Quan hệ thương mại của vương quốc Ryukyu với Trung Quốc thời Trung Đại.pdf

QUAN HE THUUNG MAI CUA VUOfNG QUOC RYUKYU irOfl TRUNG QUOC THOfI TRUNG DAI LtniiaiANiiLr Tom tat; Ryukyu (Luu Cdu) Id mgt vucmg qudc nho a phia toy nam Nhat Bdn thdi trung dgi Khi Id mqt vuang qudc dqc ldp (1429 - 1879), Ryukyu phdt triin mgnh me kinh ti hdi thuang, ma rqng quan he giao luu, trao ddt vat nhiiu nuac cd hat khu vuc Bong Bdc A vd Dong Nam A Tic cdc moi quan he do, Ryukyu ndm giic mqt vt tri quan trqng h$ thong thuang mgi sdm a Bien Bong Trong do, qugn he thuang mgt giUa Ryukyu vd Trung Quoc duac trieu dinh Ryukyu dgc biet coi trqng Id nen tdng chlnh cho su phdt triin cua todn bq nen kinh te vd chlnh trt ciia vuang qudc ndy Khda cicu ve quan he thuang mgi giira Ryukyu vd Trung Quoc co the cho chiing ta thdy nhiiu vdn de noi bgt vi Uch sic dSl ngogl dgc bl4t cita vuang quoc Ryukyu vd he thong thuang mat - trieu cong Trung Hoa thai trung dgi Tir khoa: Ryukyu, Trung Qu6c, NhSt Ban, Thucmg mai - trieu c6ng A 7am 1879, Nhat Ban da chinh thuc sap J T nhap vuong quoc Ryulcyu' vao dat nuac minh sau mot thoi gian dai "bo mSc quyen chi phoi cho lanh dia Satsuma" Ryuliyu la mot vuong quoc nho, da trai qua mot thcri ley ton tji va phat trien dgc lap tuong doi dac biet ben canh cac nu6c 16n co nen kinh tS thuang mai phat trien manh me khu vuc Dong Bac A nhu Trung Quflc, Nhat Ban, Trieu Tien Nam cr phia tay nam Nhat Ban, Ryukyu la mpt quSn dao nim kha rieng biet phia dong cac nudc ion Xet ve dia Iy, vuong quflc nam giiJa Nhat Ban, Trung Quflc, Trieu Tien va ban dao Dai Loan Tir c4ng Naha ciia Ryukyu di den cac thuong cang cac nuoc khac kha gto vh khoang each, hon nOa tau thuySn hoat dpng kha di dtog • ThS TruSng Dai hpc Van h6a ^ ' Dja danh Ryukyu cim dugc biet den dr Viet Nam vdi ten Luu C^u ^j^JJjlMCda OdNQ BAC A sfi *(170) M015 nho vung bien it mua bao Voi vi tri nhu vay, vuong quflc nam cr mflt vi tri khd dgc bl4t' dli xa ii xay dimg nen chinh tri tucmg dfli dfle lap, va ciing dit gdn de thiet lap quan he thuong mai thuong xuyen voi cac nu6c khu vuc Trong cac quflc gia do, quan he voi Trung Hoa la mflt ttong nhiing mfli quan ttoi dac biet, co y nghia quan ttpng dfli voi sir phat trien ciia vuong quflc Chinh sach doi ngoai cua Ryukyu vol cac quae gia khu vyc Ryukyu thai ky trung dai la mpt vuong quflc dpc lap cung Itic thto phuc ca hai nuac Trung Quflc va Nhat Bto Hien nay, Ryuiiyu da tto tinh Okinawa cua Nhat Bto voi mflt dja the rat quan ttpng ve chinh tri va quto syr ttong khu vuc Trong cac ghi chep sil hpc, khdi niem vuong quflc Ryukyu thflng nhat tfln tai ttong khotog thoi gian 1429-1879 chi bao gflm cac qudn ddo Amgmi (thuqc nam 57 Nghien cihi khoa hgc Satsuma), qudn ddo Miyako, qyan dda Yaeyama vd ddo chinh Okinctwg Khotog 32.000 ntoi truoc, nguoi xuat hien a quto dao Ryukyu va hinh thtoh mpt nen van hfla bto dia mang nhimg sac thai 'Sign hdg blen"^ rS net Nira dto thfl ky XIV, Ryukyu bi chia thtoh tieu quflc cat cijr, lich sii gpi la tho'i ky "Tam Som dinh lap" (Sanzantriritsu)^ gflm: Bac Scm (Hokuzan), Nam Son (Nanzan) va Trung Son (Chuzan)'' Ryukyu bat dau trai qua giai doan lich su "mpt the ky npi chien" (1314-1398) Nguoi ta biet den Ryukyu nhieu hon bat dau tir thoi diflm tiflu quflc lin luot thiet lap quan he ttieu cflng vo'i nha Minh of Trung Quflc, nham tim dupc sir ung hfl cua trieu dinh Trung Hoa cho muc tieu thfln tinh Ito Cai ten Ryukyu bat diu xuit hien ttong mpt sfl bfl sir nha Minh, tieu bieu nhat la bfl "Minh sil luc": '^Ldn ddu tien chiing ta thdy cdi ten "Vuang qudc Ryukyu" Minh sic luc la su ton