Phong trào, mô hình xã hội hóa bảo vệ môi trường trên thế giới và bài học kinh nghiệm cho Việt Nam.pdf

mNHINRATHEGlOl Phong trao, mo hmh xa hpi hoa bao ve moi trudng tren the gi6i va bai hoc kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam ThS NGUYEN SONG T t N G Vien Dia ti nhdn vdn - Vien Hdn idm Khoa hoc Xd hot Viet Nam Trong nhCfng ndm qua,edng tde xd hpi hda (XHH) BVMT dd dUde mpt so quoe gia tren the gidi thftc hien thdnh cong Tgi VietNam, Nghj quyet so l-NQ/TWngdy 15/11/2004 cua Bp Chinh tri ve cong tde BVMTdd de mpt so gidi phdp day mgnh edng tde XHH BVMT Be thUe hien giiti phdp ndy, Viet Nam cdn tim hieu nhitng kinh nghiem thdnh edng ciia ede phong trao, mo hmh "XHH hogt dpng BVMT", "BVMT ndng thon" eua mpt so quoe gia tren the gidi nhdm rOtra bdi hgc kinh nghiem ed the dp dung cho VietNam I CONG T A C GIAO DUG VE BVMT TRUNG QUOC Tfl nim 1970, vdi vile thdng qua Chien Iflpc "Dau tu khoa hpe va giao due de phat trien dat nflde'" Trung Qudc di cd nhflng thinh tflu nhat dinh cdng tic thue day sfl phat triln cua khoa hpc, giao due - mdi trfldng vi cdng nghl Cung nam nay, nhilu Vien nghien cflu khoa hoe ve linh vfle cdng nghe Tioi trfldng dflpc thinh lip Cdng viec chinh eua eac Vien la nghiin cflu, dinh gii vi phd bien eae edng nghl tdi flu va thiet thfle vc BVMT Ngoii ra, Chinh phu Trung Qude flu tiin phit trien nginh cdng nghiep BVMT Them vio dd, nhin mdi trfldng da bflde dau dflde trien khai Vdi mge tilu cfla Chien Ifldc la day manh phat trien dat nflde trin cd sd phit trien ben vflng mdi trfldng dfla vao XHH cdng tic BVMT Day la nhiem vu quan trpng cua Chiln Ifldc de tieh efle day mgnh giio due vi ning cao y thfle cua cpng ddng edng tic BVMT va dan hinh thinh dgo dfle va quy taeflngxfl than thien vdi mdi trudng Tfl nhflng nam 1970, sach giio khoa bien ve BVMT dflde bien soan hogc djch sang tilng Trung Qudc de gidi thieu eho hoe sinh vl kien thfle BVMT Nim 1980, cac hogt dpng cdng ddng quy mo Idn da dfldc td chflc trin ea nudc vio Ngiy Mdi trfldng Thi gidi Cac hogt dpng hfldng flngbao gom: Trong ciy, lim ve sinh cic khu vfle cdng edng, truyen thdng nang eao nhgn thfle cdng dong ve mdi trfldng vi hing nam hoat ddng dfldc to chflc thfldng niln 44lM6i trddng So 10/2014 Chinh phu Trung Quoe khuyen khich toan xa hdi tham gia vio cac hogt dpng giao due mdi trfldng Trong nhflng nim gan day cic phdng ban BVMT, cd quan giio due, van hda, ddn vi thdng tin, cie td ehflc Phg nfl vi Thanh nien, Hiep hdi khoa hpc vi xa hdi hoe da phat trien nhieu logi hinh giao dge mdi trfldng cdng khai, cu thi nhfl sau: Cong tdc gido due: Ca nflde cd 140 trfldng cao dang va cic trfldng dgi hoc (DH), cd mdt so trfldng DH Idn nhfl: Bac Kinh, Thanh Hoa, Nhan din Trung Qude, Nam Kinh, Vfl Hin, dlu ed ehuyen khoa hoie khoa nghien eflu vl mdi trfldng, vdi tdng so 206 ddn vi cd tham quyen cap bing cfl nhin, 223 ddn vj cap bing thac si, 51 ehuyen nginh lien quan din mdi trfldng, 77 ddn vj cap hpe vi tien si d 39 chuyen nganh vi mdt sd vi tri sau DH Ngoai ra, Trung Qudc ed hdn 40 trUdng trung hpe