Nghien citu khoa hgc DjA Vj NGirOI PHU Nir ff VIET NAM VA TRIEU TIEN THE KY XV QUA KHAO SAT QUOC TRIEU HINH LUAT VA KINH QUOC DAI DIEN NGUViNTHIDIIiniUr- Tdm tat: Viit Nam vd Trieu Tien sdm cd nhOng moi tuang thdng vi lich sic vd vdn hda Thdi trung dgi, Viit Nam vd Trieu Tiin ciing chiu dnh hudng sdu dgm cua tu tudng Nha gido, do dia vi ngudi phu nii xd hgi Viet Ngm vd Trieu Tien cUng cd nhiing mdi liin hi nhdt dinh Bdi viet tim hieu nhiing diim tuang ddng vd khac biit vi dia vi cua nguai phu nii d Viet Nam vd Trieu Tien thi ki XV qua khdo sdt hai bg lugt Qudc triiu hlnh ludt cua vuang triiu Li Sa (1428-1527) a Vift Nam vd Kinh qudc dgi diin cua vuang triiu Trieu Tien (1392-1910) d Trieu Tien Tren ca sd do, bdi viet budc ddu xem xet dia vi phdp ludt cita nguai phli nii a Viit Nam the ki XV so sdnh vdi dia vi nguai phu nii a Trieu Tien thi ki XV, ldm ca sa tim hiiu sdu han nhiing mdi lien hi khde giua phu nii a Viit Nam vd Triiu Tien lich sic Tu- khda: Dja vj phu ntt, Qudc ttidu hinh ludt, Kinh qudc dai didn, Viet Nam, Hdn Qudc F idt Nam va Tridu Tidn sdm cd nhttng thdnh mOt bO ludt hoan chinh vdi tdn gpi mdi tuong thdng vd ljch sfl vd vdn QuSc triiu hinh lugt Qudc triiu hlnh lugt hda Thdi trung dai, Viet Nam va Tridu Tien gdm 722 didu, chia lam quydn, 15 chuang, cung chju anh hudng sdu dam cua tu tudng gdm: (1) Danh Id, (2) Vd cim, (3) Vi chd, (4) Nho gido, dd dja vj ngudi phy ntt Qudn ehinh, (5) HO hdn, (6) Dien sdn, (7) xa hdi Viet Nam va Tridu Tidn cung cd Didu khodn vd dien san mdi bd sung, (8) Bd nhttng mdi lidn he nhdt djnh Bdi vidt ndy sung vd ludt huong hda, (9) Thdng gian, (10) xem xet nhttng didm tuong ddng vd khde Dao tdc, (II) Diu tung, (12) Trd nguy, (13) bidt vd dja vj cfla ngucri phu ntt d Viet Nam Tap luat, (14) Bd vong, (15) Doan ngyc vd Tridu Tidn the ki XV qua khao sat hai bO Qudc triiu hlnh lugt quy ehd hda cdc mdt ludt Qudc triiu hinh ludt cfla vuong tridu Ld cfla ddi sdng chinh trj, kinh td, vdn hda, xd So (1428 - 1527) d Viet Nam va Kinh qudc hOi Viet Nam thdi Ld So NOi dung chu yeu dgi diin cfla vuong tridu Tridu Tidn (1392 - cfla nd nhdm bdo ve ehd dO qudn chfl nhd Ld So; bdo vd chd dO gia tdc phu quydn vd cdc 1910) d Tridu Tidn Quic triiu hinh lugt Id bO phdp didn ddu nguydn tic vd ludn li, dao dfle; bao vd tdi sdn tidn cua vuong tridu Ld So d Viet Nam Trdn vd quydn thu td thud, bdt phu linh cfla Nhd ca sd tdng hop vd he thdng hda cac didu ludt nudc, bdo ve trdt ty ki cucmg xd hOi Qudc dupe ban hdnh dudi cac ddi vua Ld Thdi Td, triiu hinh lugt duoc xem Id bd phdp didn trj Le Thdi Tdng, Ld Nhan Tdng, vua Ld Thdnh nudc quan trpng cfla vucmg tridu Le So Kinh quoc dgi diin cflng la bO phdp didn Tdng (1460-1497) dd tap hpp xdy dyng thfl hai