tgl cita chlnh quyen nd: Bdc San, Nam San, vd Trung San " Ciing noi vfl cupc npi chien cr Ryukyu, "Minh sir iuc" CO doan viflt ve chinh tri cua Ryukyu nam 1383: "Vdo ndm do, tren ldnh tho Ryukyu co ^ Nguyen van Kim (2003), Quan h4 ciia Nhat Ban vcri Dong Nam A thi ky XV- XVIII, Nxb Dai hoc Qu6c gia Ha NOi, HJ Npi, tr 62 ^ Mpt sd nhA nghien cihi Chau Au gpi thai Icy la "TVlai dai Tam vttan^ * GS Kin Seiki bii viet "Mau dich cua Bong Nam A vai vuang quae Ryukyu (Liru Cau) va gom Sli Viet Nam phdt hien dicpc a Okinawa" (i\o\ thao quoc te ve quan hp Vipt - Nhat thfi ky XV - XVII qua giao Iuu g6m sfi- H i Npi 1999> c6n gpi ten tieu quoc \h: Yamakita (Son Bac), Yamamiami (Son Nam) v i Nakayama (Son Trung) ' Geoff Wade(200O, "Ryukyu in Ming-shi-lu 1380s 1580s" - Wprkshop on Northest Asia in Maritime Perspective: A dialogue wwith Southest Asia (Reprinted in February 2005 by Osaka University Coop) 58 vi vua gdy chien vai nhdm gianh quyen luc tot cao tren loan lanh tho" (61, 3/1 nam Hflng Vii thii: 16)' Nhu vay, vto khotog cufli the ky XIV dau the ky XV, tten lanh thfl Ryukyu da dien mflt cupc nfli chien (ciing co the coi dfl la cupc "v^n dqng ddn lqc") nhtai thflng nhit toto bfl Itoh tho Ryukyu Btog sire manh quto su, sir kheo leo ttong ho?t dflng ngoai giao, lai CO dupc su iing hp cua Trung Quflc va Nhat Bto, rat nhanh chong, Trung Son da vuon len dto dau va gitoh dupc thtog lpi cufli ciing ttong cupc npi chien thflng nhit dat nud'c Nam 1416 (co tu lipu ghi la nam 1422), vuong quflc Bac Son bi Trung Son tieu diet 13 ntoi sau Nam San cung bj Trung Son chinh phuc (nSm 1429) Ryukyu da dupc thflng nhit tten toto quin dao, trd mpt vuong quflc da vua Trung Son dling diu, cham diit hoto toan thoi ky nfli chien tai quto dao Ryukyu The ki XV - XVI la thoi ky Ryukyu phat trien manh me va dat den dinh cao nhfl' chii ttpng phat trifln kinh te ngoai thuong Ryukyu tto thtoh mflt "vuong quflc thuong mai bifln" ttong khu vuc Dong Bac A va tta mpt thuong ctog quan ttpng ttong he thflng thuong mai som 6' Chau A Den cufli the ki XVI, tten CO SO' thong nhat va din di vto the fln djnh, Nhat Bto mufln mor rpng toh hucmg ben ngoai, thuc hien toi muu btoh trudng lanh thfl vfln da ap li tir lau ciia nguoi Nhat Ryukyu trfl thtoh mflt dfli tupng duac Nhat Bto dac bift chii y cr phia Nam va den the ky XIX thi chinh ^ Din theo Nguyen Van Kim (2003), Quan h4 cua Nhat Biin vol Dong Nam A Ihi ky XV - XVII, Nxb D?i hpc Qu6c gia Ha N$i, Ha Npi, tr 58 HGHIEN Cdu DONG BAC fl sfi 4(170) 4-2015 Nghien cihi khoa hoc thiic tta thtoh tinh Okinawa cila Nhat Bto cho tfli nay' Su phat triln cua vuong quflc Ryukyu dupc quyet dinh bfl'i cac diflu kifln tu nhien va dSc biflt la vi tri dia ly vuong quflc Vi la mpt ddo quflc nen host dpng thuang mgi biin ttflr thtoh mpt nhto tfl quan ttpng su phat trifln kinh te - xa hpi ciia vucmg quflc Xet ve tu nhien, Ryukyu la mot vuong quflc nhfl h?p, tai nguyen thien nhien khflng phong phii Nfln ttog tir nhifln dfl phat trifln kinh te nflng nghiep khflng dit thoa mto nhu cau cua dto cu Ryukyu Nhung vi tri dja ly ciia Ryukyu lai co diem dac biet: Ryukyu nam o vi tri ciu nfli giiia Trung Quflc va Nhat Bto, Triflu Tien, Dai Loan ttong khu vuc Dflng Bac A; or phia nam Ryukyu la mflt viing bifln rpng ldn thong toi cac thuong ctog nfli tiSng ciia hiu het cac nudc khu vyc Dflng Nam A Vi vay, Ryukyu dupc coi la "aia ngo" ciia khu vuc Dong B5c A, la ciu nfli hai khu vuc Dflng Bic A va Dflng Nam A Day la diflu kien thu$n lgi dfl Ryukyu c6 thfl phat trifln kinh te bang viec hoa nhap vao hfl thong thuang m£ii ttong khu