chuyen nghiep vi hdn 100 trfldng trung hpc dgy nghl cung cap cie khda hoe vl mdi trudng Ddo tgo nghe nghiep: Nhim nang eao ehat Iflcing can bd nginh quan ly mdi trfldng, nam 1981, trfldng DH dao tgo hinh chinh nhin su nginh mdi trfldng dflpc thinh lip vdi mgc dich cung cap cic kien thfle vi ky nang cdng viec thdng qua cac hogt ddng dio tgo, giao dgc thfldng xuyln cho nhan vien hanh ehinh d cae cd quan BVMT ci nflde Thong ke eho thay thip k^ qua, hdn 10.000 ldp tip huan v^ mdi trfldng dflpc to chdc viSi sU tham dfl cfla hdn 400.000 ngfldi Bin cgnh dd, Bp BVMT Trung Qudc phdi hpp vdi Van phdng TW Ding, Bd Truyin thdng, Bd Giio dgc, Uy ban Thanh nien trung Udng va Lien hiep Phg nfl da ban hanh ChUdng trinh hinh dpng Giao dge mdi trfldng qude gia (Giai dogn 2011-2015) Dly li lan dau tien siu bd vi Uy ban ph6i hdp cung thgc hiln chfldi^ trinh hfldng dan hogt dpng giio dgc mdi trfldng quoe dan Chfldng trmh ddi^ vai trd quan trpng viec nii^ eao nhan thfle mdi trfldng cho edng ddng, thiet lap h | thoi^ hogt ddng xa hpi vdi sfl tham gia cua tit ci cdng dan, hinh NHlNRATHEGlOl y thfle tilt kiem tii nguyen thien nhiln va 16i song than thien vdi mdi trfldng, Dong thdi, Chfldng trinh Giao dgc mdi trfldng quoe dan da dfldc dfla vao Ke hogeh nam lln thfl 11 Ket qua li nhgn thfle mdi trfldng eua epng dfing xa hdi dfldc eai thien dang ke vdi sfl thay doi quan trpi^ ea hai khii niem hieu biit va thfle thi BVMT Dfl kiln giai doan tiep theo (20152020), Bd BVMT Trung Qudc va cac cd quan CO liln quan da ky thda thuin ve viec phit trien cic Chfldng trinh Giad due mdi trfldng quoe gia trong"Ke hoach nam lan thfl 12" va xac djnh cae nguyin tac, muc tilu ed bin vi tdng thi vl edng tie giao due mdi trfldng Dl cfldng thda thuin chi ring giai doan thfle hiln "Kl hogeh nim lan thfl 12", giao dge mdi trfldng cua Trung Qudc dfldc thi^c hien theo eie nguyen tac: "Tip trung nguon Iflc eho bio tdn", "ddi mdi hinh thfle vi hinh thinh thfldng hilu", "hfldng dan quy tic c6 sfl tham gia", "tieh hdp cac ngudn Iflc dl hinh thinh eae nd lfle phdi hpp", "trien khai cac hogt dOng giio dge mdi trfldng edng khai", "pho biln kiln thfle vl BVMT", "tang cfldng ning cao nhgn thfle mdi trfldng eho cong ddng", "nang eao dgo dflc doi vdi mdi trfldng" Chfldng trinh dfla siu nhiem vu sau day dl thfle hi|n XHH cdng tic BVMT giai doan "Kl hogch nam lan thfl 12": Ddi mdi theo hfldng eong khai, da dgng eie hoat ddng mdi trfldng cfla cpng ddng; Ting cfldng hfldng dan phfldng tien truyin thdng va md rdng anh hfldng efla bien thdng tin ve mdi trfldng; Thfle hien kl hogch hinh ddng qude gia ve giao dgc mdi trfldng; Tilu chuan hda vi hfldng dan cae hinh ddng eho edng ehung tham gia BVMT; Phat trien nganh cdng nghiepmdi trfldng vi dau tfl xay dflng cic edng trinh mdi trfldng; Phit triln vi phd bien eie dfl an tilu bilu vl giio dgc mdi trfldng eho cdng ehung Dl tiin tdi XHH cong tie BVMT, cie giii phip, Trung Qude xae djnh giao dgc mdi trfldng eho gidi tri la nhiem vg hang dau dc thay d6i nhgn tbflc vi dilu chinh hanh vi eua ngfldi xa hdi