cua vuong tridu Tridu Tidn d Tridu • j s ^ Khpa Ljeh sir, Trung tam nghien ciru Phy nu va Tri Tidn sau bp Kinh te luc dien, bidn soan va sua thirc ban dja, Trudng D?i hpc Su Phgm Ha Npi chfla dudi thdi vua Ly Thd Td (1417-1468); j^^H^ilTcdU OdNG B^C A s d 3(169) 3-2015 73 Nghien cOu khoa hgc hodn thdnh vd ban hdnh vdo thdi vua Ly Thanh Tdng (1469-1494) BO phap didn gdm quydn, dupc chia thdnh didn Id Lai didn, HO dien, Ld didn, Binh didn, Hinh didn, Cdng didn Kinh qudc dgi diin phdp didn hda todn didn cdc mdt cfla dcti sdng chinh ttj, kinh td, vdn hda, xd hOi dutji thdi tri vi cfla vuong tridu Tridu Tidn Kinh quae dgi diin dupc coi Id ndn tdng phdp ludt trj nudc cfla vucmg ttidu Tridu Tien Kinh qudc dgi dien cd mdi lidn he mat thidt vdi Dgi Minh lugt Kinh qudc dgi diin, Quydn 5, phdn Hinh didn, didu ludt diu tien "Dung lugt' dd ghi: "Dimg 'Dgi Minh lugt"' Tu tudng "diing 'Dgi Minh ludt"' dupe cdc tridu vua cfla vuong tridu Tridu Tidn lan lupt kd thfla "Dgi Minh lu4t" la bO ludt nhit cua Trung Qudc ma nha Tridu Tidn tham khdo vd sfl dyng, ea ddn Trung Qude dudi sy eai ttj cfla nhd Thanh, Tridu Tidn van tham khdo vd sfl dung "Dgi Minh lugt" Didu dd xac nhdn dja vj trung tdm cfla "Dgi Minh lugt" chd dd luat phdp cua vuong ttidu Tridu Tidn Nhu vdy, Qudc trieu hinh lugt vd Kinh qudc dgi dien ddu dupc ban hdnh vdo khodng cudi thd ki XV Tuy Id hai bd ludt cfla hai vuong ttidu khde nhau, d hai qudc gia khac nhau, nhung Qudc triiu hinh ludt va Kinh qudc dgi diin vdn cd nhiing mdi lien he nhdt djnh trdn ndn chung cua phdp ludt khu vyc Ddng A, chju dnh hudng cfla phap ludt Trung Hoa thdi trung dai MOt ttong nhttng mdi lidn he Id nhiing didu ludt lidn quan den phu ntt ttong hai bO ludt ndy' Xem xet ndi dung Qudc trieu hinh ludt va Kinh qudc dgi dien, sy tuong ddng va khde ' Do m^i quan h? m§t thiat gifla Kmh qudc ^gi diin vk Dgi Minh ludt nhu da trinh biy it trfin nen m^t s6 trich dan chfing toi minh hpa them cac di^u luSt vl phy nO Dgi Minh lual 74 bidt vd dja vj cfla ngudi phu ntt ttong hai bO ludt cu thd nhu sau: Quy^n hdn nhdn, thira ke tai san cua ngudi phli nfl' 1.1 Quyin hon nhan cOaphif nii Qudc triiu hinh ludt vd Kinh qudc dgi diin ddu cd nhflng quy djnh bdo vd hanh phflc cfla ngudi phu nu thdng qua nhung didu ludt vd hdn nhdn Qudc triiu hlnh ludt quy djnh ngudi gdi cd quydn tu bd hdn udc vd cdi gia, du da dinh hdn vdi ngudi ttai khi: Ngudi ttai cd ac tat: "Con gdi hica gd chong md chua thdnh hdn, niu ngudi trai bi dc tgt thi cho phep ngudi gdi dugc keu quan md trg li" Ngudi trai phjm tOi: "Con gdi hua gd chdng md chua thdnh hon, neu ngudi trai phgm tgi hogc phd tdn gia sdn tht chg phep ngudi cgn gdi duac kiu quan md tra dd li"\ Quoc trieu hinh luat cho phep nguai vg