vuc, day manh kinh tfl ngoai thuang, tao lire diy cho nen kinh tfl huong ben ngoai "Vi tri ciia Ryukyu cd tinh chdt quyet dinh den vi the quan trqng cua vucmg quoc he thong thuang mgi bien suot mqt glal dogn lich sic dgc biet cua Chdu A"' Y thiic rit ro ve tim vdc nhfl be, lai nim canh nhiing quflc gia ldn ciia khu v\fc nhu Trung Quflc, Nhat Bto, Triflu Tifln, vuong quflc Ryukyu hiflu ring kho co the phat trifln hoto toto dfle lap vdi cac quoc gia Itog giflng Nhu mflt tit yeu lich sit, su phat Iriln ciia Ryukyu chiu su tac dflng sau sic bdi nhiJng diflu kifln ljch sit va quan he quoc tfl gitta cac nudc ldn ttong khu vuc Xac djnh chinh xac tinh thfl dd, Ryukyu da tim dupc mot dudng phat frien rieng va kha dpc dao voi mOt chinh sach dfli ngoai cue ki khfln kheo dfli vdi cae quflc gia ttong khu vuc Md rOng tfli da quan he bang giao vdi tat ca cac nudc, Ryukyu nhanh chdng nam bit thoi CO, thtoi chi la tan dung nhihig mfli bat hoa cua cac nudc ldn de tim kiflm nguon htog hda va thi tnrdng tiflu thu nham phat huy toi da sir phat trifln cua kinh tfl thuang nghiep bifln, dua vuong quflc phat trien manh me va dumg viing ttong nhiflu thfl ky Trong thoi ki phat trien cue thjnh (thfl ky XIV- XVI), Ryukyu cd muc tieu dfli ngoai quan ttpng ^ Quan h$ giOa Nh§l Ban va Ryukyu tro nen c5ng thang dc Ryukyu tir choi tilp ijng cho Nh$t Ban frong cupc xSm lupc Trilu Tiln nam 1592 Sang thi ki XVII, d6ng hp Tpkugawa khang dinh uu thi tuypt d6i ciia minh a Nh§t Bin Dl thu&ng cong cho Ianh chiia Satsuma sdm quy thu^n va gi6p dd minh, chlnh quyln Edo da giao cho Satsuma cai quan "modi hai dao phia nam", dd g6m phJn Idn lanh th6 vuong qu6c Ryukyu khi^dd Ngay 17-61606, vi^n cd chinh quyln Shuri khdng ve Edo trinh difn tudng quan Tokugawa, Mac phO Edo da ban I|nh "cho phip Satsuma himg phat Ryukyu" Thang 2-1609, SaUuma tin cdng Shuri, thii phii cua vuong quoc Ryukyu Ngiy 5-4-1609, Shuri bi chilm Tir dSy, Ryukyu dupc dat dudi su quan chl ciia lanh chiia Shimazu, lanh dia Satsuma, chju su thin phuc Nhjt Ban (dong th&i vin * Xie Bi-zhen (2004), "Several Factor in the Change of chiu thin phuc Trung Qudc) Nam 1879, Nh|t Ban tien Navigation between Japan and Southest Asia: the hJnh cupc cai each hanh chlnh, Ryukyu bj sdt nhjp han Resseach on the 14* to the 17* century Ryukyu vao Nhjt Ban, trd thJnh tinh Okinawa va tri trang thai Intermediary Maritime trade" The workshop on Northeast chlnh u-j dd cho din nam 1945 thi bj biln thinh mpt can Asia Maritime Perpective: a dialogue with Southeast Asia cii quan su qua" " ' " S '="^ ^^ "•^" "''"^ '''^" '^^' ^'"'' 29 - 30/10/2004 Naha Okinawa Japan (Reprinted in February 2005 by Osaka University Coop) Duong NGHIEN Olu OdNG M c ft s6 40TO1 M O " 59 Nghien cihi khoa hgc nhat la Trung Quoc, Nhat Ban va cac quoc gia khu virc Dong Nam A Vi nhieu Iy do, nam 1372, nha Minh thirc hien chinh sach haichin (cam hai), dong cura phan lon cac cang biin, han che giao thurocng voi cac nuoc, dac biet la Nhat Ban Hien nhien, ca hai nuoc khong the dong ciia hoan toan va tuyet giao quan he Trong hoan canh do, ca Nhat Ban va Trung Quoc deu tan dung Ryukyu vai tro trung gian thuofng mai giira hp voi va vdi cac nirac khac de trdnh rai vao tinh the bi co lap ve kinh te va doi ngogi, nhdt Id doi vai Nhat Bdn Nhan co hpi ay, Ryukyu str dung vi tri cira ngo cua minh di mo rpng bang giao vdi tit ca cac nuac khu vuc D6ng A, lam cau noi giua Trung Quoc vai Nhat Ban, giiJa khu vyc Dong Bac A vdi khu vuc Dong Nam A Trong quan he giua Nhat Ban va Trung Quoc bj cat dut thi Ryukyu lai dupc tu buon ban true tiep vai ca hai nuoc va