Theo dd, Chinh phfl da x4y dgng, hoin thien va tang efldng chat Ifldng cae chfldng trinh giin dge mdi trfldng he thdng giao dge qudc din Ngoii ra, dc tgo sflc mgnh ve mgt phip ly cho giid dge mdi trfldng chfldng trinh da dflpc dfla vio Kl hogeh phit triln kinh tl nam nim Diy la mpt bii hpc de Vi|t Nam tilp tgc nghien cflu vi hpe tip kinh nghiem qui trinh ting cfldng sflc mgnh cfla giao due mdi trfldng thay doi nhin thfle cua gidi tri vi tao sfl thay doi mang tinh biln xi hdi H A N QUOC PHAT TRIEN PHONG TRAO CONG NGHIEP HOA VA BVMT NONG THON Tfl nim 1962, Hin Qude ban hinh Ke hoaeh phat trien kinh tl nam, dd flu tien phat trien Chfldng trinh cdng nghiep hda va BVMT ndng thon Nham thu hep khoing cich kinh tl - xi hdi ndng thdn vi thinh thj nim 1971, Phong trio Cdng ddng mdi Saemaul Undong dfldc triln khai Phong trio da dl Chfldng trinh vc eai thien mdi trfldng ndng thdn, xiy dflng ed sd hg tang ed ban cho eae boat ddng sin xuat ling nghe va tang thu nhap Iinh vile ndng nghiep vi phi nong nghiep d khu vfle ndng thdn Vdi eic ndi dung thi diem phat Iricn ndng thdn nhfl: Phit triln dfldng ndng thdn; kien cd hda mii nhi, bep, tfldng rio; xiy ciu; nang cap he thdng thuy Ipi; md dja dilm giat va gilng nflde edng cpng, ap dung eae md hinh cdng nghe cao vio sin xuat Sau nim trien khai Phong trio da thu dflde kit qua, eg the: Cflng hda dfldng ndng thdn lien lang: 43.631 km, dfldng ling ngd, xdm: 42.220 km; Xiy dflng cau ndng thdn: 68.797 eau; Kien cd hoa de, ke: 7,839 km; Xay ho chfla nUdc ndng thon eie logi: 24 140 hd; Dien hda ndng thdn: 98% hd ed dien thip sang Theo dinh gia cua eic chuyen gia, Phong trio edng tfl mdi quan he hii hda cua cic nhi lanh dao Chinh & phfl, eic nhdm cdng dong va ngfldi din ndng thdn dja phfldng Ddng thdi, Phong trio dfldc coi li nhflng bflde nen ting dl tich luy nang Iflc tai chinh cho cie hogt dpng quin ly mdi trUdng ndng thdn vi ning eao nhin thfle edng ddng tien tdi sU tham gia tfl nguyen eua efl dan cae hogt ddng BVMT ndng thdn vi sin xuat d eae ling nghe Qua kit qui thfle hien, Phong trio khuyin nghj: Chinh phfl Hin Quoe can day mgnh xiy dflng eic khu cdng nghiep vi sin xuit ling nghl tien tiin d ndng thdn vi hd trp phat trien bing cic khdin trp cap, cie khoin vay vi hd trp hinh ehinh, Ngoai ra, Chinh phfl can phai ho trp va huy dpng sfl tham gia cua ngfldi din ndng thdn cdng tic xfl ly ehat thai d nhiem phd biln cic khu sin xult lang nghl Ddng thdi de vflpt qua nhflng hgn ehe npi tgi efla doanh nghiep nhd, chang hgn nhfl sfl yeu kem vc C(( cau td chflc, nang lge tii chinh hgn chl vi cdng nghe d mflc dp thap, can van hinh dfla tren mdi quan he lien minh hpp tic nganh edng nghiep tgi eie ling nghe THAI LAN THl/C HIEN AP DUNG XANH CHO CAC DOANH NGHIEP V0AVA NHO Cic doanh nghiep vfla vi nho (DNV&N) ehiem den 99% tdng so doanh nghiep d Thii Lan va sd Ifldng ngiy cing tang vdi ty le ting hang nam khoang 3.6% ddi vdi doanh nghiep cd nhd va 9,8% ddi vdi doanh nghiep cd vfla Hang nam ddng gdp cho GDP cua khdi doanh nghiep li khoing 40% Tuy nhien, eac doanh