Xa hdi hpc Hpc vien Chinh tri qudc gia 23 King, T Victor, The Middle Class in Hd Chi Minh, 2013 Southeast Asia: Diversities Identities and Comparisons and the Vietnamese 15 Nguyen Thanh Tuan, Ke w/iom xa/ip/ftT/ng luu a Vi^t Nam hien Tap chi Cpng san Case, Intemational Journal of Asia Pacific Sd 2+3(122+123), HdNdi, 2007 Studies, Vol 4, No 2, (November) 2008, pp 73-109 16 Nguyen-Marshall, Van, Lisa B Welch Drummond, Daniele Bdlanger (Eds.), The 24 Vu Thanh Huong et al The Emerging Reinvention of Distinction: Modernity and the Middle Class in Vietnam Transitional MidMe Class in Urban Vietnam, Simnger, 2012 Economy: Identification, Measurement 17 Scott, John and Gordon Marshall, Oxford and Consumption Behaviour Respect Dictionary of Sociology, New York: to Economy Growth, Research Group: Oxford University Press, 2005 Nguyen Van Thinh, Tran Thuy Duong, Le Hai Yen, Bui Thi Thao, Ly Dai Hung, 18 Sprangers, Roel, Variations Among the Middle Classes in Asia: The Case Khdng rd ndm va noi xudt ban 79 ... cdng ty tu nhan", dp tudi trung binh cua trung luu ttdn cao hon ciia trung luu dudi Dp tudi trung binh cua trung luu trdn nhdm "Quan ly Nhd nudc" ldn tdi 59,0 cdn ciia trung luu dudi la 53,6 (cdch... tdng ldp trung luu Md ta phdn bd tudi ttong tdng ldp trung luu Thanh phd Tudi trung binh ciia todn mdu khdo sat (661 ngudi ttd ldi dang lam viec) la 45 Tudi trung binh cua tang ldp trung luu... ttong tang ldp trung luu, ddc bidt tudi trung binh cua trung luu dudi d nhdm ndy chi la 34,6 Xem xet phdn bd tudi theo bgc trung luu frdn va dudi, ta thay mpt sd dgc diem dang chii y Trung luu trdn
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