vai Trieu Tien Thuyen buon mang hang hoa tir phuang Nam va Trung Quoc ve cang Naha co the tien thang len cac viing phia Bac hoae toi Trieu Tien Thuyen buon Nhat Ban cQng dem theo nhiiu hang hoa den cang Naha ciia Ryukyu de mua ve cac san vat cua Trung Quoc va cac quoc gia Dong Nam A Theo Minh thuc luc: " mot thai gian ngdn, thong qua Ryukyu, mot vdi nudc chu hdu nhd Minh (Java, Malabar, bdc Sumatra) dd chuyen tat nhd Minh khodng 1000 cdn ho tieu (khodng 600kg) vdo khodng ddu nhiing ndm 1390 -1398 "^ Nam" von rdt co gia tri thuang mai he thdng thuang mai Chau A thdi ky nay: ""Sdn vdt phuang Nam nhgp vi Kyushu chii yiu Id tic Ryukyu Dd co khong it thucmg thi^en Ryukyu den Nhat Bdn nhung so thuang thuyen tic Nhat Bdn den Ryukyu ton han nhieu, cdc thityin da den Ryukyu de mua cdc sdn phdm cua phuang Nam" Mpt nhung muc tieu quan trpng nhit chinh sach ngoai giao cua Ryukyu la co duac nhOng loai hang hoa cdn thiet cho quan h? thuang mai Dieu dd giai thich tai Ryukyu lai phat triin tra mot "trung tam xuit nhap khdu", true tiip mua ban hang hda tir Nhat Ban, Trieu Tien den Ddng Nam A va Trung Qudc Cac qudc gia Ddng A trd mpt nhijng ddi tupng ngoai giao quan trpng cua Ryukyu thi ky XIV - XVI Trong qua trinh mo rpng quan he vdi tat ca cac qudc gia khu vuc, mdi quan he ciia Ryukyu vai chinh quyen Trung Hoa duac trieu dinh Ryukyu dac biet chu y, coi nhu mdt be d&, hau thuan quan trpng dam bao vi thi cua vuong qudc quan h^ bang giao voi cac qudc gia khac khu vuc Quan he thircng mai giu'a vircnig quoc Ryukyu va Trung Quoc Sau thdng nhat (1429), toan bp quin dao Ryukyu tra mdt vuang qudc vua Trung Son dung dau va tiep tuc theo dudi chinh sach doi ngoai phuc tiing nha Minh, phat triin ngoai thuong Gidng nhu cac nudc than thupc khac cua Trung Qudc, cdc phdi bo Dong thai, Ryukyu cung trdf mot cau vd tdu thuyen ciia Ryukyu thuang xuyen phdi ndi quan trpng, cung cap hang hoa cho Nhat Ban, dac biet la cac loai "san vat phuang ' Minh Wwfc Iyc, 11/02/1390, Din theo Geoff Wade, Ryukyu in Ming-shi-lu 1380s- 1580s, Tldd 60 '" A Kotaba & M.Matsuda (1969), Ryukyuan Relations with Korea and South Sea Countries, Kawakita Printing Co.Ud Kyoto Japan 1969, p.4 NGHIEN Cdra OdNG B C A S O 4(170) ^2015 NghiencAu khoa hoc den Trung QuSc vica de ddng cdng vdt vica di lien hanh cdc hogt dqng thuang mgi Nha Minh x6p Ryukyu la mot nuac dugc nhan nhiing "cdch ddi xu dgc biet" vai nhiSu dac quyen, djc loi tir ttieu dinh BSc Kinh Dieu CO nguyen nhan tir tSm quan trgng cua Ryukyu la mpt lanh thS co nhiSu dilu kien thuan lod he thSng thuang mai a phia bac Trung Quoc, giong nhu Malacca va Hami (ciing nhan dugc nhieu djc quyen vi tri dja ly thu^n lgi he th6ng buon ban BiSn Bong) Trong do, Trung Quoc hoan toan khong he muon can thiep vao cong viec npi bp ctia Ryukyu Su "than thupc" ciaa Ryukyu doi vdi nha Minh chu yeu chi the hien trpng thdi cong nhgn uy quyen tuyet dot ciia vug nhg Minh: nhihig vj thai hi len npi ngpi vua cha deu phai cha dgi sir cang nhan cua nha Minh, hang nam Ryukyu phai cir su than den cpng nap (dap img mot so nhu cau hang hpa ma Trung Quflc can) va bay Ipng trung dpi vai Trung Quoc Trieu cong tra "sgi day lien lac" chinh quan he thuang m^i Ryukyu - Trung Quflc "Ryukyu Id mqt nhiing vuang quoc phong kien gici su thdn trieu cong den chlnh qicyen nha Minh thuang xuyen nhdf Dieu dSc biet la chinh quyen Trung Hoa lufln danh mgt tm dai dac biet cho cac sil thin Ryukyii Con so 170 phai bo triSu cflng til Ryukyu dugc cir dfin Trung Hoa ma Geoff Wade dua dugc coi la "mqt so lan nhdt ma chung la khong thi thay co a bdt cic mqt quoc