nghiep So 10/2014 Mol triUDg 45 [W NHlNRATHEGlOl • XHH moi trUdng d Viet Nam thUdng co sU tham gia tich cUc cua cdc to ehUc chinh tri - xd hgi vd cong dong ddn cU niy da gay tie ddng Idn den mdi trfldng tfl eic hogt dpng san xuat Theo so lieu thdng kl, d nhiem phit sinh tfl edng nghiep thfle pham vi nflde giii khit chiem tren 41% tdng sd phat thii gay d nhilm khdng d Thii lan Trong dd khoing 99% la cic ling nghl, cd sd sin xuat nhd tham gia vio nginh cdng nghiep thfle pham va dd udng De khac phuc van de tren, Chinh phu Thii Lan da quy dinh bit buoc eie DNV&N phai thfle hien eae ylu cau khit khe ve mdi trfldng Ddng thdi, da'y manh tuyln truyen, ning eao nhgn thfle eho cie can bd, nhin viln eae edng ty ve BVMT Khuyin khich eie doanh nghiep thfle hicn san xuat xanh vi nhu cau tieu dung xanh cung dfldc day manh Dieu niy, bat bude eae doanh nghiep kinh doanh ting cap dp tfl nguyen tham gia thge hien eie sing kiln mdi trfldng nhfl ISO14001 va cic ip dung xanh khae Hdn nfla, thj trfldng qude tl dang ngiy cang ddi hdi bang chflng vl trieh nhiem moi trfldng tfl tat ci cic giai doan eua ehudi cung flng, nguyen lieu dau vio, sin pham dau cua hing hda, vdi cic yeu cau mdi trUdng lien quan den san pham nhfl din nhan sinh thai Ngoai ra, eae hoat dpng quan ly moi trfldng tai eie ling nghe cd hieu qua, Chinh phfl Thai Lan da tang cfldng eung cap thdng tin kiln thfle thieh hdp cho cic ling nghe, cd sd san xuat nhd de giup ting cfldng mflc dp quan tam tdi eic hdat ddng mdi trfldng, kit hdp chgt ehe hdn van de mdi trfldng vdi sin xuat vi kha nang canh tranh kinh doanh 46' Moi trtfdng sd 10/2014 KHUYEN NGHI CHINH SACH DOI VCfl VIET NAM Trong qui trinh XHH BVMT, giii phip ve giio due cpng dong dfldc xem li giii phip quan nhat Thed dd he thdng giid due qudc dan can long ghep, tich hdp cic ndi dung ve mdi trudng cac cap hpc tfl mam non din dai hoc Ngoai ra, can dUa giio due mdi trudng vio cie Cd sd dio tao nghe vi die biet chu cdng tie eung eap va phd biln thdng tin eho edng ddng De hogt ddng XHH trd nen cd hieu qua, eac van bin phip ly cd lien quan can dUdc xiy dflng vi thfle thi mot cich nghiem tue Dong thdi, can ed sfl phoi hdp cua cie td ehfle, ban nganh cd lien quan, d Viet Nam, nen tip trung vao cic ed quan, to ehflc chinh trj - xa hdi nham huy ddng day du cic ngudn lfle qui trinh BVMT Dfla tren kinh nghiem cua cic qude gia va phin tich cau true he thong va dieu tra khao sit hign trgng eie van de quan Iy mdi trUdng ling nghe d Viet Nam, cac chinh sach can tap Xrmvg vao van dl: Xay dflng nang Iflc cua dunh quyen, edng ddng dia phfldi^ va cung cap cd sd tang VI xay dflng nang lfle cua Chinh phu, eic khuyen n ^ dfla bao gdm cac phflong phip thuc day nang eao nhan thfle vl tam quan trdng eiia viec nghiin eflu mdi trfldng qua trinh quylt dinh cua Chinh phu va cac biln phip xiy dUng nang Iflc thilt lap ehinh sach, viec ehuan bj ke hogch quan ly ap dgng, giam sat vi dinh gia Ngdii ra, tang cfldng nang Iflc la hdgt dong eln thilt de cii thien cd cau the chl thfle hien hieu qui cic chinh sach va he