CO quydn li hon de bao ve danh du va hanh phuc cua nguoi phu nu, la cdc truong hop: Chong bo lung vg thang khong di lgi: '"''Pham chong da bd licng va thdng khong di lgi (vff du^c trinh vdi quan sa tgi va xa quan lam chimg) thi mdt vet Neu va dd co thi hgn cho mot nam Vi viec quan phdi di xa khong theo lugt ndy Neu da bo va md ngdn cdn nguai khde lay va cu thi phdi tQi biem," Vi^n Khoa HQC XS hpi Vi?t Nam, Vien Sil hpc (2009) Co lugt Viet Nam: Quoc trieu hinh lugt va Hoang Viet lugt le, Nxb Giao dye H i Npi, tr 72 ' Vi^n Khoa hpc xS h6i Vi^t Nam, Vien Six hpe (2009), Co lugt Viet Nam: Qudc triiu hinh lugt va Hoang Vi4t lugt ll Sdd, tr 72 " Vi?n Khoa hpc xa hoi Vi^t Nam, Vien Sir hpe (2009), CS lugt Viet Nam: Qudc triiu hinh lugt va Hoang Vi$t lu^t !?, Sdd, tr 70 NGHIEN Cdru OdNG B^C sd 3(169) 3-2015 Nghien citu khoa hgc Con rd ming nhide cha mp vp: "Neu ri lay chuyin phi li md mdng nhiic cha me vg, dem thua quan se cho li dl"^ Chdng chdt ma cha mp ep gd cho ngudi khde: "Tang chdng dd hit md ngudi vg mudn thil tiit, niu khdng phdi dng bd, cha me md ep gd cho ngudi khac thi xu biim ba tu vd bdt phdi li di, nguai ddn bd phdi trd vi nhd chong cU; nguai ddn dng lay (nguai dan bd dy) thi khdng phdi tgi."'' Khdng gidng nhu Qudc trieu hlnh ludt, Kinh qudc dgi diin bdo vd hanh phuc cua ngudi phu ntt bdng vide bdo vd chd dO mpt vp mOt chdng, ndu ngudi chdng vi ph^m sd bj xu phat: "Niu ngudi da cd vgt lgi cudi them vg nUa, phgt 90 trucmg bdt phdi li dp'^ Tuy nhidn, Kinh qudc dgi diin cung cd quy djnh ngoai Id: ttong trudng hpp ngudi vp dd hon 40 tudi van chua cd eon ttai thi cho phdp ngudi chdng dupc di liy thidp: "Neu vg han 40 tudi ma vdn chua cd trai, cho phep ddi phuang dugc lay thiip, vi pham phgt 40 rof* Bdn c?nh nhttng quy dinh cho phep ngudi phu ntt cd quydn tu bd hdn udc, li hdn, bdo vd chd dO mOt vp, mOt chdng thi Quoc triiu hinh ludt va Kinh qudc dgi diin cung quy djnh trudng hpp ngudi chdng dupc phep bd vp Ngudi vp pham "thdt xudt" (khdng cd ttai, ddm dat, khdng kinh cha me chdng, lim ldi, ttdm cip, ghen tudng, cd dc tat), ngudi chdng cd quydn dd nghj li hdn ' Vifn Khpa hpc x i hdi Vift Nam, Vifn Sflr hpc (2009), C6 luQt yi4l Nam: Qudc triiu h'inh lu^t va Hoiing Vi^l lugt Vd didm ndy, Qudc triiu hinh ludt quy djnh: "Vg cd, vg le phgm phdi diiu nghia tuyet (nhu thdt xudt) md ngudi chdng chiu gidu khdng bd thi xic tgi biim, tiiy theg viic ngng nhe" Kinh qudc dgi diin chju dnh hudng tfl Dgi Minh lugt cua nha Minh d Trung Qudc ndn cd mdt quy djnh tuang ddi nhan dao vdi phy ntt li hdn Bdn canh vide cho phep ngudi chdng cd quydn 11 hdn ndu ngudi vp pham "thdt xudt", thi Kinh qudc dgi dien cdn quy djnh "tam bdt khif' (dd cflng chju tang ndm; lay ngheo sau giau ed; Idy