gia " Okamoto Hiromichi (2004), "The Ming Dynasty's "Tributary System" and the Ryukyu: Focusing on Giving a Tribute as an Act", Workshop on Northest Asia in Maritime Perspective: A dialogue with Southest Asia (Reprinted in February 2005 by Osaka University Coop) NGHIEN Cdru DONG M C (i l6 4(170) 4-Z015 khac cdc mot quan he thdn thuqc Tnmg Hqtf^^ Tham chi, chinh quyen Trung Hoa "chua bao gia tir chfli" mot sil thSn nao cua Ryukyu "bdt etc ngq hq duqc gici den" Dac quyen dugc tri cho den tan nam 1475 Tham chi, dac quyen trieu cflng ciia vuang quflc Ryukyu dugc quy dinh the hien rat ro rang Hodng Minh to hudn''* rang "Ryukyu duac phep trieu cong lien tuc"" Sir xuat hien thuong xuyen cua cac phai bp Ryukyu chiing td dao qudc a vi the phu thuoc khong giong vai cdc nuac chu hdu khac h^ thdng thuang mai khu virc Ro rang, nha Minh ap dat "muc dp han che" ddi vdi Ryukyu khong giong vdi cdc nai khde moi quan h$ vai Trung Quoc Thdng thudng, chinh sach trieu cdng duoc chinh quyen Trung Hoa quy dinh la nam mdt lan ddi vai nhihig nuac gan, cd nhieu san vat trieu dinh Bac Kinh cin va din nam mot lin ddi vai nhung nu6c a xa hoSc nhQng nudfC Trung Hoa khdng mudn cd mdi lien he qua than thien, tham chi, Nhat Ban chi dupc triiu cdng Trung Hoa 10 nam lin giai doan Trung Hoa thuc hien chinh sach Hai cim (1372-1570) Vi vay, viec Ryukyu "dupc trieu cdng" hang nam nhu v$y xuat hien khdng nhieu Iich su khu vuc " Geoff Wade (2004), Ryukyu in Ming-shi-lu 1380s 1580s, Tldd " Okamoto Hiromichi (2004), "The Ming Dynasty's "Tributary System" and the Ryukyu: Focusing on Giving a Tribute as an Act", Tldd '•* Hoang Minh to hudn ]k mgt chieu du dSc bi^t dugc ban hanh cuoi iin H6ng Vu Minh Thanh T6 nham x3y dimg "phep tie t6 t6ng", dSc nhieu quy tac chuin muc huge chdu d^i din phai tuan theo '^ Okamoto Hiromichi (2004), "The Ming Dynasty's "Tributary System" and the Ryukyu: Focusing on Giving a Tribute as an Act", Tldd 61 Nghien citu khoa hqc Ben cgnh do, lai dung su bdo hg cua Trung Quoc, Ryukyu cd duac quyen hoat ddng budn ban thuang mai khu vuc anh hudng rdng ldn cua Trung Hoa, dupc Trung Hoa cho phep va tao diSu kien uu ai, hd tro ve thuyen, hoa tieu, giiy phep, va ca hang hda, ''Uy quyen cua Trung Quoc da ddm bdo cho su an todn cua tdt cdc hogt dong thuang mgi cua vuang quoc way"'^ Trong cac vSn thu ngoai giao Ryukyu gui den cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A ludn cd kem theo mpt giay thdng hanh {certificate stamped) "Hoang de dai Minh cap" Trong cac van ban qudc vuang Ryukyu giii qudc vuang cac nuoc Ddng Nam A thudng ghi ro: ''Hodng de (nhd Minh) dd cdp cho chung toi mot gidy thong hdnh co ddu vai ki hieu vdso hi^u " Ddng Nam A nhu Siam, Java, Palembang, Sunda-Karapa, Dai Viet, Nhd chinh sach bang giao than thien va vd ciing khdn kheo vdi cac qudc gia khu vuc, Ryukyu nhanh chdng trd Ihanh mot tram trung chuydn hang hda, cau ndi quan trpng he thdng thuang mai trdn Bien Ddng thdi ky Dieu dang ndi ia cac nudc khac tham du vao he thdng thuang mai khu v\rc chi CO mOt sd mat hang dac tnmg, thi Ryukyu khdng CO m^t hang "dac san tu than" nhung lai cd tat ca nhung mat hang ma cac qudc gia khac can, vdi sd lupng va lo?ii hinh hang hda vd Cling da dang va phong phu Mac du tit ca cac mat hang dem budn ban vdi Trung Hoa va cac lanh thd khu vuc deu duac Ryukyu nhic den vdi danh nghia "san vat dia Trong 54 nam (1385-1490) nha Minh da phuang" (local product), nhung thuc te, dd cap cho Ryukyu 30 thuyen di bien Cac thuyen hau het deu nhimg mat hang Ryukyu lay nai deu cd the diing de di xa va neu cd hu mang ban nai khac Hang