thdng khuyin khich cho eae cap chinh quyln dl thuc thi quan ly mdi trfldng dja phfldng Phdng trao Saemaul Undong cua Hin Qude cho thay, edng dong dja phfldng ddng vai trd rit quan trpng quin ly mdi trfldng b khu vflc ndng thdn O cap edng ddng dia phfldng, cac giai phap dflde dl xuat gom nang cao nhgn thfle mli trfldng thong qua phd bien thdng tin, giao due va eac chUdng trinh dao tao vi phat dpng phong trao BVMT I cap dja phfldng tfl hogt dgng ky cam kit BVMT Ngoii nang Ifle dflde ting eUdng tot la can thilt dl xiy dUng h^ thong khuyen khich thich hop vi cic chfldng trinh ho trd eho quin ly mdi trfldng tgi cac cO sd san xuat ling nghl Ben cgnh do, can thfle dly cd ehe tii ehinh nhfl cung df cd sd hg tang, chfldng trinh chia sc ehl phi, ed chl huy dpng sfl cung tham gia hd tn? viec lap vi quin ly cU (Xem ti^ trangST) NGHIEN C l J u f M mdi trfldng s6ng lanh Nang cao nang luc va trich nhi|m can bg tinh den cd sd xa ban, bin cgnh chuyin mdn tdt trach nhiem edng viec cdn phai gan bd va nhi|t tinh, siu sat, lang nghe, xfl ly dflpc nhflng vfldng mac, nam bat va giii quyet kip thdi, dflt dilm nhflng khd khan qfla trmh thfle Men chinh sich d ed sd TDC K£T LUAN Sfl dM% chi so BS vi LSI la phfldng phip ddn giin, de thfle hien va it tdn kinh phi nin cd the flng dyng dl dinh gii nhanh sfl phit triln ben vflng eua cae diem TDC, cd the dfla vao dilu kiln thfle te dia phflong dl lfla chpn chi sd dinh gia phu hgp va thuin Igi Niu dieu kiln khd khan, ed the chpn ehi so LSI don gian, chi phi thap, nhanh, niu dieu kien tdt hdn ed thi ehpn chi sd BS dl danh gii Van dung phfldng phip BS vi LSI tai diem TDC thuy dien Son La (bin Nhgp, Pi Mong, Hit Lich), ehflng minh nhflng no Ifle cua Chinh phu, UBND tinh Son La ddi vdi cie khu, diem TDC; ehinh sieh boi thfldng, den bu, dau tu ed hieu qua h | thdng co sd tang dien, dfldng, trfldng, trgm vi bd tri dat canh tie vi hd trp von, vat nudi, gidng vi ky thuit san xuat giup ngfldi dan tflng bflde dn dinh ddi song hiu TDC Tuy nhien, kit qua phan tich bing hai phUdng phap BS vi LSI ehi nhilu bat cap: nguy ca thilu ddi, tii ngheo chUa thich flng dfldc vdi boat ddng sinh kl thay thi, dieh benh phat sinh bien ddi mdi trudng sdng, tinh trgng bd hpe, tio hdn d thieu niln lam ting nguy co tilm an de dpa den qui trinh phit triln ben vflng cdng dong TDC hien tgi vi tfldng laL Do vay, viee dinh gia mflc dp bin vflng tai mpt sd khu, dilm TDC bang phuong phap BS va LSI khdng nhflng ehi nhflng diem manh vi dilm yeu xay dflng mdt edng ddng bin vflng mi cdn nit dflpe kinh nghi|m va eac giii phip dn dinh can thilt, tiin tdi xiy dflng eic khu, diem TDC cd tinh ben vflng eao d tinh Sdn La ndi rieng vi ei nflde ndi chungB TAI Litu THAM KHAO % • # Do Xudn Diic, Danh gia Bdo cdo chuySn deDUan D5 Xudn Dac, Ddnh gid Bdo cdo chuyen dS Dudn DoKuAn Dilc, Ddnh gid o cdo chuyen deDUan (Tieptfieotrang 46) tinh ben vQng kinh ti, xa hoi m >i IrUdng lai diem TDC Bdn Nhap, xd ChiengLao huyen MUdng La, TDC thuy dien Sdn La, Dai ho Quoe gia Hd Noi (2012-2014) tinh b&n vang hnh fg, xd hdi, tn