edn cd ba con, bd khdng cdn bd de ttd vd) - ba trudng btjp ngudi chdng khdng dupc li hdn dfl vp ph?m "thdt xudt" Ndu ngudi chdng vdn li hdn thi se bj xu ph?t: "Phdm ke ldm vg phgm vda tgi thdt xudt (khdng cd trai, ddm ddt, khdng kinh cha mf chdng, da ngdn, trgm cdp, ghen tudng, cd dc tgt) nhung cd dieu khdng ddng bd (dd ciing chju tang ndm, trudc ngheo sau gidu, cd cudi xin khdng biit vi ddu) md lgi rudng bd thi xic nhe han hai mice, bdt ve dodn tu "^" Trong dd, Qudc trieu hinh lugt khdng cd didu ludt nao xem xdt ddn "tam bdt khii'' dd cd hinh thuc irng xfl hpp li, hpp tinh hon vdi ngudi phu ntt Vd quydn hdn nhdn cua phy nfl, Kinh qudc dgi dien quy djnh: "Nam 15 tudi, nit 14 tudi, cd thi dung vg gd chdng Niu bo me mgt hai bin gid yiu, benh tdt hade Id da 50 tudi thi gdi, trai 12 tudi trd len cd the tdu lin quan xin phep dung vg gd If,Sii, a Tl ' Vi§n IChpa hpc x5 hji Vift Nam, Vi|n Sd hpc (2009), C6 tuqt yi4l Nam: QuSc triiu hinh luat va Hoang Vi4t luat If, Sdd, tr 72 ^ Kinh qu6c d^i dien, D^i Minh lu^t, H$ lu(it, Hdn nhSn, ThS thiep thit tir ' Kinh qu6c d?i dien, D^i IVlinh Iu§t, HO lu§t, Hdn nhSn, Th6 thiip thSt tir NGHllN Cdu OdNG B^C (i sd 3(169) 3-2015 ' Vi^n IChpa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam, Vipn Su hpc (2009), Cd luat Vifl Nam: Quoc trieu hinh lugt va Hoang Vifl lugt If, Sdd, tr 70 '" Kinh qudc d^i diin, Dji Minh ludt, HO luSt, Hdn nhin, Xuat gii 75 Nghien citu khoa hgc chdng"" Didu ludt ndy so vdi nhttng trudng hpp ndi d ttdn cfla Qudc triiu hinh lugt dudng nhu chdng ed lidn quan gi ddn Tuy nhien, ehflng tdi ddn d ddy dd cho thiy, du cho phap luat cd nhimg quy djnh Iinh hojt ttong vipc dyng vp, gd ehdng eua eon gdi vd ttai thi ngudi gdi cung phai chju thipt thdi nhdt djnh hdn nhdn Kinh qudc dgi diin cdn cd nhflng quy dinh nghidt ngd vd tidt hanh, cflng cd thdn phdn thdp kem cfla ngudi phy ntt: "Con chdu ciux ddn bd cdi gid, ddn bd phgm ldi ldm khdng duac ung thi khoa cic, khdng dugc cdng nhdn tit tdi, tiin si."" Nhttng quy djnh gdp thdm vdo nhihig bit hanh, thidt thdi ma eua ngudi phy ntt phdi chju dyng vd cd cdi nhttng ngudi phy ntt ndy sinh Tfl nhiing quy djnh trdn cd thd thdy, ngudi phy ntt d Vipt Nam thd ki XV it nhidu dupe phap lu^t bdo vp quydn lpi hdn nhdn, hanh phflc gia dinh hon so vdi phu ntt d Tridu Tidn thd ki XV 1.2 Quyin thiia ki til san cua ngudi phifnH 1.2.1 Quan hi tdi sdn vg - chdng Trong Quoc trieu hinh luat, quan he tai san thira kd cfla vp chdng dupc quy djnh ttong cdc didu 374, 375 vd 376 Tdi sdn cfla gia dinh ttong cdc quy dinh cfla Qudc triiu hinh lugt chi nhde ddn didn thd, khdng ndi gi ddn cdc tdi sdn khde Tai sdn cfla vp ehdng duoc hinh thdnh tfl ba ngudn: (1) Tai sdn ngudi chdng dupe thfla hudng tfl