hda cua Ryukyu hdng gi thi se dupc nha Minh giiip da sira mang tdi Trung Hoa khoang thdi gian tu chiJa Ngoai hang hda, mdi thuyen cdn cd the nam 1420 den nam 1600 chii yeu la ngua, luu chd thdm khoang 250 ngudi'^ Sd thuydn dd la huynh, gd sapan (sapan-wood'^), thidc va hd dieu kien quan trpng de Ryukyu cd the nhanh tieu Ngupc !ai, tir Trung Hoa, Ryukyu lai chdng thSm nhap vao he thdng thuang mai mua duac nhieu mat hang quan trpng de co thd mang den cac nudc khu vuc Ddng Chau A thdi ky Chac chan la Ryukyu da dgt duac nhimg muc tieu ddt thiet lgp moi quan he ngogi giao vdi Trung Quoc Vuang qudc da xay dung mdt quan he bang giao tdt dep vdi nhieu quoc gia khu vuc nhu Nhat Ban, Trieu Tien va mot sd lanh thd d khu vuc '* Geoff Wade (2004), Ryukyu in Ming-shi-lu 1380s 1580s, Tldd " Xem them A Kotaba & M.Matsuda (\969), Ryukyuan Relations with Korea and South Sea Countries, Kawakita Printing Co.Ltd Kyoto, Japan " Shunzo Sakamaki(l964),"Ryukyu and Southest Asia" The Journal of Asian Studies Vol.XXIII No3 May 1964, pi8-22 62 Sapan-wood \TOng cac t^i li^u bdch khoa todn thu hi?n dai c6 ten khoa hgc la Caeslpinia sapan la mgt lodi cay thuge hg dau Fabaceae, khoang t h i kJ XVI- XVII, n6 c6n dirge nguoi Chau Au ggi Id "go Brezel" b6i n6 cdn dirge xep chi gi6ng Brazil-wood (C.echinata) Sapanwood c6 nguon goc a Dong Nam A vd d^c bi|t nhifiu a quan dao Md Lai Day Id loai g6 c6 rdt nhilu c6ng dung: n6 c6 khd nSng chita benh nhu mgt chat khdng khuan vd cac d$c tinh chong dong mdu Thcri phong kien, ngufri ta dCtng g6 sapan de Iam thu6c nhuOm tao mdu d6 ggi Id brazilin, dugc sii dung de lam thuoc nhugm vSi, tao mdu son vd mau muc vg quan trgng th6i kJ' ndy Vi v$y, Sapan-wood Id mgt mSt hdng thuang mai co gid trj-buon bdn cao thfi ky XVII, chu yfiu Id hdng xuSt khdu tir D6n§ Nam A (d$c biet Id Siam) ho^it dgng Chdu An thuyen cua Nhat Ban phat trifin manh NGHIEN Oiru DdNQ BflC fl sti 4(170) lt-201S h Nghien Clhi khoa hoc Nam A va Nhat Ban nhu to lua, gam sii, d5 dong, sat, d6 son mai TSt nhien, hang hoa mang d8n Dong Nam A co mot phSn CO nguon goc tir Nhat Ban nhu vu (kiSm sac), son mai va vang Trong cac mat hang buon ban giOa Ryukyu va Trung Hoa, m§t hang quan trgng nhSt tit Ryukyu khiSn Trung Hoa "khong bao gio tir chdi" chinh la ngua va lim huynh Do la nhihig mat hang thiet yeu nhu cSu xay dung quan dgi manh ctia triSu dinh nha Minh, dieu kien moi gianh dugc quy^n cai trj tir trieu dinh Mong - NguySn truoc khong lau Hai mat hang quan trgng va xuyen su6t quan he thuong mai RyukyuTrung Hoa suot trieu Minh va dSu Thanh trieu Tham chi, Geoff Wade cho rjng, ngua va luu huynh la "hang xudt khdu dgc trung"^° tir Ryukyu sang Trung Qu6c: "Nha Minh da thicc hien ke hogch "mqt mUi ten bdn triing dich": tdng cuang sicph{i thuoc cita Ryukyu vao Trung Quoc va chiem ITnh duqc duac mqt vimg ddt ca nhieu luu huynh va ngua Nha do, quan he thuang mgi glug Ryukyu vd Trung Quoc ngdy cdng phdt triin mgnh me"^' Hao (Li Hao) sang Trung Son mua ban va mang ve dugc 40 ngua va 5.000y7« luu huynh; nam Hong Vu thir 16 (1383), mpt hoan quan la Luong Minh (Liang Min) da dugc giao trach nhiem mang tien sang quan dao va mua vh dugc dSn 983 ngua^' Co le la muc tieu khai thac dau tien ma Trung Hoa muon CO dirge tir sir than phuc cua Ryukyu Didu cung giai thich tai Trung Hoa gianh thS chu ddng thiet lap quan he ngoai giao voi Trung Scm nam 1371 Rd rang, quan he ngoai thuong giita Ryukyu va Trung Hoa la mdi quan he mang tinh chat hai chieu va xuat phat tir nhu cau cua dac biet ciia ca hai phia Hien nhiSn, la mdt qudc gia nhd, theo dudi chinh sach than phuc nha Minh, Ryukyu ludn phai cd gang dap img nhimg yeu c4u thuong mai cua tridu dmh Bac Kinh Cac thuong nhan Ryukyu thucmg dugc "di ciing" cac phai bd ngoai giao va trieu cdng de buon ban nen co thd coi thuong mai Ryukyu Trung Hoa la quan he ngogl thuang mang llnh Cjuan phuang r5 net Hon the niJa, chinh quydn hai phia dac bidt r^t iing hd quan he kinh te, vi Ngay tir Trung Son mdi thiet lap quan vay, thucmg nhan ca hai nuoc ddu dugc tao h? than thuoc, quan dao Ryukyu chua didu kidn hdt siic thuan lgi hoat dgng thong nhat, chung ta da thdy nhieu lan sir sach trao ddi mua ban Cho dii la quan he chidu, ghi chep ve viec chinh quyen Bac Kinh cir nhung trdn thuc td, sd lugng sii than - thuong nguod sang Ryukyu buon ban: nam H6ng VQ nhan Ryukyu sang Trung Hoa budn ban ddng thii; (1376), triSu dinh BSc Kinh da cir Ly hon nhidu so voi so thuong nhan Trung Hoa phai true tiep budn ban t^i Ryukyu Vi thd cac cang Chuemg Chau, Phuc Chau (Phuc Kidn), Geoff Wade (2007), Ryulqni in the Ming Reign Annats 1380s - 1580s, Asia Research Institute Working Paper Ninh Ba, On Chau (Chiet Giang) dugc coi la Series No 93, Asia Researcii institute National University ofSingapore(ARI), p 20 ^' Takara Kurayoshi, "The kingdom of Ryulqni and lis Formation in the Maritime Asia - Worksllop on Northest Asia in Maritime Perspective: A dialogue with Southest Asia (Reprinted in February 2005 by Osaka University Coop) NQHIEN Cdu O O N G B ^ C A s 4(170) 4-20IS Jin (can): 1^ m^t don vj Iirimg cua Trung Quoc, = 16 luang = 604, 78982 gram " Geoff Wade (2004), Ryukyu in Ming-shi-lu ISSOs 1580s, Tldd 63 Nghien citu khoa hoc "diem qua lgi thuang xuyen ciia cdc phdi bq ngogi glao, dong thai lg ca sa giao thuang chil yeu cita vuang quoc Ryukyu trang nhieu thiky"" Hidu theo mdt gdc nao do, he thdng trieu cong - buon bdn cua nha Minh thd ky XIV - XVI khdng chi thuc day hoat ddng budn ban giita cac dja phuong ma cdn xay dung mdt he thdng trao ddi hang hda vd cimg rgng ldn vdi quy md lidn kdt chat che giiia cdc vuong qudc khu vuc Ryukyu, vdi tu each la mgt nhiing qudc gia c6 "dSc quydn" tridu cdng thucmg xuydn nhat, duong nhien trd vuong qudc cd vi tri quan trgng hd thdng trieu cdng - budn ban Ket luan Cd thd ndi, quan he Ryukyu - Trung Hoa la mdi quan he mang tinh chat than thudc didn hinh d khu vuc Ddng A giai doan thd ky XIV XVIII Cd thd khing djnh dd la mdi quan he tdt ydu Tuy quan he Ryukyu - Trung Qudc la mdi quan he khdng binh dang, nhung didu chac chan la, la tnol quan he le thuqc khac nhiing nuac khde khu vice La mgt nudc nhd nam giira vong cuong tda ciia cac nuoc ldn khu virc Ddng Bac A ndi ridng va Chau A ndi chung, Ryukyu thirc sir da tim dugc mgt dudng phat tridn dgc dao va khdn kheo Dieu cd thd th^y rd nhat chinh sach ddi ngoai vdi Trung Hoa hiing manh thdi ky Sir kdt hgp chat che giiia trieu cdng vdi thuong mai, chinh tri va kinh td, khdn kheo chap nhan than phan chu hau dd bao toan va khdng dinh nen ddc lap, dua ndn kinh td^ddn giai doan thinh vugng nhat la nhQng didm ngi trdi cua chinh quyen Ryukyu frong mdi quan he vdi Trung Hoa Chinh bdi su khdn kheo do, nha Mmh (va ca nha Thanh sau nay) cung thd hidn mpt thai dd coi trgng nhdt dinh ddi vdi tridu dinh Shuri, cho phep Ryukyu dugc hudng nhung chd dd ddi xir khac hdn vdi Nhat Ban va cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A cd mdi quan hd bang giao va than thudc Bdc Kinh cimg thdi ky Nhm d gdc nao dd, ho^it ddng thuong mai bien va throng mgi — trieu cong Tmng Hoa cd thd dugc coi la "didu kien sdng cdn" cho su tdn vong cua dao qudc Ryukyu da tranh thu dugc nhimg