gia dinh nhd chdng (phu didn sdn); (2) Tdi sdn cfla ngudi vp dupc thfla hudng tfl gia dinh vp (thd didn sdn); (3) Tai sdn hai vp chdng tao dyng qud ttinh cflng sinh sdng (tdn tao didn san) I Kinh qu6c dai diSn, Quyin 2, Hp diin, Hdn gia • Kinh qudc dai diSn, Quyin 3, Le diin, Chu khpa 76 Thu nhdt, didn sdn ed dugc bd mp ddnh cho (phu, thd didn sdn) duac quy djnh: "Vg chong khdng cd con, hogc chit truac khdng cd chiic thu md dien sdn chia vi chdng hay vg ( chong chit thi dien sdn chia ldm hai phdn, vi nguai hg dn thica tif mgt phdn di giic viic ti tu, ve vg mgt phdn, phdn cua ngudi vg chi di nudi ddi minh khdng dugc nhgn ldm cua rieng, vg chit hay cdi gid thi phdn dy lgi thudc ve nguai thica tu Niu cha m? cdn song thi thuoc vi cha me cd; va chit trudc thi chdng ciing the, chi khdng bdt huge hi Idy vg khde thi mdt phdn dy)"" Nhu vay, trudng hpp ehdng chdt tnrdc, tdi sdn dupc chia ldm hai phdn bang nhau, mOt phdn ddnh cho gia dinh bdn chdng dd lo vide td Id (bd mp hodc ngudi thfla ty ben chdng), mdt phin ddnh cho vp dd phyng dudng mdt ddi (khdng cd quydn sd hilu) BChi vp chdt bode tai gid thi phan tdi san ndy giao cho gia dinh bdn chdng Trudng hpp vp chdt trude, tdi sdn cflng dupe chia lam hai phdn bing nhau, mpt phdn ddnh cho gia dinh bdn vp (bd me hodc ngudi thua ty ben vp) dd lo vide td Id, mOt phdn danh cho ngudi chdng dd phung dudng mot ddi (khdng cd quydn sd httu) Khi ngudi chdng chdt, phdn tai sdn ndy giao lai cho gia dinh bdn vp (bd me hodc ngudi thfla ty bdn vp) Thic hai, didn san cfla hai vp chdng qud trinh cflng sinh sdng, Qudc trieu hinh lugt quy djnh: "Vg chdng dd cd niu mgt ngudi chit truac sau cUng chit thi diin sdn thuge vi chcng hay vg ( diin sdn^ ciia vg chdng ldm thi chia ldm hai, vg chong mdi ngudi du(rc mgt phdn, phan ciia Vien Khpa hpc xa hji Vipt Nam, Vipn Sii hpc (2009), Co lugt Viet Nam: Quoc trieu hinh lugt va Hoang Viet lugt /f,Sdd,tr 80 NGHIEN Cdu OdNG B4C A sd 3(169) 3-2015 Nghien citu khoa hgc vg dugc nhgn ldm cua rieng, phdn cua chdng lgi chia ldm ba, cho vg hai phdn de viic ti tu vd phdn mg mgt phdn, hai phdn cho vg cung chi de nudi ddi minh, khdng duac nhdn ldm cita riing, vg chet hay cdi gid thi hai phdn dy lgi di ve vi?c te tu vd phdn md cua chdng Phdn vi ti tu vd phdn md, niu cha me cdn sdng thi cha me gia, niu cha m? khdng cdn thi ngudi thica tu giii; vg chit trudc thi chdng cUng thi, chi khong cdu n^ lay vg khac)" Trudng hop chdng chdt trudc, tdi san duoc chia thdnh hai phdn bdng nhau, mdt phan danh cho vp dd lam cua ridng, mdt phan dupc danh cho chdng chia nhu sau: 1/3 ddnh cho nha chdng dd lo vipc td Id, 2/3 ddnh cho vp dd phung dudng mOt ddi, khdng dupc ldm cfla ridng Khi ngudi vp chdt hodc tdi gid, tdi sdn dd phai dupc giao