didu kidn thujin lgi ciia khu vuc dd vuon ldn trd mdt cudng qudc thuong mai Didu dd giai thich vi Ryukyu vdn chi la mdt qudc gia nhd be khu vuc nhung lai cd he thdng thuang nhan va Sli than ddng dao va nang ddng vuon tdi nhidu qudc gia khu vuc Ddng Nam A xa xdi Ben canh dd, dieu khdng thd phii nhgn rdng, Ryukyu dat dugc ket qua dd chinh la bdi nhiing ngudi dung ddu trieu dinh Shuri cua Ryukyu da thuc su nang ddng va sang tao, nhay ben vide thidt lap mdi quan he chat che vdi cac qudc gia khu vuc Dong Bac A nhu Trung Hoa, Nhat Ban, Tridu Tidn./ TAI LI$U THAM KHAO Le Quy Don (1962), Kien vdn tiiu llic, Nxb Su hoc Ha Ndi ^* Nguyin van Kim, Quan h4 cua Nhat Ban v&i Dong Nam i ;/te ty ^ K - XK/;, Nxb Dai hpc Qu6c gia H i Npi 2003, trang 66 64 NGHIEN Oira DdNG BflC fl s6 4(170) 4.2015 ^ Nghien citu khoa hoc Nguyin Van Kim (2003), Quan he cua Nhdt Bdn v&i Bdng Nam A thi ky XV - XVII, Nxb Dai hoc Qu6c gia Ha Noi, Ha Noi Xie Bi-zhen (2004), "Several Factor in the Change of Navigation between Japan and Southest Asia: the Resseach on the 14'^ to the 17 century Ryukyu Intermediary Maritime trade" The workshop on Northeast Asia Maritime Perpective: a dialogue with Southeast Asia 29 - 30/10/2004 Naha Okinawa Japan Perspective: A dialogue with Southeast Asia (Reprinted in February 2005 by Osaka University Coop) 10 Fusaki Maehira (2000), "The Golden Age of the Ryukyu Traders", Pacific Friend - A window on Japan, 4/2000, Vol 27, No 12 11 Shunzo Sakamaki (1964), "Ryukyu and Southest Asia", The Journal of Asian Studies Vol.XXIIINo3 May 1964 12 Geoff Wade (2004), "Ryukyu in Ming4 Okamoto Hiromichi (2005), "The Ming shi-lu 1380s - 1580s", Workshop on Northeast Dynasty's "Tributary System" and the R5rukyu: Asia in Maritime Perspective: A dialogue with Focusing on Giving a Tribute as an Act", Southeast Asia (Reprinted in February 2005 by Workshop on Northeast Asia in Maritime Osaka University Coop) Perspective: A dialogue with Southeast Asia 13 Geoff Wade (2007), Ryukyu in the Ming (Reprinted in February 2005 by Osaka Reign Annals 1380s - ISSOs, Asia Research University Coop) Institute Working Paper Series No.93, Asia George H.Kerr (1960), Okinawa-The Research Institute National University of History of an Island people, Charles E Tuttle Singapore (ARI), July 2007 Company, Tokyo, Japan A Kotaba & M.Matsuda (1969), Ryukyuan Relations with Korea and South Sea Countries, Kawakita Printing Co.Ltd Kyoto Japan Josef Kreiner (Ed.) (1994), Note on the history of European Ryukyuan contacts Sources of Ryukyuan History and Culture in European Muchen Takara Kurayoshi (1994), "The Kingdom of Ryukyu and its overseas trade" - Sources of Ryukyuan history and Culture in European Collections" Monographien aus dem Deutschen Institut fur Japanstudien der PhillipFranz-von-Siebold-Stiftung Takara Kurayoshi (2004), "The kingdom of Ryukyu and Its Formation in the Maritime Asia", Workshop on Northeast Asia in Maritime NGHIEN cdru O O N Q B ^ C l l S 4(170) 4-Z015 65 ... phuc cua Ryukyu Didu cung giai thich tai Trung Hoa gianh thS chu ddng thiet lap quan he ngoai giao voi Trung Scm nam 1371 Rd rang, quan he ngoai thuong giita Ryukyu va Trung Hoa la mdi quan he... quan he Ryukyu - Trung Hoa la mdi quan he mang tinh chat than thudc didn hinh d khu vuc Ddng A giai doan thd ky XIV XVIII Cd thd khing djnh dd la mdi quan he tdt ydu Tuy quan he Ryukyu - Trung. .. ban giOa Ryukyu va Trung Hoa, m§t hang quan trgng nhSt tit Ryukyu khiSn Trung Hoa "khong bao gio tir chdi" chinh la ngua va lim huynh Do la nhihig mat hang thiet yeu nhu cSu xay dung quan dgi