lai cho gia dinh bdn chdng Trudng hpp vp chdt trudc, tdi sdn dupc chia lam hai phdn bdng nhau, mdt phin danh cho chdng dd ldm cua ridng, phan danh cho vp dupc chia nhu sau: 1/3 danh cho nhd vp dd lo vide thd cung, 2/3 ddnh cho ehdng dd phung dudng mOt ddi (khdng duac ldm cua ridng) Khi chdt giao lai cho gia dinh bdn vp, ndu chdng di lay vo khac vdn dupc tidp tuc cd quydn sfl dung Nhu vay, vide phdn ehia tdi san vp chdng mpt hai ngudi chdt trudc vd ca bdn, vp chdng binh ding vipc phdn chia tai sdn thfla kd Sy phdn djnh didn sdn c^a vp chong ttong quan he hdn nhdn nhu ttdn rit gin vdi nguydn tdc phdp luat hipn dai trfl quy djnh ban chd quydn lpi cfla ngudi vp cai gid vd ngudi chdng lay vp khde van tidp tuc cd quydn ddi vdi tdi sdn dupc " ViSn Khda hpc xa hdi Vipt Nam, Vi^n Su hpc (2009), C6 ludt Vifl Nam: Quoc trieu hinh lugt va Hoang Vifl lugt If Sdd m 81 NGHIEN CHU OdNG B A C K Sd 3(169) 3-2015 chia Trong nhiing didu ludt cfla Kinh qudc dgi dien khdng tim thdy quy djnh vd vide phdn chia tai san cho ngudi phy nfl ttong mdi quan hp chdng - vp 1.2.2 Quan he tdi sdn giua cdc vdi QuSc triiu hinh lugt quy djnh, rupt^g dit cha mp dd lai phdi trich 1/20 sd rudng dit lam phdn huong hda cho ngudi td ty: "Cha me mdt cd, cd rugng ddt, chua kip di lgi chiic thu, md anh em ti/c chia nhau, thi Idy 1/20 sd rugng ddt ldm phdn huang hda, giao cho ngudi trai trudng giic, cdn thi chia nhau"^^ Sau chia cho ngudi thua ty (con trudng 1/20), sd didn sdn cdn Iai chia eho cac con, khdng phdn bidt ttai gdi, nhung ed sy phdn bipt gitta vp ca vdi vp Id va nudi: "Phdn ciia vg le, ndng hdu thi phai kem"'^ Tuong ty Qudc trieu hinh luat, ttong vipc phdn chia tdi sdn eho cai sau cha me chdt, Kinh qudc dgi dien cung quy djnh: "Tdt cd cdi vg cd sinh ra, khdng phdn biit nam nii, cd, thii deu dugc phdn chia tdi sdn Trong do, ngudi giic viic ti tu dugc thim 1/5 so tdi sdn Con cdi cua vg cd dugc chia 1/7 tdi sdn, cdi cita vg le dugc chia 1/IOtdisdn"" Nhu vay, ttong vide phdn ehia tai san cho cai sau cha me mdt, Kinh quoc dgi diin cung thua nhdn su binh dang gitta nam vd nu, nhung cd su phdn biet gitta vp ed vd vp le nhu Qudc triiu hinh luat Mflc " Vipn Khpa hpc xa hdi Vipt Nam, Vipn Sir hpc (2009), Co lugt Vifl Nam: Quoc trieu hinh lugt vd Hodng Vifl ludt /f, Sdd,tr 83 '* vipn Khpa hpc xa hOi Vi§t Nam, Vipn Sir hpc (2009), Cd lugt Vifl Nam: Qudc Iriku hlnh lugt vd Hodng Vifl ludt If, Sdd, tt S3 " Kinh qupc d?i diin, Quyen 2, Hp diin, Diin trach 77 Nghien citu khoa hoc tdi sdn ehia cho ngudi giu vide td ty ttong Kinh qudc dgi dien nhidu hon ttong Quoc triiu hinh ludt Vifc xir phat toi "mao pham" chong, bo me chong, bac tdn trirdng nha chong Bdn canh nhung quy djnh eu thd cho phep ngudi phy ntt cd quydn l